Psilocybe azurescens
| Psilocybe azurescens | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
| Genus: | Psilocybe |
| Species: | P. azurescens
|
| Binomial name | |
| Psilocybe azurescens | |
Psilocybe azurescens | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex or umbonate |
 | Hymenium is adnate or sinuate |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is blackish-brown to purple |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is psychoactive |
Psilocybe azurescens is a species of psychedelic mushroom whose main active compounds are psilocybin and psilocin. It is among the most potent of the tryptamine-bearing mushrooms, containing up to 1.8% psilocybin, 0.5% psilocin, and 0.4% baeocystin by dry weight, averaging to about 1.1% psilocybin and 0.15% psilocin. It belongs to the family Hymenogastraceae in the order Agaricales.
Description
[edit]The cap (pileus) of Psilocybe azurescens is 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in diameter. It has a conic to convex shape, expanding to broadly convex and eventually flattening with age with a pronounced, persistent broad umbo. Its surface is smooth and viscous when moist, covered by a separable gelatinous pellicle. It is chestnut to ochraceous brown to caramel in color, often becoming pitted with dark blue or bluish black zones. It is hygrophanous, fading to light straw color in drying and strongly bruising blue when damaged. Its margin is even, sometimes irregular and eroded at maturity. At first, it is slightly incurved, though it becomes decurved with time. The cap is translucent striate and often leaves a fibrillose annular zone in the upper regions of the stipe
The lamellae are ascending, and have a sinuate to adnate attatchment. They are brown and stain black when injured. They are close, and two-tiered, with whitish edges. The spore print is a dark purplish brown to purplish black.
The stipe is 9–20 cm (3.5–7.9 in) in length and 3–6 mm (0.1–0.2 in). It is thick, silky white to dingy brown with age. It is hollow at maturity, and composed of twisted, cartilaginous tissue. The base of the stipe thickens downwards, is often curved, and is characterized by coarse white aerial tufts of mycelium, often with azure tones. The mycelium surrounding the stipe base is densely rhizomorphic (i.e., root-like), silky white, tenaciously holding the wood-chips together.
The taste of this mushroom is extremely bitter, while it is odorless to starchy smelling.
Habitat and distribution
[edit]P. azurescens occurs naturally along a small area of the West Coast of the United States, including in parts of Oregon and California.[1] It has been regularly found as far south as Depoe Bay, Oregon, and as far north as Grays Harbor County, Washington. Its primary locations are clustered around the Columbia River Delta: the first type collections were made in Hammond, Oregon, near Astoria. It is also quite prevalent north of the Columbia River in Washington, from Long Beach north to Westport. Some feral specimens have also been reported in Stuttgart, Germany. While infrequent, the mushroom can sometimes be found around decaying wood in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, which decriminalized psilocybin in 2020. Ilwaco, Washington also has a large population, but harvesting is a potential misdemeanor that is enforced by local law enforcement agencies.
The species' preferred environment ranges from caespitose (growing in tight, separated clusters) to gregarious on deciduous wood-chips and/or in sandy soils rich in lignicolous (woody) debris. The mushroom has an affinity for coastal dune grasses.[2] In aspect it generates an extensive, dense, and tenacious mycelial mat (collyboid). P. azurescens causes the whitening of wood. Fruitings begin in late September and continue until "late December and early January", according to mycologist Paul Stamets.[2] Psilocybe azurescens has been cultivated in many countries including Germany,[3] the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and its native United States (especially in California, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, Washington,[4] Vermont, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania).[3]
Legal status
[edit]Possession and/or cultivation of this species is illegal in a number of countries, including in the United States under federal law. However, the states of Oregon and Colorado, as well as the cities of Seattle, Washington; Oakland, California; Santa Cruz, California; and Ann Arbor, Michigan have decriminalized possession of personal amounts of psilocybin mushrooms. It is considered a Class A Drug in New Zealand.
Effects
[edit]| Name | Psilocybin [% of weight] | Psilocin [% of weight] | Baeocystin [% of weight] | Total [% of weight] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psilocybe azurescens | 1.78
|
0.38
|
0.35
|
2.51
|
| Psilocybe cubensis | 0.63
|
0.60
|
0.025
|
1.26
|
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Guzman, Gaston; Allen, John W.; Gartz, Jochen (1998). "A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi, An Analysis and Discussion". Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto. 14: 219, 223. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ a b Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0. p. 95.
- ^ a b Gastón Guzmán, John W. Allen, Jochen Gartz (1998). "A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion" (PDF). Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto (14): 189–280.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (on Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto) - ^ Busby, Mattha (2023-03-13). "The People Secretly Growing Magic Mushrooms in the Wild". VICE. Retrieved 2025-02-10.
- ^ Approximate Alkaloid Content of selected Psilocybe mushrooms, Erowid.org, retrieved 2012-10-08
External links
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