Panaeolus cyanescens
| Panaeolus cyanescens | |
|---|---|
| |
| Panaeolus cyanescens | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Bolbitiaceae |
| Genus: | Panaeolus |
| Species: | P. cyanescens
|
| Binomial name | |
| Panaeolus cyanescens | |
| |
| Range of Panaeolus cyanescens | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Agaricus cyanescens | |
Panaeolus cyanescens | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnate |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is black |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is psychoactive |
Panaeolus cyanescens, commonly known as the blue-staining panaeolus,[1][a] is a psychoactive mushroom in the Bolbitiaceae family.
Description
[edit]The cap is 1.5–4 centimetres (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) across, dry, at first hemispheric, expanding to campanulate or convex,[1] with an incurved margin when young. Young caps start out light brown and fade to off-white or light gray at maturity, sometimes with yellowish or brownish tones. Often developing cracks in dry weather, slightly hygrophanous, turning greenish or blue where damaged.[1]
The gills are broadly adnate to adnexed,[1] close, starting out gray and turning black as the spores mature. The gill faces have a mottled appearance and the edges are white. The spore print is black.[1]
The stipe is 6–12 cm long by 2 to 4 mm thick, equal to slightly enlarged at the base,[1] pruinose, colored like the cap, staining somewhat blue where bruised.
The taste and odor are farinaceous.
Microscopic features
[edit]The spores are jet black, 12–15 x 7–11 μm, smooth, opaque, elliptical. With a germ pore.
Basidia 4 spored, pleurocystidia fusoid-ventricose, cheilocystidia 12 x 4 μm.
Similar species
[edit]It is similar to Panaeolus tropicalis.[1]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Panaeolus cyanescens is a coprophilous (dung-inhabiting) species which occurs in both the Neotropics and Paleotropics. It has been found[3] in Vietnam, Africa (including South Africa, Madagascar and Democratic Republic of the Congo), Australia, Belize, the Caribbean (Bermuda, Grenada, Barbados Jamaica, Trinidad, and Puerto Rico) Costa Rica, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Japan, Mexico, Oceania (Fiji and Samoa), the Philippines, South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador), South Korea, and the United States (California, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Tennessee, Texas, Kentucky, Virginia, and North Carolina).
Psychoactive properties
[edit]Laussmann & Sigrid Meier-Giebing (2010) reported the presence of psilocybin at ~2.5% and psilocin at ~1.194% from 25 samples seized by the German government, which makes modern commercially cultivated strains of this fungus the most potent hallucinogenic mushrooms ever described in published academic research.[4] Other researchers have documented a significant presence of serotonin and urea in this species as well as the possibly psychotropic indole alkaloid baeocystin.[5][6]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]Footnotes
- ^ It is also known under the common names of Blauender Düngerling, blue meanies, faleaitu (Samoan), falter-düngerling, Hawaiian copelandia, jambur, jamur, pulouaitu (Samoan), taepovi (Samoan), tenkech (Chol).[2]
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g Arora, David (1986) [1979]. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-89815-170-1.
- ^ Rätsch, Christian (25 April 2005). "Panaeolus cyanescens Berkeley et Broome". The Encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: Ethnopharmacology and its applications. Rochester, Vermont: Park Street Press. ISBN 978-0-89281-978-2. Retrieved 6 September 2024.
- ^ Gastón Guzmán; John W. Allen; Jochen Gartz (1998). "A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion" (PDF). Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto (14): 189–280. (on Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto)
- ^ Laussmann, Tim; Meier-Giebing, Sigrid (2010-02-25). "Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms and khat (Catha edulis Forsk) using cation-exchange liquid chromatography". Forensic Science International. 195 (1–3): 160–164. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013. PMID 20047807.
- ^ Stijve, T.; Kuyper, Th. (October 1985). "Occurrence of Psilocybin in Various Higher Fungi from Several European Countries". Planta Medica. 51 (5): 385–387. doi:10.1055/s-2007-969526. PMID 17342589.
- ^ Stijve, Tjakko. “Psilocin, psilocybin, serotonin and urea in Panaeolus cyanescens from various origin.” Persoonia 15 (1992): 117-121.
Bibliography
[edit]- Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.