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African diaspora in Finland

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African diaspora in Finland
Afrikkalaiset Suomessa / Suomen afrikkalaiset
Total population
At least 75,953[a] (2024,
1.4% of the population of Finland)[b]
Regions with significant populations
Helsinki, Turku and Tampere regions &
Oulu, Vaasa and Jyväskylä[3]
Languages
Numerous;

The African diaspora in Finland (Finnish: afrikkalaisten diaspora Suomessa) refers to the residents of Finland of full or partial African ancestry, mostly from Sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2024, there were 54,046 people born in Africa living in Finland.[3] Similarly, the number of people with African background[a] (Africans in Finland; Suomen afrikkalaiset) was 75,953.[4]

The distinct adjacent term Afro-Finns (afrosuomalaiset), also referred to as Black Finns (mustat suomalaiset),[5][6][7][8] can be used for Finns whose lineages are fully or partly in the populations of Sub-Saharan Africa ("Black Africa").[9][10] Afro-Finns have lived in Finland since the 19th century. In 2009, according to Yle, there were an estimated 20,000 Afro-Finns in Finland,[11] and according to Statistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close Sub-Saharan African background[d] was 62,759 in 2024.[4]

History

[edit]
Corporal Holger Sonntag in 1944

Finns reacted to the first Africans in Finland with curiosity and amazement.[12] In the 19th century, some Africans from the Americas worked as servants for wealthy Russians in the Grand Duchy of Finland.[5] The first known African to receive Finnish citizenship was Rosa Lemberg who came to Finland from Ovamboland in 1888 and was granted citizenship in 1899.[13][14]

Between the 1900s and the 1970s, the few Africans in Finland were mostly students (e.g., from Nigeria and Ethiopia), political exiles from South Africa or people married to Finns.[5] In World War II (1939–1945), there were some Afro-Finnish soldiers, including Private 1st Class Rudolf Prüss [fi], who served as a ski patrol leader on the Karelian Isthmus and was killed in the Winter War, and Corporal Holger Sonntag, who was of African-American and German descent and served as a driver in both the Winter War and the Continuation War.[15]

In 1990, during the Somali Civil War, the first Somali refugees arrived in Finland.[16][17] After that, due to their high fertility rate, along with the significant number of Somali family reunifications, quota refugees and asylum seekers, they rapidly became the largest African group in Finland.[18][19] During the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Finland, most of the Sierra Leone national under-17 football team's players defected to Finland due to the poor conditions in their country, following a civil war that had ended a year earlier.[20]

In the 21st century, most people of African ancestry have come to Finland from Africa, but many have also arrived from the United States, Latin America and other European countries. In particular, Americans and British people of African descent have moved to Finland, mostly through marriage.[21]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population of people in Finland with a close African background[a]
YearPop.±%
19901,720—    
19913,798+120.8%
19924,631+21.9%
19935,990+29.3%
19947,002+16.9%
19957,831+11.8%
19968,554+9.2%
19979,698+13.4%
199810,777+11.1%
199911,382+5.6%
200011,802+3.7%
200112,900+9.3%
200213,724+6.4%
200314,775+7.7%
200416,135+9.2%
200517,793+10.3%
200619,278+8.3%
200721,509+11.6%
200824,109+12.1%
200926,446+9.7%
201029,041+9.8%
201131,518+8.5%
201233,968+7.8%
201336,634+7.8%
201439,490+7.8%
201542,689+8.1%
201646,113+8.0%
201748,749+5.7%
201851,645+5.9%
201954,450+5.4%
202057,496+5.6%
202160,614+5.4%
202265,007+7.2%
202370,592+8.6%
202475,953+7.6%
Source: Statistics Finland[4]

As of 31 December 2024, according to Statistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close African background[a] is 75,953, which is 1.4% of the population of Finland.[b] 42,118 (55.45%) of them are men, while 33,835 (44.55%) are women. 62,759 (82.6%) of them are from Sub-Saharan Africa.[c][4]

Countries of origin

[edit]
Origins of people with a close African background[a][4]
Country Population (1990) Population (2024)
Total 1,720 75,953
 Somalia 49 26,722
 Nigeria 89 7,559
 DR Congo 6 5,268
 Morocco 395 4,952
 Ethiopia 108 4,193
 Ghana 67 3,280
 Kenya 71 3,221
 Cameroon 4 2,647
 Egypt 195 2,367
 Sudan 11 2,297
 Eritrea 1 1,855
 Algeria 210 1,759
 The Gambia 23 1,600
 Tunisia 145 1,476
 Angola 3 726
 South Africa 54 718
 Tanzania 56 699
 Rwanda 2 564
 Uganda 7 560
 Zambia 27 418
 Libya 19 343
 Senegal 10 312
 Zimbabwe 7 237
 Sierra Leone 20 214
 Burundi 3 211
 Ivory Coast 12 208
 Liberia 6 203
 Guinea 4 199
 Republic of the Congo 17 186
 Namibia 66 170
 Togo 3 141
 Mozambique 5 71
 Mauritius 12 56
 Benin 1 45
 Mali 3 43
 Burkina Faso 0 40
 Djibouti 0 40
 Malawi 2 37
 Mauritania 0 37
 Niger 1 36
 Central African Republic 0 31
 Madagascar 0 30
 Botswana 0 29
 Equatorial Guinea 0 28
 South Sudan N/A[e] 27
 Guinea-Bissau 0 25
 Cape Verde 2 20
 Gabon 0 14
 Seychelles 0 14
 Eswatini 1 10
 Chad 2 8
 Comoros 1 7
 Lesotho 0 0
 São Tomé and Príncipe 0 0

Countries with a significant African diaspora

[edit]

The following countries outside Africa have a majority population of Afro-descendants (90% or more of the country's total population)[22] and, as of 31 December 2024, a total of 147 expatriates or close descendants[f] in Finland:[4]

African languages

[edit]
Speakers of languages of African origin[23]
Language Speakers (2020)
Total 36,150
Somali 22,794
Swahili 2,560
Amharic 1,662
Tigrinya 1,662
Kinyarwanda 1,226
Yoruba 1,044
Igbo 938
Lingala 929
Twi 670
Akan 487
Wolof 336
Kikuyu 282
Hausa 223
Fula 174
Oromo 174
Kongo 156
Luganda 137
Afrikaans 119
Ewe 118
Shona 71
Chewa 69
Kirundi 67
Afar 52
Luba-Katanga 52
Ndonga 49
Bambara 17
Zulu 16
Malagasy 11
Tswana 10
Sango 9
Northern Ndebele 8
Kwanyama 5
Kanuri 4
Southern Sotho 4
Swazi 4
Herero 3
Southern Ndebele 3
Xhosa 3
Venda 2

Distribution

[edit]

Municipalities

[edit]
Ten largest populations of people with a close African background[a] by municipality[4]
No. Municipality Population (2022) Percent of the
municipality's population
1. Helsinki 24,425 3.7%
2. Espoo 8,811 2.9%
3. Vantaa 8,682 3.6%
4. Turku 3,719 1.9%
5. Tampere 2,829 1.1%
6. Oulu 1,841 0.9%
7. Vaasa 1,621 2.4%
8. Jyväskylä 1,128 0.8%
9. Lahti 815 0.7%
10. Kuopio 744 0.6%

On 31 December 2020, 13.4% of the total population of Itäkeskus, a quarter of Helsinki, had an African background, which was the highest percentage of all subdivisions of Helsinki.[24]

Regions

[edit]

On 31 December 2022, the region with the most people with a close African background[a] was Uusimaa with 45,025 people (2.6% of the region's total population), which is 69.3% of their total population in Finland.[25]

Populations of people with a close African background[a] by region[25]
Region Population (2022) Percent of the
region's population
Åland 135 0.4%
Central Finland 1,210 0.4%
Central Ostrobothnia 381 0.6%
Kainuu 332 0.5%
Kanta-Häme 894 0.5%
Kymenlaakso 795 0.5%
Lapland 418 0.2%
North Karelia 442 0.3%
North Ostrobothnia 2,133 0.5%
North Savo 837 0.3%
Ostrobothnia 2,326 1.3%
Päijät-Häme 886 0.4%
Pirkanmaa 3,266 0.6%
Satakunta 448 0.2%
South Karelia 394 0.3%
South Ostrobothnia 265 0.1%
South Savo 276 0.2%
Southwest Finland 4,544 0.9%
Uusimaa 45,025 2.6%

Regions of Finland

Citizenships

[edit]

On 31 December 2023, there were 23,672 people who had dual citizenship of Finland and an African country.[26]

Citizens of African countries who received Finnish citizenship by year:[27]

  • 1990 – 70
  • 1991 – 101
  • 1992 – 104
  • 1993 – 67
  • 1994 – 56
  • 1995 – 81
  • 1996 – 120
  • 1997 – 180
  • 1998 – 788
  • 1999 – 1,365
  • 2000 – 522
  • 2001 – 406
  • 2002 – 419
  • 2003 – 403
  • 2004 – 426
  • 2005 – 605
  • 2006 – 658
  • 2007 – 671
  • 2008 – 891
  • 2009 – 466
  • 2010 – 368
  • 2011 – 400
  • 2012 – 1,559
  • 2013 – 1,923
  • 2014 – 1,750
  • 2015 – 1,946
  • 2016 – 2,137
  • 2017 – 2,448
  • 2018 – 1,904
  • 2019 – 1,499
  • 2020 – 1,250
  • 2021 – 997
  • 2022 – 1,393
  • 2023 – 2,010

People born in Africa who received Finnish citizenship by year:[28]

  • 1990 – 37
  • 1991 – 87
  • 1992 – 86
  • 1993 – 42
  • 1994 – 58
  • 1995 – 78
  • 1996 – 117
  • 1997 – 175
  • 1998 – 559
  • 1999 – 829
  • 2000 – 332
  • 2001 – 275
  • 2002 – 306
  • 2003 – 290
  • 2004 – 329
  • 2005 – 387
  • 2006 – 397
  • 2007 – 426
  • 2008 – 627
  • 2009 – 329
  • 2010 – 279
  • 2011 – 297
  • 2012 – 1,043
  • 2013 – 1,344
  • 2014 – 1,350
  • 2015 – 1,447
  • 2016 – 1,590
  • 2017 – 1,844
  • 2018 – 1,480
  • 2019 – 1,231
  • 2020 – 972
  • 2021 – 764
  • 2022 – 1,059
  • 2023 – 1,449

Asylum seekers

[edit]

1990–2013

[edit]

From 1990 to 2013, a total of 14,481 African citizens applied for asylum in Finland, which was 22.4% out of the total of 64,536 asylum seekers. African asylum seekers by country of citizenship:

There were not asylum seekers from Cape Verde, the Comoros, São Tomé and Príncipe or Seychelles.[29]

2015–2020

[edit]

From January 2015 to August 2020, there were a total of 7,935 African citizens who applied for asylum in Finland; 14.6% out of the total of 54,520 asylum seekers. African asylum seekers by country of citizenship:

There were not asylum seekers from Botswana, Djibouti, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, São Tomé and Príncipe or Seychelles.[30]

Adoptions

[edit]

From 1987 to 2023, a total of 984 people were adopted from Africa to Finland. 907 (92.2%) of them were from the countries of South Africa (571, 58.0%), Ethiopia (287, 29.2%) and Kenya (49, 5.0%), and the rest, 77 people (7.8%), were from other African countries.[31]

Adoptees from Africa by year:[31]

  • 1987 – 11
  • 1988 – 19
  • 1989 – 5
  • 1990 – 9
  • 1991 – 12
  • 1992 – 12
  • 1993 – 16
  • 1994 – 19
  • 1995 – 14
  • 1996 – 11
  • 1997 – 13
  • 1998 – 15
  • 1999 – 14
  • 2000 – 22
  • 2001 – 11
  • 2002 – 28
  • 2003 – 28
  • 2004 – 30
  • 2005 – 35
  • 2006 – 34
  • 2007 – 44
  • 2008 – 48
  • 2009 – 66
  • 2010 – 53
  • 2011 – 71
  • 2012 – 48
  • 2013 – 43
  • 2014 – 47
  • 2015 – 41
  • 2016 – 16
  • 2017 – 30
  • 2018 – 20
  • 2019 – 26
  • 2020 – 8
  • 2021 – 27
  • 2022 – 18
  • 2023 – 20

Marriages and cohabitation

[edit]

On 31 December 2023, there were 5,097 Finnish citizens who were either married to or registered as cohabiting with citizens of African countries. 3,041 (59.7%) of the Finnish citizens were women and 2,056 (40.3%) were men; for both sexes the largest groups of partners were Somalian, Moroccan and Nigerian citizens. The next largest groups for Finnish women were Gambian and Ghanaian citizens, and for Finnish men Ethiopian and Kenyan citizens.[32][33] On the same date, there were 4,989 African-born people who were either married to or registered as cohabiting with people born in Finland; 3,810 (76.4%) of the people born in Finland were women, while 1,179 (23.6%) were men.[34][35]

Employment

[edit]

Statistics Finland's employment statistics from 2000 to 2021 are available for the citizens of the following 23 African countries: Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda and Zambia.[i][36]

Employment rates of the citizens of some African countries[i]
(and Finland for comparison)[36]
Nationality Labour force (2021) Employed Unemployed Employed (%)
 Algeria 310 214 96 69.0%
 Angola 79 50 29 63.3%
 Cameroon 611 511 100 83.6%
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 715 425 290 59.4%
 Egypt 515 386 129 75.0%
 Eritrea 457 269 188 58.9%
 Ethiopia 490 388 102 79.2%
 The Gambia 461 357 104 77.4%
 Ghana 916 782 134 85.4%
 Kenya 599 524 75 87.5%
 Libya 38 18 20 47.4%
 Morocco 721 497 224 68.9%
 Namibia 39 33 6 84.6%
 Nigeria 1,478 1,253 225 84.8%
 Rwanda 93 65 28 69.9%
 Senegal 92 62 30 67.4%
 Somalia 2,002 1,007 995 50.3%
 South Africa 189 169 20 89.4%
 Sudan 260 150 110 57.7%
 Tanzania 217 169 48 77.9%
 Tunisia 303 203 100 67.0%
 Uganda 123 99 24 80.5%
 Zambia 82 67 15 81.7%
 Finland 2,492,344 2,251,076 241,268 90.3%

Afro-Finns

[edit]

Identity

[edit]

Afro-Finns, also referred to as Black Finns,[5][6][7][8] are Finns whose lineages are fully or partly in the populations of Sub-Saharan Africa ("Black Africa").[9][10] They have lived in Finland since the 19th century. According to an estimate in 2009 by Yle, there are 20,000 Afro-Finns in Finland, and according to Statistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close Sub-Saharan African background[d] was 62,759 in 2024.[4] Thus, they make up a much larger ethnic minority than many other prominent minority groups in Finland, such as the Sámi or Romani. The identity of Afro-Finns varies: some consider themselves Finns, while others identify with a separate cultural heritage.[11] Some actively cherish their connections to Africa through their African relatives and cultures, while for others, these connections are more distant but still meaningful.[21]

Culture

[edit]

In 2013, the dance performance Noir? by Sonya Lindfors [fi] became the first fully Afro-Finnish dance performance when it premiered at Zodiak – Center for New Dance [fi] in Helsinki.[37]

Held annually since 2018, the Afrofinns Achievement Awards—presented by Afrofinns ry, an organization for "Finns and everyone else with African heritage living in Finland"—acknowledges, honors and celebrates the contribution of the Afro-community in Finland.[38][39][40][41]

In 2020, Kelly Kalonji [fi], Miss Helsinki [fi] 2013 and celebrity, and Obi-West Utchaychukwu, the editor-in-chief of Diaspora Glitz Magazine, founded the beauty pageant Miss Afro Diaspora Finland (formerly The Face of African Queen) for young women of African ancestry living in Finland.[42][43][44]

Media

[edit]

Established in 1993, the magazine SCANDI-B was targeted to Black people in the Nordic countries. Printed in Raisio, Finland, it had a circulation of 7,000 in 1993 with Lammin Sullay [fi] as the editor-in-chief.[45]

In 2010, Yle broadcast the three-episode documentary television series Afro-Suomen historia (lit. 'The history of Afro-Finland') about early Afro-Finns.[7][11]

The multimedia Ruskeat Tytöt [fi] (lit. 'Brown Girls') focuses on Afro-Finns and other people of colour in Finland.[46][47][48] Its six-episode Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä (lit. 'Searching for Afro-Finland's history') podcast's first episode was broadcast on Radio Helsinki [fi] in 2017.[6]

The Afro-Finnish Diaspora Glitz Magazine won the category of Best Media at the 2019 Afrofinns Achievement Awards.[49]

Racism

[edit]
See also: Racism in Finland

During the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland, some warned Finnish women against showing interest in "exotic" athletes and pressured them to "act appropriately" in the presence of black people, "neekerit".[12] The Finnish word neekeri (cognate with negro) was long considered a neutral equivalent for "negro". In 2002, the usage notes of neekeri shifted from "perceived as derogatory by some" to "generally derogatory" in the Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish, edited by the Institute for the Languages of Finland.[50]

Nationwide racism began to grow after the first Somali refugees arrived in Finland in the 1990s during the Somali Civil War. Finnish skinheads carried out attacks against Africans, and the city of Joensuu in eastern Finland, in particular, became an infamous center of racism [fi]. In the municipality of Nastola in southern Finland, the police had to protect the local refugee center from violence by local residents, who carried out a shooting. Other incidents included a bomb that detonated at a refugee center in Valkeala, a municipality in southeast Finland, and an attack by skinheads on Somalis in Hakunila, Vantaa, in southern Finland.[7]

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, some ethnic Finnish women married to or cohabiting with younger black men have faced discrimination, as they are sometimes stereotyped as sex tourists in Finnish society.[51][52][53][54][55]

According to the study "Being Black in the EU" by the Fundamental Rights Agency published in 2018, 63% of Afro-Finns in Finland had experienced racist harassment, which took the form of offensive gestures, comments, threats or violence. This was the highest percentage among the twelve European Union member states[j] included in the study, significantly higher than, for example, Malta's 20%. 14% stated that they had experienced violence in Finland due to their skin colour—also the highest among the participating countries—much higher than, for example, in Portugal, where 2% reported similar violence.[56][57]

A report published in 2020 by the Non-Discrimination Ombudsman [fi], an autonomous and independent authority, found that four out of five people with an African background had experienced racial discrimination in Finland due to their skin colour.[58]

Notable people

[edit]

Citizens and residents of Finland of full or partial African ancestry

[edit]
See also categories: Finnish people of African descent, Expatriates in Finland (African country subcategories) and Immigrants to Finland (African country subcategories)

Actors

[edit]

Artists

[edit]

Beauty pageant contestants

[edit]

Dancers

[edit]

Entrepreneurs

[edit]

Film people

[edit]

Journalists

[edit]

Musicians

[edit]

Politicians

[edit]

Scientists

[edit]

Sportspeople

[edit]
Basketball players
[edit]
Footballers
[edit]
Ice hockey players
[edit]
Martial artists
[edit]
Runners
[edit]

Writers

[edit]

Others

[edit]

People of the Finnish diaspora with African ancestry

[edit]

This list is for notable people of African ancestry who also belong to the Finnish diaspora (i.e. Finnish emigrants and their descendants) but do not hold Finnish citizenship. Many of them maintain their ties to Finland.

The Gambia

[edit]

Germany

[edit]

Norway

[edit]

Sweden

[edit]
See also: Sweden Finns

United Kingdom

[edit]

United States

[edit]
See also: Finnish Americans

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland:
     • whose both parents are African-born,
     • or whose only known parent was born in Africa,
     • or who were born in Africa and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.[1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one African parent or people with more distant African ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, African-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.[1]
  2. ^ a b The population of Finland was 5,635,971 on 31 December 2024.[2]
  3. ^ a b I.e., all other African countries but Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia.
  4. ^ a b I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland:
     • whose both parents are Sub-Saharan[c] African-born,
     • or whose only known parent was born in Sub-Saharan Africa,
     • or who were born in Sub-Saharan Africa and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.[1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one Sub-Saharan African parent or people with more distant Sub-Saharan African ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, Sub-Saharan African-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.[1]
  5. ^ South Sudan was not independent in 1990; see the number of Sudan.
  6. ^ I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland:
     • whose both parents are born in those countries,
     • or whose only known parent was born in those countries,
     • or who were born in those countries and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.[1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one parent from those countries or people with more distant ancestry from those countries are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, adoptees born in those countries have their backgrounds determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.[1]
  7. ^ It is not specified in the source to what "Congo" (Kongo) refers to, but it could possibly refer to any of the following four countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, People's Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo or Zaire.
  8. ^ Literally "People's Democratic Republic of the Congo" in the source, but such country has never existed. It could possibly refer to the People's Republic of the Congo.
  9. ^ a b Statistics Finland: "Citizenships are specified in the table if the number of people in the citizenship group exceeds 99 in 2018."[36] Thus, the statistics are not available for the following 31 countries: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Togo and Zimbabwe.
  10. ^ Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ancestry; born in Finland.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw On their father's side; ethnic Finnish descent on the mother's side.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h On their mother's side; ethnic Finnish descent on the father's side.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Origin and background country". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 21 April 2025. Origin and background country ... All such persons who have at least one parent who was born in Finland are also considered to be persons with Finnish background. ... Persons whose both parents or the only known parent have been born abroad are considered to be persons with foreign background. ... If either parent's country of birth is unknown, the background country for persons born abroad is their own country of birth. ... For children adopted from abroad, the adoptive parents are regarded as the biological parents.
  2. ^ "11rb -- Population and change in population size by sex, 1750-2024". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  3. ^ a b "Number of foreign-language speakers exceeded 600,000 during 2024". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 4 April 2025. ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "11rv -- Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 1990-2024". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  5. ^ a b c d "African Diaspora in Finland". Encyclopedia of Afro-European Studies. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019.
  6. ^ a b c "Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä -podcast: Keitä olemme ja onko meillä historiaa?". fi:Radio Helsinki (in Finnish). 16 June 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d Kajava, Marie (7 January 2010). "Mustan Suomen historia". Maailman Kuvalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä, V osa: Katse tulevaisuuteen". Ruskeat Tytöt ry (in Finnish). 14 December 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  9. ^ a b "Lukijalta: Suomen ongelma ei ole maahanmuutto vaan rasismi". Turun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  10. ^ a b "afrosuomalainen". Institute for the Languages of Finland (in Finnish). Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  11. ^ a b c "Afro-Suomen historia". Yle (in Finnish). 9 December 2009.
  12. ^ a b "Suomen musta menneisyys". Plan International (in Finnish).
  13. ^ a b Leitzinger, Antero (22 June 2011). "Clay, Rosa Emilia (1875 - 1959)". Finnish Literature Society (in Finnish). Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  14. ^ Rastas, Anna (19 November 2019). "Lessons to Learn from the Story of Rosa". Intertwined histories. University of Turku. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  15. ^ "Sangen tuntematon sotilas". Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  16. ^ "Sisällissotaa lapsena Suomeen paennut Bashe, 30, syö ruisleipää aamuisin eikä häpeile puhua somaliaa: "On rikkaus olla Suomen somali"". MTV (in Finnish). Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  17. ^ Ninnivaara, Susanna (17 November 1995). "Somalit kantavat monta taakkaa". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 5 February 2021.
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