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List of wars involving South Sudan

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This is a list of wars involving the Republic of South Sudan.

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results President of
South Sudan
First Sudanese Civil War
(1955–1972) 		SDF mutineers, bandits, and unaffiliated separatist militias
ALF (1965–1970)
Anyanya (from 1963)[1]
 Israel (from 1969)[2][3][4]
Supported by:
 Ethiopia[5][6]
 Uganda (from about 1970)[5][3]
Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo-Léopoldville[7]
 Kenya[5]
 France[8] 		United KingdomEgypt Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
(1955–1956)
Sudan Republic of the Sudan
(1956–1969)
SudanSudan Democratic Republic of the Sudan
(1969–1972)
Combat support:
 Uganda
(Joint operations on Ugandan territory, 1965–1969)[9]
Libya Libyan Arab Republic
(From 1969 and combat involvement at least in 1970)[10]
Non-combat support:
 United Arab Republic[10][11]
 Soviet Union[12][11]
 United Kingdom[11][13]
 China[11][13]
 Yugoslavia[11][13]
 East Germany[11][13]
 Czechoslovakia[13]
 Saudi Arabia[13]
Libya Kingdom of Libya (until 1969)[13]
 Algeria[13]
 United States[14]
 West Germany[14] 		Stalemate[15]
None
Second Sudanese Civil War
(1983–2005) 		SPLA

SSLM
NDA
Sudanese Alliance Forces[18]
Anyanya II
Eastern Coalition
Derg (until 1987)[19]
PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991)[19]
Ethiopia FDR Ethiopia (1995–1998)[20]
 Eritrea (1996–1998, 2002–2005)[21]
 Uganda (from 1993)[22][23]
Non-combat aid:
 Libya (1983–1985)[24][25]
 Israel[26]
 Cuba (until 1991)[27]

Sudan Sudan

SSDF
SPLA dissidents

Nuer White Army
Uganda Ugandan insurgents:

 Zaire (1994–1997)[31][32]
al-Qaeda (1991–1996)[33][20][irrelevant citation]
 Iraq[a]
 China[b]

Combat aid:
 Libya (1986–1991)[37][38]
 DR Congo (1998–2003)
Non-combat aid:
 Iran[39]
 Belarus (from 1996)[40][41] 		Stalemate[42]
Disarmament of the Lou Nuer
(2005–2006) 		South Sudan Southern Sudan Lou Nuer White Army
SSDF forces of Thomas Maboir
SSDF forces of Simon Gatwitch
Supported by:
SudanSudan 		SPLA victory
  • Nuer White Army disarmed
Salva Kiir
George Athor's rebellion
(2010–2011) 		 South Sudan (Southern Sudan Autonomous Region until July 2011) South Sudan Democratic Movement (SSDM)
Gabriel Tanginye's militia
Supported by:
 Sudan
 Eritrea (alleged)
EUPF (alleged) 		South Sudanese government victory
  • Death of George Athor
  • Many rebel areas retaken by government forces
  • Athor's forces largely surrender in February 2012
Heglig Crisis
(2012) 		 South Sudan
JEM[43]
SPLM-N[43] 		 Sudan Sudanese victory
  • South Sudanese withdrawal from Heglig[44]
  • Agreement on borders and natural resources signed on 26 September[45]
South Sudanese Civil War
(2013–2020) 		South Sudan South Sudan

Allied militias:
SSLM[47]
SRF

EUPF[54] (alleged)
State allies:
 Uganda[55]
 Egypt[56] (alleged)

United Nations UNMISS[57]

South Sudan SPLM-IO[59]
Nuer White Army[60]

TFNF[67]
SSFDP[68]
South Sudan National Army[69][70]
NAS
Arrow Boys (since Nov. 2015)
South Sudan Wau State insurgents[71]
South Sudan SSOA (until September 2018)
South Sudan SSOMA/NSSSOG (until Jan. 2020)
Supported by:
 Sudan (South Sudanese gov. claim)[72]

Stalemate

Notes

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  1. ^ Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments;[34] according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi".[35] The International Institute for Strategic Studies also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops.[36]
  2. ^ Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry.[36]
  3. ^ The SPLM-IO accused JEM of supporting Kiir's government since 2013, though JEM has denied any involvement and claims to maintain neutrality in the South Sudanese Civil War.[48] The Sudanese government,[49] aid workers[48] and other sources[50] have however affirmed that JEM is taking part in conflict on the side of the South Sudanese government.[51]
  4. ^ The Cobra Faction openly opposed the government until 2014, and remained in relative opposition until 2015, when it divided into a pro-government and pro-SPLM-IO faction, the latter of which formed the Greater Pibor Forces. In early 2016, the Cobra Faction effectively disbanded, when the remaining group joined the government.[61][62][63] In September 2016, however, the Cobra Faction was declared restored by some of its commanders and declared that it had resumed its struggle against the government.[64]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Martell (2018), p. 72.
  2. ^ Martell (2018), pp. 79–82.
  3. ^ a b Johnson, Douglas (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-1847010292.
  4. ^ Leach, Justin (2012). War and Politics in Sudan: Cultural Identities and the Challenges of the Peace Process. I.B.Tauris. p. 178. ISBN 978-1780762272.
  5. ^ a b c Martell (2018), p. 89.
  6. ^ Acig.org. "Sudan, Civil War since 1955".
  7. ^ Poggo (2009), p. 158.
  8. ^ Poggo (2009), p. 163.
  9. ^ Poggo (2009), p. 151.
  10. ^ a b Poggo (2009), p. 166.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Poggo (2009), p. 1.
  12. ^ OBallance 1977, p. 119-120.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Poggo (2009), p. 155.
  14. ^ a b Poggo (2009), p. 165.
  15. ^ Shinn, David H, "Addis Ababa Agreement: was it destined to fail and are there lessons for the Current Sudan Peace Process?", p. 242
  16. ^ a b Martell (2018), p. 137.
  17. ^ LeRiche & Arnold (2013), p. 101.
  18. ^ Plaut (2016), p. 77.
  19. ^ a b Vuylsteke (2018), p. 6.
  20. ^ a b de Waal (2007), p. 12.
  21. ^ Plaut (2016), pp. 77–78.
  22. ^ Prunier (2009), p. 75.
  23. ^ "Military Support for Sudanese Opposition Forces." Sudan. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  24. ^ Collins, Robert O. Africa's Thirty Years War: Libya, Chad, and the Sudan, 1963–1993, p. 194.: Westview Press, 1999.
  25. ^ "Sudan Global Trade, Local Impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan".
  26. ^ DeRouen & Heo (2007), p. 742.
  27. ^ "Interview with Yousif Kuwa Mekki".
  28. ^ Prunier (2004), p. 377.
  29. ^ Prunier (2009), p. 82.
  30. ^ a b Leopold (2001), pp. 99–100.
  31. ^ Prunier (2004), pp. 376–377.
  32. ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 74, 82.
  33. ^ Connell (1998), p. 55.
  34. ^ Bassil (2013), pp. 168–169.
  35. ^ Martell (2018), p. 147.
  36. ^ a b Khalid (2010), p. 348.
  37. ^ Dixon, Jeffrey S., and Meredith Reid Sarkees. A Guide to Intra-state Wars an Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014, p. 392. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Reference, 2016.
  38. ^ Bassil (2013), p. 169.
  39. ^ Revolutionary Sudan: Hasan Al-Turabi and the Islamist State, 1989–2000 at Google Books
  40. ^ "Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии – Владимир Сегенюк". newsland.com.
  41. ^ "Завоюет ли Беларусь позиции на глобальных рынках оружия? – Vechek". newsland.com.
  42. ^ Mr Washee Washee. Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook. London: Routledge, 2013, p. 422
  43. ^ a b McCutchen, Andrew (October 2014). "The Sudan Revolutionary Front: Its Formation and Development" (PDF). p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  44. ^ Thon Agany Ayiei. "Heglig Conflict Revisited: Why did South Sudan withdraw from Heglig (Panthou)?". The New Sudan Vision. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  45. ^ "Sudan-South Sudan peace accords hailed". Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  46. ^ James Copnall (21 August 2014). "Ethnic militias and the shrinking state: South Sudan's dangerous path". African Arguments. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  47. ^ "Kiir's Dinka Forces Join SSLA Rebels". Chimpreports. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  48. ^ a b Small Arms Survey (2014), p. 7.
  49. ^ Small Arms Survey (2014), pp. 14, 17.
  50. ^ a b "South Sudan deploys more troops to Upper Nile as fighting intensifies". South Sudan News Agency. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  51. ^ Small Arms Survey (2014), pp. 7, 11, 14.
  52. ^ Small Arms Survey (2014), pp. 10, 11, 20.
  53. ^ a b Craze, Tubiana & Gramizzi (2016), p. 160.
  54. ^ "Ethiopian opposition leader denies supporting South Sudan against rebels". Sudan Tribune. 6 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  55. ^ Clottey, Peter (22 October 2015). "Uganda Begins Troop Withdrawal from South Sudan". VOA News. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  56. ^ "Egypt supports South Sudan to secure Nile share". Al Monitor. 24 February 2015.
  57. ^ "United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan". UNMISS Facts and Figures. UN. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  58. ^ "Mandate". United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). 16 October 2015.
  59. ^ "South Sudan oil town changes hands for fourth time. Why?". The Christian Science Monitor. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  60. ^ "South Sudan: 'White Army' militia marches to fight". USA Today. 28 December 2013.
  61. ^ "David Yau Yau surrenders Cobra-faction to a General linked to the SPLA-IO: Cobra-faction's splinter group". South Sudan News Agency. 12 January 2016.
  62. ^ a b "Murle faction announces defection to S. Sudan rebels". 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  63. ^ "South Sudan's Boma state violence displaces hundreds". Sudan Tribune. 31 March 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  64. ^ "Top Cobra Faction general defects from Kiir government". Radio Tamazuj. 27 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
  65. ^ "Johnson Olony's forces prefer independent command in Upper Nile state". sudantribune.com. 17 May 2015. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  66. ^ "Government Questions SPLM/A-IO About The Position Of Gen. Johnson Olony". gurtong. 2 April 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  67. ^ "The Conflict in Upper Nile". www.smallarmssurveysudan.org. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  68. ^ "S. Sudan's Otuho rebels unveil objectives for armed struggle". Sudan Tribune. 4 December 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  69. ^ "South Sudan General Gathoth Gatkuoth explains to Karin Zeitvogel why he broke with Riek Machar". voanews.com. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  70. ^ "Changson dismisses Gathoth Gatkuoth as FDP group splits over advance team to Juba". sudantribune.com. 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  71. ^ "S. Sudan army in control of Wau town after heavy gunfire". sudantribune.com. 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  72. ^ "S. Sudan rebels accuse government of backing Ethiopian rebels". Sudan Tribune. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

Bibliography

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Sources

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First Sudanese Civil War:

  • Assefa, Hizkias. 1987. Mediation of Civil Wars, Approaches and Strategies – The Sudan Conflict. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
  • Eprile, Cecil. War and Peace in the Sudan, 1955 – 1972. David and Charles, London. 1974. ISBN 0-7153-6221-6.
  • Johnson, Douglas H. 1979. "Book Review: The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972 by Edgar O'Ballance". African Affairs 78 (310):132–7.
  • O'Ballance, Edgar. 1977. The Secret War in the Sudan: 1955–1972. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. (Faber and Faber edition ISBN 0-571-10768-0).
  • Poggo, Scopas Sekwat. 1999. War and Conflict in Southern Sudan, 1955–1972. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
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Second Sudanese Civil War:

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