Jump to content

List of dinosaur specimens with preserved soft tissue

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

There have been some discoveries of unusually well-preserved fossil dinosaur specimens which bear remnants of tissues and bodily structures. Organic tissue was previously thought to decay too quickly to enter the fossil record, unlike more mineralised bones and teeth, however, research now suggests the potential for the long-term preservation of original soft tissues over geological time,[1] leading to the formulation of various hypotheses regarding the underlying mechanisms involved.[2]

Ornithischians

[edit]

Basal ornithischians

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
INREC K3/109 Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology, and Cryology Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus Bathonian Ukureyskaya Formation Russia A basal ornithischian that preserves protofeathers.

Ornithopods

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
AMNH 5240 American Museum of Natural History Corythosaurus casuarius Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation Alberta, Canada
Trachodon mummy AMNH 5060 American Museum of Natural History Edmontosaurus annectens Maastrichtian Lance Formation United States
The "Trachodon mummy"
Duck Bill SMF R 4036 Naturmuseum Senckenberg Edmontosaurus annectens Maastrichtian
Dakota MRF-03 Marmarth Research Foundation Edmontosaurus annectens Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation United States On display at North Dakota Heritage Center & State Museum
Impression of "Dakota"'s skin
Edmontosaurus regalis
Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis
Gryposaurus notabilis
MOR 548[3][4] Museum of the Rockies Hypacrosaurus stebingeri
Lambeosaurus lambei
Lambeosaurus magnicristatus
Maiasaura peeblesorum
Big Paul LACM 17715 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Magnapaulia laticaudus Campanian El Gallo Formation Mexico
Impression of Big Paul's
skin displayed at LACM
Parasaurolophus walkeri
AMNH 5220, AMNH 5221, and AMNH 5271 American Museum of Natural History Saurolophus osborni Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation Canada
Various Dinosaurium, among others Saurolophus angustirostris Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation Mongolia, and China Many specimens are known from the locale called the Dragon's Tomb, which often perseveres soft tissues. This makes it a target for fossil poachers
Leonardo The Children's Museum of Indianapolis (on ten-year loan from Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station, 2013-2023) Brachylophosaurus canadensis Campanian Judith River Formation United States Well-preserved mummified specimen
Leonardo the Brachylophosaurus
Wilo Thescelosaurus neglectus Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation South Dakota, United States A controversial specimen supposedly with a fossilized four-chambered heart. This is probably a concretion
Thescelosaurus sp. Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation, Tanis Site Currently unpublished hind limb with extensive skin preservation present with scales
NHMUK R2501[5] Natural History Museum, London Iguanodontia indent. Valanginian Wealden Group England Endocast with preserved fossilized brain tissue. Possibly belongs to Barilium dawsoni or Hypselospinus fittoni

Ceratopsians

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
AMNH FARB 5427 American Museum of Natural History Centrosaurus apertus
TMP 1986.018.0097 Centrosaurus sp.
UALVP 52613, and CMN 2245 Canadian Museum of Nature Chasmosaurus belli
SMF R 4970 Naturmuseum Senckenberg Psittacosaurus sp. Aptian Jehol Biota China This animal displays pigment preservation, bristles as well as a preserved Cloaca. Image: 200 pixels
AMNH 6418 American Museum of Natural History Protoceratops andrewsi Campanian Djodochta Formation, Bayn Dzak Locality Mongolia
Lane Formerly BHI-6273 Houston Museum of Natural Science[6] Triceratops horridus Maastrichtian Lance Formation United States Preserves extensive skin impressions, including large "nipple" scales on the sacrum and dorsum.[6]
Triceratops sp. Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation, Tanis Site North Dakota, United States Currently unpublished

Thyreophorans

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
Suncor Nodosaur TMP 2011.033. 0001[7]

[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Borealopelta markmitchelli Albian Clearwater Formation Canada This animal displays pigment preservation, as well as keratinous sheaths and stomach contents. Image: 200 pixels
Victoria SMA 0018[14] Hesperosaurus mjosi Kimmeridgian Morrison Formation, Howe Quarry Wyoming, United States
QM F1801 Queensland Museum Kunbarrasaurus ieversi Albian Allaru Mudstone Formation Australia
IVPP-V-12560 Liaoningosaurus paradoxus Aptian Yixian Formation China
Zuul (originally Sherman) ROM-75860 Royal Ontario Museum Zuul crurivastator Campanian Judith River Formation United States

Theropods

[edit]

Basal theropods

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
AMNH FR 7224[15] American Museum of Natural History Coelophysis bauri Norian Ghost Ranch Locality New Mexico, United States Stomach contents with the bones of what was once believed to belong to a juvenile Coelophysis individual, showing evidence of cannibalism. However, more recent reviews suggest these to be the bones of the small Crocodylomorph Hesperosuchus agilis
Coelophysis bauri with crocodylomorph remains in their stomach cavity
Coelophysis bauri Another possible example of cannibalism with a supposed juvenile leg bone in an adult Coelophysis stomach. However, further examination reveals that the juvenile was actually deposited below another individual and was not in the stomach cavity at all
SGDS 15-T1 Eubrontes isp.
Fulicopus lyellii An impression of a sitting Dilophosaurus-like theropod that potentially shows feathers or buildups in the mud
SGDS 642-1165 Grallator isp.
CUE JJ_M01-3[16] Minisauripus chuanzhuensis Haman Formation South Korea

Avialans

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
Beijing Specimen BMNHC PH828[17] Beijing Museum of Natural History Anchiornis huxleyi Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China A basal bird or Troodontid[18]; smaller specimen with preserved feathers covering the legs and arm with fossilized melanosomes indicating a dark grey and black coloration. May not belong to Anchiornis[19]
Anchiornis huxleyi Beijing specimen
BMNHC PH804[20] Beijing Museum of Natural History Anchiornis huxleyi Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China Nearly complete and articulated specimen with preserved feathers on the tail, forelimb, and hindlimb
IVPP V14378[21] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Anchiornis huxleyi Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China Holotype specimen with faint preservation of feathers on the back
LPM-B00169[22][23] Liaoning Paleontological Museum Anchiornis huxleyi Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China Nearly complete and articulated specimen with extensive feather preservationon the wings, legs and feet. Along with long head feathers with preserved pigments which indicate a red color
Anchiornis huxleyi Liaoning Specimen
YTGP-T5199[19] Yizhou Fossil & Geology Park Anchiornis huxleyi Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China Nearly complete specimen with preserved feathers on the legs, tail, and some around the body. There are also preserved melanosomes indicating the presence of eumelanin, implying a dark coloration
Referred Anchiornis huxleyi YTGP-T5199 and accompanying diagram
PKUP V1068[20] Peking University Anchiornis huxleyi Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China Nearly complete specimen with some feather impressions around the tail
STM-0-38, 224, 227, 228[24] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Anchiornis huxleyi Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China Preserved plumage and gastric pellets
STM-0-214[25][26] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Anchiornis huxleyi Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China Nearly complete specimen with preserved scant feathers around the wing and legs
STM-0-179[24] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Anchiornis huxleyi Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China Exceptionally preserved specimen with fossilized plumage and gastric pallet in the oesophageal region containing lizard bones
Anchiornis huxleyi specimen STM-0-179
STM-0-4, 7, 114, 118, 125, 127, 132, 133, 144, 147[22][27][28][29] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Anchiornis huxleyi Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China Multiple specimens with preserved feathers on the arms, legs, and around the body. As well as skin impressions showing scales on the feet, ankles, fingers and claws
Anchiornis huxleyi skeletal diagram by Scott Hartman showing multiple feather impressions from multiple specimens
YFGP T5198[30] Yizhou Fossil & Geology Park Aurornis xui Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China An Anchiornithid bird with traces of preserved feathers on the tail, chest, and neck. Possibly synonymous with Anchiornis huxleyi[20]
Urfeder BSP 1869 VIII and 1MB.Av.100 (counterslab)[31][32][33] (See Specimens of Archaeopteryx) Natural History Museum, Berlin Archaeopteryx lithographica Tithonian Solnhofen Limestone Germany A single isolated fossil feather with preserved melanosomes indicating a probable black coloration for at least the wings. Has in the past been considered to belong to another Avialan, but recent studies reaffirm Archaeopteryx affinties[32][34]
Archaeopteryx lithographica feather imprint, formerly assigned as the holotype
London Specimen NHMUK 37001[35][36][37](see Specimens of Archaeopteryx) Natural History Museum, London Archaeopteryx lithographica Tithonian Solnhofen Limestone Germany Body missing the head with preserved feathers on the tail and wings
Archaeopteryx lithographica London Specimen
Maxberg Specimen S5[35][38] (see Specimens of Archaeopteryx) Maxberg Museum Archaeopteryx lithographica Tithonian Solnhofen Limestone Germany A now lost specimen with light feather impressions on the wings and legs
Archaeopteryx lithographica Maxberg Specimen
Munich Specimen BSP 1999 I 50[35] (see Specimens of Archaeopteryx) Munich Paleontological Museum Archaeopteryx lithographica Tithonian Solnhofen Limestone Germany Nearly complete specimen with preserved feathers on the tail and wings
"Archaeopteryx bavarica" Munich Specimen
Bürgermeister-Müller Specimen (Chicken Wing) Counterslab[35] Bürgermeister-Müller Museum (on an unlimited loan) cf. Archaeopteryx lithographica Tithonian Solnhofen Limestone Germany Slight feather impressions on the counterslab around the second finger
Archaeopteryx lithographica Chicken Wing
Altmühl Specimen [39][35] Naturmuseum Senckenberg Archaeopteryx lithographica Tithonian Solnhofen Limestone Germany Nearly complete specimen with preserved feathers on the body and legs
Archaeopteryx lithographica Altmühl Specimen
Chicago Specimen PA 830[40] (see Specimens of Archaeopteryx) Field Museum Archaeopteryx lithographica Tithonian Solnhofen Limestone Germany Nearly complete specimen with preserved feathers on the wings and tail
Archaeopteryx lithographica Chicago Specimen
Berlin Specimen MB.Av.101[35][41][42] (see Specimens of Archaeopteryx) Natural History Museum, Berlin Archaeopteryx siemensii Tithonian Solnhofen Limestone Germany Exponentially preserved specimen with detailed feather preservation around the wings, tail, legs, and body
Archaeopteryx siemensii famous Berlin Specimen
Thermopolis Specimen WDC CSG 100[43] (see Specimens of Archaeopteryx) Wyoming Dinosaur Center Archaeopteryx siemensii Tithonian Solnhofen Limestone Germany Well preserved specimen with faintly preserved feathers on the right wing and tail
Archaeopteryx siemensii Thermopolis Specimen
IVPP V14287[44] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Archaeorhynchus spathula Aptian Yixian Formation China A nearly complete articulated subadult euornithine bird with preserved plumage around the body and three dozen gastroliths in the stomach
IVPP V17075/91[45] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Archaeorhynchus spathula Aptian Jiufotang Formation China Two specimens with preserved plumage around the body and gastroliths within the stomach
Archaeorhynchus spathula specimen IVPP V17091
STM7-11[46] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Archaeorhynchus spathula Aptian Jiufotang Formation China Exceptionally preserved specimen with preserved feathers, approximately 100 gastroliths within the stomach region, and impressions of probable lung tissue
LNTU-WLMP-18[47] Western Liaoning Museum of Paleontology Archaeorhynchus spathula Aptian Jiufotang Formation China A juvenile specimen with preserved feathers on the wings and gastric contents containing propagules, fruits, seeds, and ovules, although no gastroliths
Archaeorhynchus spathula specimen LNTU-WLMP-18
STM7-145/163[48] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Archaeornithura meemannae Aptian Huajiying Formation China A Hongshanornithid bird with extensively preserved feathers on the wings and body
Archaeornithura meemannae holotype specimen and counterslab
IVPP V25371[49] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Avimaia schweitzerae Aptian Xiagou Formation China Lower body of an enantiornithine with some small patches of feathers preserved near the tail
Avimaia schweitzerae holotype with an unlaid egg
IVPP V17970[50] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Bellulornis rectusunguis Aptian Jiufotang Formation China An ornithuromorph bird with faintly preserved feathers on the right wing and tail, as well as gastroliths within the stomach
LPM B00167[51] Liaoning Paleontological Museum Bohaiornis guoi Aptian Jiufotang Formation China A Bohaiornithid enantiornithine with preserved two ribbon-like tail feathers
IVPP V 17963[52][53] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Bohaiornis guoi Aptian Jiufotang Formation China Large stones, interpreted as gastroliths in the stomach cavity. But are more likely rocks deposited on top of the specimen and are not in the stomach at all
IVPP V26197[54] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Brevidentavis zhangi Aptian Xiagou Formation China An ornithuromorph bird with a possible gastric pellet preserved alongside the vertebrae
IVPP V13266[55] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Brevirostruavis macrohyoideus Aptian Jiufotang Formation China An enantiornithine bird with faintly preserved feathers around the wings, body, and tail
PMoL-B00175[56] Paleontological Museum of Liaoning Caihong juji Oxfordian Tiaojishan Formation China An Anchiornithid bird or Troodontid paravian with preserved plumage around the body that possesses pigments that might indicate black and iridescent “rainbow” colors, similar to that of a Common Grackle
Caihong juji holotype and counterslab specimens
AMNH 30560/78[57][58][59] American Museum of Natural History Calciavis grandei Ypresian Green River Formaton Wyoming, United States A Lithornithid bird with two specimens each with preserved wing feathers, skin impressions of pes scales, and plumage around the body which preserves pigments indicating a glossy, iridescent black, like that of a Crow
IMG 5191 Beijing Museum of Natural History Cathayornis aberransis Aptian Jiufotang Formation China Preserved plumage, wing feathers, and bifurcated tail
FMNH PA730[60] Field Museum of Natural History Celericolius acriala Ypresian Green River Formation Wyoming, United States An Eocene Mousebird with preserved tail feathers
GMV-2129[61] Geological Museum of China Changchengornis hengdaoziensis Aptian Yixian Formation China A Confuciusornithid bird with extensively preserved feathers around the body, wings, and a bifurcated tail
Changchengornis hengdaoziensis holotype and counterslab specimens
AGB5840[62] Anhui Paleontological Museum Changzuiornis ahgmi Aptian Jiufotang Formation China A Gansuid ornithuromorph with feather impressions on the tail and wings, with preserved melanosomes indicating a black coloration, and gastroliths within the stomach
Changzuiornis ahgmi holotype specimen
STM29-11[63] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Chiappeavis magnapremaxillo Aptian Jiufotang Formation China A Pengornithid enantiornithine with preserved wing and tail feathers
STM9-9[64] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Chongmingia zhengi Aptian Jiufotang Formation China A Jinguofortisid basal bird with preserved plumage around the body and gastroliths in the stomach
Chongmingia zhengi holotype specimen
MCCM-LH-1184[65] Science Museum of Castilla-La Mancha Concornis lacustris Barremian La Huérguina Formation Spain An enantiornithine bird with slight feather impressions on the wings and tail
Concornis lacustris holotype cast
IVPP V11553[66][67] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Confuciusornis dui Aptian Yixian Formation China A now lost female specimen with preserved plumage around the body and keratin on the beak
DNHM D2454[68] Dalian Natural Museum Confuciusornis feducciai Aptian Jiufotang Formation China A well preserved specimen with preserved plumage and bifurcated tail feathers. Probably a synonym of C. sanctus[69]
IVPP V13168, V13156[70] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Nearly complete specimens with preserved plumage, wing feathers, and bifurcated tail feathers. Furthermore, skin impressions on the feet
Confuciusornis sanctus specimen IVPP V13156
IVPP V10920-10925[71] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology cf. Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Specimen with scant and slight feather impressions
IVPP V13313[72] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Jiufotang Formation China A well preserved specimen with slight feather impressions and scales of Jinanichthys sp. in the throat
IVPP V13171[73][74] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Jiufotang Formation China Nearly complete specimen with preserved skin impressions and feathers with preserved melanosomes, indicating colors of grey, black, brown, and red, similar to a modern Zebra Finch
IVPP V12352[75] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Nearly complete specimen with preserved keratin on the tip of the beak
IVPP V110304[76] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved specimen with preserved wing feathers
GMV-2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2141, 2142, 2146, 2147, 2154[77] Geological Museum of China Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved plumage around the bodies
BMNHC PH766[78] Beijing Museum of Natural History Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved specimen with plumage and skin impressions of scales on the feet
BMNHC PH925, 931, 986, and 987[79] Beijing Museum of Natural History Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved plumage around the bodies and bifurcated tail feathers
DNHM D2859[80] Dalian Natural Museum Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved specimen with fossilized plumage around the body
DNHM D1874[81] Dalian Natural Museum Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China A probable female specimen with preserved plumage
DNHM D2508/2151[82][83] Dalian Natural Museum Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved specimens with indents of plumage and bifurcated tail feathers
LPM 0228/9[84] Liaoning Paleontological Museum Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved specimens with indents of plumage and bifurcated tail feathers
LPM 0233[85] Liaoning Paleontological Museum Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved specimen with fossilized plumage around the body
MCFO 0589[82] CosmoCaixa Barcelona Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved specimen with fossilized plumage around the body
NIGPAS-139379[86] Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Two specimens with preserved plumage around the bodies, one with bifurcated tail feathers and the other without, probably representing a male and female
HGM 41HIII0400/1[87] Henan Geological Museum Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved specimen with plumage around the body and bifurcated tail feathers
MGSF315[88] Confuciusornis sanctus Aptian Yixian Formation China A well preserved specimen with wing feathers with preserved pigments possibly indicating a lighter white coloration for the wings
CUGB P1401[89] China University of Geosciences Confuciusornis sp. Aptian Yixian Formation China Preserved feathers with fossilized melanosomes indicating a darker black coloration
Confuciusornis specimen GUGB P1401
STM13-133/162[67] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Confuciusornis sp. Aptian Yixian Formation China Well preserved specimens with feather impressions and a keratinous rhampotheca
UFrJ-Dg 031[90][91] Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Cratoavis cearensis Aptian Crato Formation Brazil A smallenantiornithine bird with preserved body feathers and bifurcated tail feathers. Furthermore, two specimens of Dastilbe sp. near the digestive track
IVPP V31106[92] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Cratonavis zhui Aptian Jiufotang Formation China A Jinguofortisd basal bird with preserved plumage around the body
IVPP 21711[93][94][95] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Cruralispennia multidonta Hauterivian Huajiying Formation China A small enantiornithine bird with preserve plumage present with fossilized melanosomes, indicating a dark brown or black iridescent coloration
Cruralispennia multidonta holotype specimen
LPM 00039[96] Liaoning Paleontological Museum Dapingfangornis sentisorhinus Aptian Jiufotang Formation China Nearly complete specimen of an enantiornithine with preserved plumage and long bifurcated tail feathers
USNM 10908[97][98] National Museum of Natural History Diatryma? filifera Ypresian Green River Formation Wyoming, United States Fossilized impressions of what were believed to be feathers belonging to the flightless galloanserae Diatryma, but were in fact Sedge material belonging to the unique species Cyperacites filiferus
Cyperacites filiferus holotype specimen
IVPP V20284[99] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Dingavis longimaxilla Aptian Yixian Formation China A ornithuromorph bird with preserved gastroliths within the stomach
Museum of Natural Sciences, Brussels Dynamopterus tuberculata Lutetian Messel Formation Germany A fossil Cuckoo bird with preserved tail feathers and gastroliths in the stomach
HPG-15-2[100] Hupoge Amber Museum Elektorornis chenguangi Cenomanian Hukawng Valley Myanmar Hindlimb of a small enantiornithine bird found in Burmese amber with preserved plumage and skin
LH13500[101][102] Science Museum of Castilla-La Mancha Eoalulavis hoyasi Barremian La Huérguina Formation Spain An enantiornithine bird with faintly preserved wing feathers
IVPP V11977[103][71] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Eoconfuciusornis zhengi Hauterivian Dabeigou Formation China An early Confuciusornithid bird with preserved plumage around the body and bifurcated tail feathers
STM7-144[104][105][106] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Eoconfuciusornis zhengi Hauterivian Dabeigou Formation China Preserved skin impressions of scales on the feet, possibly remnants of an ovarian follicle meaning the individual was female, and extensive plumage preservation with fossilized melanosomes indicating a black iridescent coloration
SMF-ME 1450[107] Senckenberg Research Institute Eocoracias brachyptera Lutetian Messel Formation Germany A stem Roller bird with preserved plumage with fossilized melanosomes indicating a non-iridencent blue and black coloration
Eocoracias brachyptera specimen SMF-ME 1450A
WDC-CGR-109[108] Wyoming Dinosaur Center Eocypselus rowei Ypresian Green River Formation Wyoming, United States A stem Hummingbird with preserved feathers with fossilized melanosomes indicating a black possibly iridescent coloration
Eoenantiornis buhleri Aptian Yixian Formation China
Eofringillirostrum boudreauxi
Eoglaucidium pallas
Eogranivora edentulata
Eopengornis martini
Eosinopteryx brevipenna
Enantiophoenix electrophyla
Feitianius paradisi
Fortipesavis prehendens
Fortunguavis xiaotaizicus
Gansus zheni
Gastornis sp.
Gretcheniao sinensis
Hassiavis laticauda
DNHM D2946 Hongshanornis longicresta
Holbotia ponomarenkoi
Houornis caudatus
Ilerdopteryx viai
Imparavis attenboroughi
MUSM 1444 Inkayacu paracasensis Divisaderan-Tinguirirican Otuma Formation Peru A Fossil Penguin; pigments are preserved on this specimen.
Iteravis huchzermeyri
Jeholornis prima
Jianchangornis microdonta
Jianianhualong tengi
IVPP V24194 Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Jinguofortis perplexus Barremian Dabeigou Formation China A Pygostylian Bird with feather preservation.

Image: 200 pixels

Juehuaornis zhangi
Junornis houi
Kaririavis mater
Longicrusavis houi
BMNHC PH826 Longipteryx chaoyangensis
Liaoxiornis delicatus
Linyiornis amoena
Longirostravis hani
Longusunguis kurochkini
Masillatrogon pumilio
Mengciusornis dentatus
Messelornis nearctica
Messelornis sp.
Messelirrisor halcyrostris
Morsoravis sedilis
Musivavis amabilis
FMHH PA 778 Field Museum of Natural History Nahmavis grandei Eocene Green River Formation United States This bird comes from the Eocene Lagerstätte of the Green River in Wyoming. Image: 200 pixels
Neobohaiornis lamadongensis
Noguerornis gonzalezi
Ningyuansaurus wangi
Oligocolius psittacocephalon
Ostromia crassipes
Orienantius ritteri
MLP 14-I-10-22[109] Palaeeudyptes gunnari
Paleoglaux artophoron
Parahesperornis alexi
Parapengornis eurycaudatus
Paraprefica kelleri
Paraprotopteryx gracilis
Parargornis messelensis
Parvavis chuxiongensis
Pellornis mikkelseni
Pedopenna daohugouensis
Piscivorenantiornis insusitatus
Piscivoravis lii
Pumiliornis tessellatus
Praeornis sharovi
Primobucco mcgrewi
Cf. Primotrogon sp.
Primozygodactylus eunjooae
IVPP V11665 Protopteryx fengningensis
Salmila robusta
HGM 41HIII0405 Sapeornis chaoyangensis
DNHM D3078 Sapeornis chaoyangensis
Scaniacypselus szarskii
Schizooura lii
Septencoracias morsensis
Siky Serikornis sungei
Shanweiniao cooperorum
Shenqiornis mengi
Shuilingornis angelai
Similiyanornis brevipectus
Tianyuornis cheni
Tynskya eocaena
Wellnhoferia grandis
Xiaotingia zhengi
Xingtianosaurus ganqi
STM 9-531 Yanornis martini
Yixianornis grabaui
Yuanchuavis kompsosoura
Yuanjiawaornis viriosus
Zhongornis haoae
CUGB P1202 Bohaiornithidae indent.
HPG-15-1[110] Enantiornithe indent. A complete juvenile specimen stuck in Burmese amber
GSGM-07-CM-001 Enantiornithe indent.
YLSNHM00813[111] Yingliang Stone Nature History Museum Enantiornithe indent. Both wings and hndlimbs with wing feathers of an Enantiornithine Bird preserved in Burmese amber
CUGB G20120001 Enantiornithe indent.
CUGB P1201 Enantiornithe indent.
BMNHC PH1154/56[112] Enantiornithe indent.
Neoaves indent. Fur Formation
CUGB G20100053 Ornithurine indent.
NMV P160550[113] Paraves indent. Koonwarra Fossil Bed

Non-Avialan Maniraptoriformes

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
IVPP V24192[114] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Ambopteryx longibrachium Oxfordian Haifanggou Formation China A Scansoriopterygid with preserved bat-like skin membrane and feathers. Possibly avialan[115]
IVPP V11559[116][117] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Beipiaosaurus inexpectus Aptian Yixian Formation China a small basal Therizinosauroid; a disarticulated specimen of a subadult with preserved plumage around the tail. As well as what has been interpreted as blood cells but are more likely diagenic structures composed of kaolinite clay
Beipiaosaurus inexpectus feather impressions
STM 31-1[118][119] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Beipiaosaurus inexpectus Aptian Yixian Formation China Specimen composed of a head, neck, and upper half of the torso with preserved protofeathers around the neck. As well as phosphatized skin flakes revealing corneocytes
BMNHC PH000911[120] Beijing Museum of Natural History Beipiaosaurus inexpectus Aptian Yixian Formation China Upper body with preserved protofeathers around the neck with fossilized melanosomes, indicating a dark brown coloration
IVPP V 12344[121][122] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Caudipteryx dongi Aptian Yixian Formation China A Caudipterid oviraptorosaur; a nearly complete specimen missing a head with preserved wing feathers
NGMC 97-4-A/9-A[123] Geological Museum of China Caudipteryx zoui Aptian Yixian Formation China Holotype and paratype specimen with preserved feathers on the tails and arms, as well as gastroliths within the stomach
Caudipteryx zoui holotype specimen
BPM 0001[124][122] Beipiao Paleontological Museum Caudipteryx zoui Aptian Yixian Formation China Nearly complete specimen with preserved plumage and wing feathers
IVPP V12430[124][125] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Caudipteryx cf. zoui Aptian Yixian Formation China Nearly complete specimen with preserved plumage around the body and wing fethers
Caudipteryx sp. specimen IVPP V 12430
STM4-3[126] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Caudipteryx sp. Aptian Yixian Formation China Nearly complete specimen missing the head with preserved feathers on the arms and around the tail. Molecule remnants are also present. As well as gastroliths within the stomach
Caudipteryx dongi holotype specimen
HC B016[127] Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Changyuraptor yangi Aptian Yixian Formation China A microraptorine Dromaeosaurid; a nearly complete specimen with preserved feathers and plumage around the body, arms, legs, and tail
UALVP 59400[128] University of Alberta Chirostenotes pergracilis Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation Alberta, Canada A Caenagnathid oviraptorosaur with possible feather impressions on the second digit
IMMNH PV00731[129] Inner Mongolia Museum of Natural History Daurlong wangi Aptian Longjiang Formation China Nearly complete basal Dromaeosaurid with preserved plumage on the back and neck, intestinal tracks similar to Scipionyx, and a frog specimen, probably representing Mesophryne near the feet
Daurlong wangi holotype specimen
IVPP V15471[130] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Epidexipteryx hui Callovian Haifanggou Formation China A Scansoriopterygid with preserved plumage and four long ribbon-like tail feathers
Epidexipteryx hui holotype specimen
STM4-1 and 22-6[131][132][133] Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature Incisivosaurus sp. Aptian Yixian Formation China A basal oviraptorosaur; two juvenile specimens with preserved feathers on the tail, hands, and arms. Furthermore, one specimen possibly shows signs of moulting
41HIII-0308[134] Henan Geological Museum Jianchangosaurus yixianensis Aptian Yixian Formation China A basal therizinosaurian; a nearly complete juvenile specimen with slight feather impressions around the body
Feather impressions Jianchangosaurus yixianensis
CAGS-IG-04-0801[135][136] Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Jinfengopteryx elegans Aptian Huajiying Formation China A Troodontid with extensive feather preservation present with a feathered tail fan
Jinfengopteryx elegans holotype specimen
IVPP V13352 Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Microraptor gui Aptian Jiufotang Formation China
BMNHC PH881 Beijing Museum of Natural History Microraptor gui Aptian Jiufotang Formation China
IVPP V12330 Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Microraptor zhaoianus Aptian Jiufotang Formation China
Ornithomimus edmontonicus
UALVP 52531[137] Ornithomimus sp.
LHC 7777 Pelecanimimus polyodon
Protarchaeopteryx robusta
Scansoriopteryx heilmanni
Shuvuuia deserti
STM4-1 Similicaudipteryx yixianensis
Sinornithosaurus millenii
Tianyuraptor ostromi
Velociraptor mongoliensis
Wulong bohaiensis
Yi qi
Yixianosaurus longimanus
Zhenyuanlong suni
DIP-V-15103 Coelurosauria indent. A tail of a juvenile specimen stuck in amber
IVPP V13476[138] Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Microraptoria indent. Aptian Jiufotang Formation China Preserved feathers on the tibiotarsus and the tarsometatarsus

Compsognathids

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
Compsognathus. corallestris MNHN CNJ79[139] National Museum of Natural History, France Compsognathus longipes Kimmeridgian Canjuers Lagerstätte France Bumpy structures on the tail interpreted as scales but are more likely to be aberrant bone outgrowths[140]
IVPP V 14202[141][142] Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology & Paleoanthropology Huadanosaurus sinensis Aptian Yixian Formation China Potentially juvenile specimen with preserved protofeathers with preserved melanosomes indicating a chestnut or light brown coloration in life. Possibly a juvenile Tyrannosauroid[143]
Holotype specimen Huadanosaurus sinensis
CAGS-IG-02-301[144][145] Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Huaxiagnathus orientalis Aptian Yixian Formation China Gut contents with partially digested unidentified vertebrate bones
Holotype specimen of Huaxiagnathus orientalis
Borsti JME Sch 200[146][147][148] Eichstätt Jura Museum Juravenator starki Kimmeridgian Solnhofen Limestone Germany Exceptionally preserved juvenile specimen with scaly skin impressions and feathery filaments on the underside of the tail and leg. Possibly a juvenile Megalosaurid[149][147]
Holotype specimen of Juravenator starki
SMNK 2349 PAL[150] State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe Mirischia asymmetrica Albian Romualdo Formation Brazil Piece of petrified intestine interested as a post cranial air sac similar to modern birds preserved in between and pubis and ischia
IVPP V12415[141] Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology & Paleoanthropology Sinosauropteryx lingyuanensis Aptian Yixian Formation China Preserved feathery plumage surrounding the tail. Possibly a juvenile Tyrannosauroid[143]
Holotype of Sinosauropteryx lingyuanensis with preserved plumage
GMV 2123 and NIGP 127586 (Counter slab)[151][152][153] Geological Museum of China and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Sinosauropteryx prima Aptian Yixian Formation China Exceptionally preserved specimen with fossilized protofeathers running along the back. The feathers even preserve melanosomes, indicating a reddish-brown upper side, lighter white underside, and striped tail
Holotype speciman of Sinosauropteryx prima
NIGP 127587[154][153] Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Sinosauropteryx prima Aptian Yixian Formation China A larger specimen with preserved protofeathers running a long the back present with melanosomes. As well as stomach contents containing a specimen of the small shinisaurian lizard Dalinghosaurus sp.
Sinosauropteryx prima holotype specimen (left) compared to the referred specimen NIGP 127587 (right)
NGMC/GMV 2124[155] Geological Museum of China Cf. Sinosauropteryx sp. Aptian Yixian Formation China Preserved protofeathers and gut contents containing the jaw bones of two individuals of the symmetrodont Zhangheotherium quinquecuspidens and one of the multituberculate Sinobaatar lingyuanensis. Possibly a Tyrannosauroid[141]
Specimen GMV 2124 formerly assigned to Sinosauropteryx prima
JMP-V-05-8-01[156][145] Jiangxi Provincial Museum Sinocalliopteryx gigas Aptian Yixian Formation China Preserves extensive protofeathers on the body and tail. As well as gut contents of an undigested small Dromaeosaurid Sinornithosaurus millenii hindlimb with feathers and gastroliths
Holotype specimen of Sinocalliopteryx gigas
CAGS-IG-T1[145] Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Sinocalliopteryx gigas Aptian Yixian Formation China Gut contents containing two individuals of the Confuciusornithid bird Confuciusornis sanctus and an unidentified ornithischian dinosaur
Abdominal contents of Sinocalliopteryx gigas specimen CAGS-IG-T1
SMNK PAL 29241[157] Formally held in the State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe in Germany but has since been repossessed by the Plácido Cidade Nuvens Paleontology Museum in Brazil[158] "Ubirajara jubatus" Aptian Crato Formation Brazil Preserved feather “spikes” on its shoulders. The name "Ubirajara" is a nomen nudum since the paper describing it was withdrawn following controversy around the specimen's legality[159]
Little Doggie/Ambrogio/Ciro SBA-SA 163760[160][161] Superintendence for the Archaeological Heritage of Salerno Scipionyx samniticus Albian Pietraroja Plattenkalk Italy A near-complete juvenile specimen that preserved exceptional phosphatized internal organs, including intestines, tracheal rings, traces of blood tissues, gut contents including lizard remains, a rectum containing fish scales, and even the impression of where the heart would be. Possibly a juvenile Carcharodontosaurid[162]
Holotype specimen of Scipionyx samnticus
BMMS-BK-11[163][147][140] Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum Sciurumimus albersdoerferi Kimmeridgian Solnhofen Limestone Germany Exponentially preserved juvenile specimen with fossilized protofeather plumage around the tail and body, as well as skin impressions on the underside of the torso and tail. Possibly a juvenile Megalosauroid[149]
Holotype specimen of Sciurumimus albersdoeferi

Tyrannosauroids

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
TMP 1994.186.0001[164][165] Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Albertosaurus sarcophagus Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation Alberta, Canada Skin impressions on the underside of the troso
TMP 99.186.01[165] Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Albertosaurus sarcophagus Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation Alberta, Canada Skin impressions on the lower torso region
RTMP 94.186.1[166] Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Albertosaurus sarcophagus Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation Alberta, Canada Skin impressions
TMP 2003.45.88[165] Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Cf. Albertosaurus sarcophagus Maastrichtian Alberta, Canada Disarticulated possible skin impressions from the lower torso region. Possibly Lambeosaurus-like Hadrosaurid[140]
MOR 590[167][168] Museum of the Rockies Daspletosaurus horneri Campanian Two Medicine Formation Montana, United States Ostelogical correlates for cornified pads and large Crocodylian-like scales across the entire face. However, the distribution of foramina in the bone seems to indicate that the extra oral tissue doesn't actually resemble Crocodiles much at all[169][170]
Daspletosaurus horneri holotype skull
TMP 2001.036.0001[164][140] Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Daspletosaurus torosus Campanian Oldman Formation Alberta, Canada Skin impressions from an unidentified region of the body
OTM 200[171] Old Trail Museum Daspletosaurus sp. Campanian Two Medicine Formation Montana, United States Stomach contents containing juvenile Hadrosaurids
IVPP V14243[172] Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology & Paleoanthropology Dilong paradoxus Aptian Yixian Formation China A basal Tyrannosauroid with preserved protofeather impressions near the tail and jaw
CMN 11593[140][164] Canadian Museum of Nature Gorgosaurus libratus Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation Alberta, Canada Possible small skin impression on the underside of the mid-section of the tail
NMC 2120[173] Canadian Museum of History Gorgosaurus libratus Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation Alberta, Canada Skin impressions supposedly showing smooth scaleless "naked" skin like that seen some modern flightless birds. Phil Bell and colleagues report that the impressions were covered in plaster and losin the 1980s[164]
TMP 2009.12.14[174] Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Gorgosaurus libratus Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation Alberta, Canada Stomach contents of a juvenile speciman containing the hind limbs of two individuals of the Caenagnathid theropod Citipes elegans
MN 4802-V[140][175][176] National Museum of Brazil Santanaraptor placidus Albian Romualdo Formation Brazil A now potentially destroyed specimen of a basal Tyrannosauroid with skin impressions on the hindlimb, present with large scutellate scales similar to some modern birds
MPD 107/6A[177][178][179] Central Museum of Dinosaurs of Mongolia Tarbosaurus bataar Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation Mongolia Skin impressions on the thoracic region. Probably belongs to a Hadrosaurid, possibly Saurolophus angustirostris[140]
MPD 100F/12[177] Central Museum of Dinosaurs of Mongolia Tarbosaurus bataar Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation Mongolia Skin impressions on the heel and pad of the foot
Tarbosaurus mummy [180][181][182] Tarbosaurus bataar Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation Mongolia A now lost, probably destroyed, specimen with extensive skin preservation on the upper side of the tail and hips
[183][184][177][185] Tarbosaurus bataar Maastrichtian Nemegt Formation Mongolia A now lost articulated skull with accompanying skin impressions complete with a "wattle or bag of skin under the jaws" similar to some modern lizards. Possibly the same specimen as the Tarbosaurus mummy[186]
Wyrex HMNS 2006.1743.01[164][187] Houston Museum of Natural Science Tyrannosaurus rex Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation Montana, United States Skin impressions on the underside of the tail, torso, and neck
Bloody Mary BHI 6437[188][189] (See Specimens of Tyrannosaurus) North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Tyrannosaurus rex Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation Montana, United States Currently unpublished skin impressions on the metatarsal. This specimen may be a juvenile Tyrannosaurus or belong to a unique taxon Nanotyrannus lancensis[190]
Skin impression of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Dueling Dinosaurs specimen
B-rex MOR 1125[191][192] (See Specimens of Tyrannosaurus) Museum of the Rockies Tyrannosaurus rex Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation Montana, United States Supposedly preserved red blood cells and proteins within the femur. However this conclusion is controversial and others have supposed it to be permineralized biofilm[193][194]
AMNH 5027[168][195] (See Specimens of Tyrannosaurus) American Museum of Natural History Tyrannosaurus rex Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation Montana, United States Possible osteological correlates on the skull indicating cornified pads on the snout and lacrimal rugose ridges
Skull cast of Tyrannosaurus rex speciman AMNH 5027
Dietrich Speciman Tyrannosaurus rex Maastrichtian United States Currently unpublished possible skin impressions on the neck. Probably not actual skin impressions, possibly a negative impression from a Trionychid turtle
[196] Cf. Tyrannosaurus rex Maastrichtian United States Unpublished skin impressions from an unknown part of the body. Possibly Hadrosaurid?
ZCDM V5000[197] Zhucheng Dinosaur Museum and Erlianhaote Dinosaur Museum Yutyrannus huali Aptian Yixian Formation China A basal Proceratosaurid Tyrannosauroid with preserved plumage surrounding the body

Carnosaurs

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
Big Al II SMA 0005[140][198] Aathal Dinosaur Museum Allosaurus jimmadseni Kimmerdigian Morrison Formation, Howe Quarry Wyoming, United States Skin impressions on the proximal part of the tail. May belong to a Diplodocid sauropod
WDC DMQ-A 053[140] Wyoming Dinosaur Center Allosaurus jimmadseni Kimmerdigian Morrison Formation Wyoming, United States A juvenile speciman with skin impressions on the pectoral region of the ribs
[199][200] The Children's Museum of Indianapolis Allosaurus sp. Kimmerdigian Morrison Formation, Jurassic Mile Locality Wyoming, United States Currently unpublished extensive skin impressions
MNHUK-R-9951[201] Natural History Museum, London Baryonyx walkeri Berremian Wealden Group England Stomach contents revealing the scales of Scheenstia mantelli and a juvenile Iguanodontid
MCCM-LH 6666[202][203] Science Museum of Castilla-La Mancha Concavenator corcovatus Barremian La Huérguina Formation Spain Skin impressions on the underside of the tail, plantar pads on the underside of the feet, and scutate scales on the legs like those seen in some modern birds
Holotype specimen of Concavenator corcovatus
ML 565-155[140][204] Lourinhã Museum Lourinhanosaurus antunesi Kimmeridgian Lourinhã Formation Portugal An embryonic skeleton with skin impressions present in the shoulder region
MIWG 6348[205] Museum of Isle of Wight Geology Neovenater salerii Barremian Wealden Group England Osteological correlates on the snout for a complex sensory system

Ceratosaurs

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
MCF-PVPF-236[206][207] Carmen Funes Municipal Museum Aucasaurus garridoi Campanian Anacleto Formation Argentina Osteological correlates for attachment points of tail muscles present on the pelvis
MACN-CH 894[208][209] Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Carnotaurus sastrei Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation Argentina Skin impressions on the underside of the tail, fragments on the left side of the body and skull
Carnotaurus sastrei skin impressions
UMNH VP 5278[140] Utah Museum of Natural History Ceratosaurus dentisulcatus Kimmeridgian Morrison Formation, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry Utah, United States Osteoderms from the tail. C. dentisulcatus may be synonymous with C. nascornis
FMNH PR 2100[210] Field Museum of Natural History Majungasaurus crenatissimus Maatrichtian Maevarano Formation Madagascar Virtually complete skull with ostegical correlates for extra oral tissue
Majungasaurus crenatissimus FMNH PR 2100 skull cast
MMCH-PV 48[211][212] Ernesto Bachmann Municipal Museum Skorpiovenator bustingorryi Cenomanian Huincul Formation Argentina Possible osteological correlates for muscle attachment points on the pelvis, legs, and on the correlates for scales on the snout and a neurovascular system on the skull
MMCh‐PV 69[212] Ernesto Bachmann Municipal Museum Abelisauridae indent. Cenomanian Candeleros Formation Argentina Osteological correlates for muscle attachment points on the pubis

Sauropodomorphs

[edit]

Diplodocids

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
MWC 5537[213] Museum of Western Colorado cf. Apatosaurus sp. Kimmeridgian Morrison Formation, Mygatt-Moore Quarry Colorado, United States Skin impressions
DNM 2873[214] Dinosaur National Monument Barosaurus lentus Kimmeridgian Morrison Formation, Carnegie Quarry Utah, United States Currently unpublished skin impressions
ML 414[215][216] Lourinhã Museum Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis Tithonian Lourinhã Formation Portugal Nearly a hundred stones interpreted as gastroliths in the stomach but are more likely pebbles deposited on top of the specimen
Seismosaurus NMMNH 3690[217][216] New Mexico Museum of Natural History Diplodocus hallorum Kimmeridgian Morrison Formation New Mexico, United States 250 stones interpreted as gastroliths in the stomach but are more likely pebbles deposited on top of the specimen
MDS-2019-028,[218] and CMC VP 10659 Cincinnati Museum Center Diplodocus sp. Kimmeridgian Morrison Formation, Mother's Day Quarry Montana, United States Fossilized skin on a young, possibly juvenile individual present on the underbelly, around a limb, and possibly on the neck and head
Skin impressions from a juvenile Diplodocus sp.
[219][220][221] cf. Kaatedocus siberi Kimmeridgian Morrison Formation, Howe Quarry Wyoming, United States Skin impressions present with dermal spines at the end of the tail

Macronarians

[edit]
Nickname Catalogue Number(s) Institution(s) Taxon Age Unit Country(s) Notes Images
USNM 15560[222] National Museum of Natural History Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Maastrichtian North Horn Formation Utah, United States A Saltasaurid titanosaur with dermal osteoderms
MDE-C3-192[223] Dinosaur Museum of Espéraza Ampelosaurus atacis Maastrichtian Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation France A titanosaur ermal osteoderms
Ampelosaurus atacis osteoderm
SMA 0002[224] Aathal Dinosaur Museum Camarasaurus sp. Kimmeridgian Morrison Formation, Howe Quarry Wyoming, United States A Camarasauridwith skin impressions on both hind limbs and left fore limb
DMNH 39045[225][216] Denver Museum of Natural History Cedarosaurus weiskopfae Valanginian Cedar Mountain Formation, Yellow Cat Member Utah, United States A Brachiosaurid with 115 stones of varying sizes interpreted as gastroliths preserved in the stomach cavity, but are more likely stones were deposited on top of the specimen
Judy AODF 0888[226] Australian Age of Dinosaurs Diamantinasaurus matildae Cenomanian Winton Formation Australia A Diamantinasaur with stomach contents of conifers, seed ferns, leaves, and angiosperms
MPM-PV 1156[227][228] Padre Molina Museum Dreadnoughtus schrani Maastrichtian Cerro Fortaleza Formation Argentina A titanosaur specimen with preserved fossilized collegian and internal proteins as well as possible osteological correlates for soft tissue on the neural spine
NHMUK R1868[229] Natural History Museum, London Haestasaurus becklesii Tithonian Wealden Group England A basal macronarian with skin impressions on the limb
Skin impressions from Haestasaurus becklesii
FGGUB R.1410[230] University of Tübingen Magyarosaurus dacus Maastrichtian Sânpetru Formation Romania A titanosaur with dermal osteoderms
PVL 4017−92, 113, 129, 208, PVLPh 011–1-3[231] National University of Tucumán Saltasaurus loricatus Maastrichtian Lecho Formation Argentina A Saltasaurid titanosaur with dermal osteoderms of varying sizes across the torso
Saltasaurus loricatus osteoderm
MEF-PV 1125/1[232] Museum of Paleontology Egidio Feruglio Tehuelchesaurus benitezii Kimmeridgian Cañadón Calcáreo Formation Argentina A Camarasaurid with skin impressions
Skin impressions from Tehuelchesaurus benitezii
FMNH PR 2021-52 and UA 9875[233] Field Museum of Natural History and University of Antananarivo "Titanosaurus madagascariensis" Maastrichtian Maevarano Formation Madagascar A titanosaur with dermal osteoderms
FMNH PR 2342 and UA 9331[234] Field Museum of Natural History and University of Antananarivo Rapetosaurus krausei Maastrichtian Maevarano Formation Madagascar A titanosaur with dermal osteoderms from an adult and juvenile specimen
[235][236] Cf. Brontopodus isp. Albian Haman Formation South Korea Skin impressions from footprints
PVPH-130[237] Cf. Megaloolithidae Campanian Anacleto Formation Argentina Disarticulated embryonic skeleton containing skin impressions probably from the backside of the animal
AMNH 1959[223] American Museum of Natural History Titanosauria indent. Maastrichtian Lameta Formation India Osteoderms
MPMA 08-0058-11[238] Monte Alto Museum of Palaeontology Titanosauria indent. Campanian Adamantina Formation Brazil Osteoderms
HUE-00590-00913[239] Castilla-la Mancha Science Museum Titanosauria indent. Campanian Lo Hueco Site Spain Osteoderms
MMCERCS-1340[240] Titanosauria indent. Maastrichtian Tremp Formation Spain Skin impression from a footprint

See also

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Chiappe, Luis M.; Meng, Qingjin (2016). Birds of Stone: Chinese Avian Fossils from the Age of Dinosaurs. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-297-84156-2.
  • Sanders, F.; Manley, K.; Carpenter, K. (2001). "Gastroliths from the Lower Cretaceous sauropod Cedarosaurus weiskopfae". In Tanke, Darren; Carpenter, Ken (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research Inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie. Indiana University Press. pp. 166–180. ISBN 0-253-33907-3.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Schweitzer, M.H. (2011). "Soft Tissue Preservation in Terrestrial Mesozoic Vertebrates". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 39: 187–216. Bibcode:2011AREPS..39..187S. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133502. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  2. ^ Anderson, L.A. (2023). "A chemical framework for the preservation of fossil vertebrate cells and soft tissues". Earth-Science Reviews. 240 104367. Bibcode:2023ESRv..24004367A. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104367. S2CID 257326012.
  3. ^ Bailleul, Alida M.; Hall, Brian K.; Horner, John R. (2012). "First evidence of dinosaurian secondary cartilage in the post-hatching skull of Hypacrosaurus stebingeri (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e36112. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736112B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036112. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3340333. PMID 22558351.
  4. ^ Bailleul, Alida M; Zheng, Wenxia; Horner, John R; Hall, Brian K; Holliday, Casey M; Schweitzer, Mary H (2020-04-01). "Evidence of proteins, chromosomes and chemical markers of DNA in exceptionally preserved dinosaur cartilage". National Science Review. 7 (4): 815–822. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz206. ISSN 2095-5138. PMC 8289162. PMID 34692099.
  5. ^ Brasier, Martin D.; Norman, David B.; Liu, Alexander G.; Cotton, Laura J.; Hiscocks, Jamie E. H.; Garwood, Russell J.; Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Wacey, David (January 2017). "Remarkable preservation of brain tissues in an Early Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaur". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 448 (1): 383–398. Bibcode:2017GSLSP.448..383B. doi:10.1144/SP448.3.
  6. ^ a b Larson, P.; Larson, M.; Ott, C.; Bakker, R. (2007). "Skinning a Triceratops". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (3 Suppl.): 104A. JSTOR 30126393.
  7. ^ "Leonardo". Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  8. ^ "World's Most Complete Mummified Dinosaur Moves into The World's Largest Children's Museum | The Children's Museum of Indianapolis". www.childrensmuseum.org. Children's Museum of Indianapolis. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  9. ^ Benson, Rod. "Montana Earth Science Picture of the Week". formontana.net. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  10. ^ "Zuul, Destroyer of Shins". Royal Ontario Museum. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  11. ^ Tarlach, Gemma. "Meet Zuul crurivastator: I Ain't 'Fraid Of No Ankylosaur". Discover Magazine. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  12. ^ Arbour, Victoria M.; Evans, David C. (2017). "A new ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Judith River Formation of Montana, USA, based on an exceptional skeleton with soft tissue preservation". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (5). Royal Society Publishing: 161086. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461086A. doi:10.1098/rsos.161086. PMC 5451805. PMID 28573004.
  13. ^ Greshko, Michael (2018-12-17). "New species of incredible 'living tank' dinosaur unveiled". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  14. ^ Christiansen, Nicolai A.; Tschopp, Emanuel (September 2010). "Exceptional stegosaur integument impressions from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 103 (2): 163–171. Bibcode:2010SwJG..103..163C. doi:10.1007/s00015-010-0026-0. ISSN 1661-8734.
  15. ^ Nesbitt, Sterling J; Turner, Alan H; Erickson, Gregory M; Norell, Mark A (2006-12-22). "Prey choice and cannibalistic behaviour in the theropod Coelophysis". Biology Letters. 2 (4): 611–614. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0524. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 1834007. PMID 17148302.
  16. ^ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Xing, Lida (2019-02-14). "Exquisitely-preserved, high-definition skin traces in diminutive theropod tracks from the Cretaceous of Korea". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 2039. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.2039K. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38633-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6375998. PMID 30765802.
  17. ^ Li, Quanguo; Gao, Ke-Qin; Vinther, Jakob; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Clarke, Julia A.; D’Alba, Liliana; Meng, Qingjin; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Prum, Richard O. (2010-03-12). "Plumage Color Patterns of an Extinct Dinosaur". Science. 327 (5971): 1369–1372. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1369L. doi:10.1126/science.1186290. PMID 20133521.
  18. ^ Witmer, Lawrence M. (October 2009). "Feathered dinosaurs in a tangle". Nature. 461 (7264): 601–602. doi:10.1038/461601a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19794481.
  19. ^ a b Lindgren, Johan; Sjövall, Peter; Carney, Ryan M.; Cincotta, Aude; Uvdal, Per; Hutcheson, Steven W.; Gustafsson, Ola; Lefèvre, Ulysse; Escuillié, François; Heimdal, Jimmy; Engdahl, Anders; Gren, Johan A.; Kear, Benjamin P.; Wakamatsu, Kazumasa; Yans, Johan (2015-08-27). "Molecular composition and ultrastructure of Jurassic paravian feathers". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 13520. Bibcode:2015NatSR...513520L. doi:10.1038/srep13520. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4550916. PMID 26311035.
  20. ^ a b c Pei, Rui; Li, Quanguo; Meng, Qingjin; Norell, Mark A.; Gao, Ke-Qin (April 2017). "New Specimens of Anchiornis huxleyi (Theropoda: Paraves) from the Late Jurassic of Northeastern China". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 411: 1–67. doi:10.1206/0003-0090-411.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090.
  21. ^ Xu, Xing; Zhao, Qi; Norell, Mark; Sullivan, Corwin; Hone, David; Erickson, Gregory; Wang, XiaoLin; Han, FengLu; Guo, Yu (2008-12-16). "A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin". Science Bulletin. 54 (3): 430–435. doi:10.1007/s11434-009-0009-6. ISSN 2095-9273.
  22. ^ a b Wang, Xiaoli; Pittman, Michael; Zheng, Xiaoting; Kaye, Thomas G.; Falk, Amanda R.; Hartman, Scott A.; Xu, Xing (2017-03-01). "Basal paravian functional anatomy illuminated by high-detail body outline". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 14576. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814576W. doi:10.1038/ncomms14576. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5339877. PMID 28248287.
  23. ^ Hu, Dongyu; Hou, Lianhai; Zhang, Lijun; Xu, Xing (October 2009). "A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus". Nature. 461 (7264): 640–643. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..640H. doi:10.1038/nature08322. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19794491.
  24. ^ a b Zheng, Xiaoting; Wang, Xiaoli; Sullivan, Corwin; Zhang, Xiaomei; Zhang, Fucheng; Wang, Yan; Li, Feng; Xu, Xing (2018-09-21). "Exceptional dinosaur fossils reveal early origin of avian-style digestion". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 14217. Bibcode:2018NatSR...814217Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32202-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6155034. PMID 30242170.
  25. ^ Longrich, Nicholas R.; Vinther, Jakob; Meng, Qingjin; Li, Quangguo; Russell, Anthony P. (2012-12-04). "Primitive Wing Feather Arrangement in Archaeopteryx lithographica and Anchiornis huxleyi". Current Biology. 22 (23): 2262–2267. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.2262L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.052. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 23177480.
  26. ^ "Evolution of Feathers". Magazine. 2025-06-28. Retrieved 2025-06-28.
  27. ^ Pittman, Michael; Bell, Phil R.; Miller, Case Vincent; Enriquez, Nathan J.; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting; Tsang, Leah R.; Tse, Yuen Ting; Landes, Michael; Kaye, Thomas G. (2022-12-20). "Exceptional preservation and foot structure reveal ecological transitions and lifestyles of early theropod flyers". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 7684. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.7684P. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35039-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9768147. PMID 36539437.
  28. ^ Wang, Xiaoli; Pittman, Michael; Zheng, Xiaoting; Kaye, Thomas G.; Falk, Amanda R.; Hartman, Scott A.; Xu, Xing (2017-03-01). "Basal paravian functional anatomy illuminated by high-detail body outline". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 14576. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814576W. doi:10.1038/ncomms14576. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5339877. PMID 28248287.
  29. ^ "Anchiornis: Putting skin on the bones...with science!Dr. Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com". Dr. Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2025-06-28.
  30. ^ Godefroit, Pascal; Cau, Andrea; Dong-Yu, Hu; Escuillié, François; Wenhao, Wu; Dyke, Gareth (June 2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds". Nature. 498 (7454): 359–362. Bibcode:2013Natur.498..359G. doi:10.1038/nature12168. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 23719374.
  31. ^ Carney, Ryan M.; Vinther, Jakob; Shawkey, Matthew D.; D'Alba, Liliana; Ackermann, Jörg (2012-01-24). "New evidence on the colour and nature of the isolated Archaeopteryx feather". Nature Communications. 3 (1) 637. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3..637C. doi:10.1038/ncomms1642. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 22273675.
  32. ^ a b Kaye, Thomas G.; Pittman, Michael; Mayr, Gerald; Schwarz, Daniela; Xu, Xing (2019-02-04). "Detection of lost calamus challenges identity of isolated Archaeopteryx feather". Scientific Reports. 9 (1) 1182. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.1182K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37343-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6362147. PMID 30718905.
  33. ^ Carney, Ryan M.; Vinther, Jakob; Shawkey, Matthew D.; D'Alba, Liliana; Ackermann, Jörg (2012-01-24). "New evidence on the colour and nature of the isolated Archaeopteryx feather". Nature Communications. 3 (1): 637. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3..637C. doi:10.1038/ncomms1642. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 22273675.
  34. ^ Carney, Ryan M.; Tischlinger, Helmut; Shawkey, Matthew D. (2020-09-30). "Evidence corroborates identity of isolated fossil feather as a wing covert of Archaeopteryx". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 15593. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015593C. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65336-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7528088. PMID 32999314.
  35. ^ a b c d e f Longrich, Nicholas R.; Tischlinger, Helmut; Foth, Christian (2020), Foth, Christian; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (eds.), "The Feathers of the Jurassic Urvogel Archaeopteryx", The Evolution of Feathers, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 119–146, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_8, ISBN 978-3-030-27222-7, retrieved 2025-06-30
  36. ^ Witte, F.E. 1863. Die Archaeopteryx lithographica. (Letter to Prof. H.B. Geinitz). – Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie 1863: 567–568; Stuttgart.
  37. ^ Wagner, A. (1862). "On a new Fossil Reptile supposed to be furnished with Feathers". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 3 (9): 261–267.
  38. ^ Heller, F. (1959). "Ein dritter Archaeopteryx-Fund aus den Solnhofener Plattenkalken von Longenaltheim/Mfr". Erlanger Geologische Abhandlungen. 31: 1–25.
  39. ^ Foth, Christian; Tischlinger, Helmut; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (July 2014). "New specimen of Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers". Nature. 511 (7507): 79–82. Bibcode:2014Natur.511...79F. doi:10.1038/nature13467. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 24990749.
  40. ^ O’Connor, Jingmai; Clark, Alexander; Kuo, Pei-Chen; Kiat, Yosef; Fabbri, Matteo; Shinya, Akiko; Van Beek, Constance; Lu, Jing; Wang, Min; Hu, Han (2025-05-29). "Chicago Archaeopteryx informs on the early evolution of the avian bauplan". Nature. 641 (8065): 1201–1207. Bibcode:2025Natur.641.1201O. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08912-4. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 40369075.
  41. ^ Christiansen, Per; Bonde, Niels (March 2004). "Body plumage in Archaeopteryx: a review, and new evidence from the Berlin specimen". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3 (2): 99–118. Bibcode:2004CRPal...3...99C. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2003.12.001.
  42. ^ Rietschel, S. (1985). "Feathers and wings of Archaeopteryx and the question of her flight ability". In Hecht, M. K.; et al. (eds.). The Beginning of Birds. Eichstätt. pp. 371–376.
  43. ^ Mayr, Gerald; Pohl, Burkhard; Peters, D. Stefan (2005-12-02). "A Well-Preserved Archaeopteryx Specimen with Theropod Features". Science. 310 (5753): 1483–1486. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1483M. doi:10.1126/science.1120331. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16322455.
  44. ^ Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhang, Fucheng (July 2006). "A beaked basal ornithurine bird (Aves, Ornithurae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China". Zoologica Scripta. 35 (4): 363–373. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00234.x. ISSN 0300-3256.
  45. ^ Zhou, Shuang; Zhou, Zhonghe; O’Connor, Jingmai K. (2013-01-01). "Anatomy of the basal ornithuromorph bird Archaeorhynchus spathula from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (1): 141–152. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33..141Z. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.714431. ISSN 0272-4634.
  46. ^ Wang, Xiaoli; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Maina, John N.; Pan, Yanhong; Wang, Min; Wang, Yan; Zheng, Xiaoting; Zhou, Zhonghe (2018-11-06). "Archaeorhynchus preserving significant soft tissue including probable fossilized lungs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (45): 11555–11560. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11511555W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805803115. PMC 6233124. PMID 30348768.
  47. ^ Foth, Christian; Wang, Shiying; Spindler, Frederik; Lin, Youhai; Yang, Rui (2021-04-16). "A Juvenile Specimen of Archaeorhynchus Sheds New Light on the Ontogeny of Basal Euornithines". Frontiers in Earth Science. 9. doi:10.3389/feart.2021.604520. ISSN 2296-6463.
  48. ^ Wang, Min; Zheng, Xiaoting; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Lloyd, Graeme T.; Wang, Xiaoli; Wang, Yan; Zhang, Xiaomei; Zhou, Zhonghe (2015-05-05). "The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China". Nature Communications. 6 (1) 6987. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6987W. doi:10.1038/ncomms7987. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5426517. PMID 25942493.
  49. ^ Bailleul, Alida M.; O’Connor, Jingmai; Zhang, Shukang; Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Qiang; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Zhu, Xufeng; Zhou, Zhonghe (2019-03-20). "An Early Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves) preserving an unlaid egg and probable medullary bone". Nature Communications. 10 (1) 1275. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1275B. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09259-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6426974. PMID 30894527.
  50. ^ Wang, Min; Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhou, Shuang (January 2016). "A new basal ornithuromorph bird (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Early Cretaceous of China with implication for morphology of early Ornithuromorpha: Basal Ornithuromorph from the Early Cretaceous". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 176 (1): 207–223. doi:10.1111/zoj.12302.
  51. ^ Hu, Dongyu; Li, Li; Hou, Lianhaim; Xu, Xing (2011-02-10). "A new enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (1): 154–161. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..154H. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.546305. ISSN 0272-4634.
  52. ^ Li, Zhiheng; Zhou, Zhonghe; Wang, Min; Clarke, Julia A. (January 2014). "A new specimen of large-bodied basal Enantiornithine Bohaiornis from the Early Cretaceous of China and the inference of feeding ecology in Mesozoic birds". Journal of Paleontology. 88 (1): 99–108. doi:10.1666/13-052. ISSN 0022-3360.
  53. ^ Liu, Shumin; Li, Zhiheng; Bailleul, Alida M.; Wang, Min; O’Connor, Jingmai (2021-02-19). "Investigating Possible Gastroliths in a Referred Specimen of Bohaiornis guoi (Aves: Enantiornithes)". Frontiers in Earth Science. 9. Bibcode:2021FrEaS...9...62L. doi:10.3389/feart.2021.635727. ISSN 2296-6463.
  54. ^ O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Stidham, Thomas A.; Harris, Jerald D.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Bailleul, Alida M.; Hu, Han; Wang, Min; You, Hai-Lu (2022-02-18). "Avian skulls represent a diverse ornithuromorph fauna from the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation, Gansu Province, China". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 60 (5): 1172–1198. Bibcode:2022JSyEv..60.1172O. doi:10.1111/jse.12823. ISSN 1674-4918.
  55. ^ Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Min; Stidham, Thomas A.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Clarke, Julia (April 2022). "Novel evolution of a hyper-elongated tongue in a Cretaceous enantiornithine from China and the evolution of the hyolingual apparatus and feeding in birds". Journal of Anatomy. 240 (4): 627–638. doi:10.1111/joa.13588. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 8930807. PMID 34854094.
  56. ^ Hu, Dongyu; Clarke, Julia A.; Eliason, Chad M.; Qiu, Rui; Li, Quanguo; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Zhao, Cuilin; D’Alba, Liliana; Jiang, Jinkai; Xu, Xing (2018-01-15). "A bony-crested Jurassic dinosaur with evidence of iridescent plumage highlights complexity in early paravian evolution". Nature Communications. 9 (1) 217. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..217H. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02515-y. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5768872. PMID 29335537.
  57. ^ Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Clarke, Julia A., The anatomy and taxonomy of the exquisitely preserved Green River Formation (early Eocene) lithornithids (Aves) and the relationships of Lithornithidae. (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 406), 2016-06-30
  58. ^ Torres, Christopher R.; Norell, Mark A.; Clarke, Julia A. (April 2020). "Estimating Flight Style of Early Eocene Stem Palaeognath Bird Calciavis grandei (Lithornithidae)". The Anatomical Record. 303 (4): 1035–1042. doi:10.1002/ar.24207. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 31313482.
  59. ^ Eliason, Chad M.; Clarke, Julia A. (2020-05-15). "Cassowary gloss and a novel form of structural color in birds". Science Advances. 6 (20): eaba0187. Bibcode:2020SciA....6..187E. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba0187. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7220335. PMID 32426504.
  60. ^ Ksepka, Daniel T.; Clarke, Julia A. (2010-11-24). "New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160 (4): 685–706. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00626.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  61. ^ Ji Q., Chiappe, L. and Ji S., 1999, "A new Late Mesozoic confuciusornithid bird from China", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(1): 1-7
  62. ^ Huang, Jiandong; Wang, Xia; Hu, Yuanchao; Liu, Jia; Peteya, Jennifer A.; Clarke, Julia A. (2016-03-15). "A new ornithurine from the Early Cretaceous of China sheds light on the evolution of early ecological and cranial diversity in birds". PeerJ. 4 e1765. doi:10.7717/peerj.1765. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4806634. PMID 27019777.
  63. ^ O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting; Hu, Han; Zhang, Xiaomei; Zhou, Zhonghe (January 2016). "An Enantiornithine with a Fan-Shaped Tail, and the Evolution of the Rectricial Complex in Early Birds". Current Biology. 26 (1): 114–119. Bibcode:2016CBio...26..114O. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.036. PMID 26748849.
  64. ^ Wang, Min; Wang, Xiaoli; Wang, Yan; Zhou, Zhonghe (2016-01-25). "A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds". Scientific Reports. 6 (1) 19700. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619700W. doi:10.1038/srep19700. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4726217. PMID 26806355.
  65. ^ Sanz, J.L.; Buscalioni, A.D. (November 1992). "A new bird from the Early Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain, and the early radiation of birds." Palaeontology. 35 (4): 829–845.
  66. ^ Hou, Lianhai; Martin, Larry D.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Feduccia, Alan; Zhang, Fucheng (June 1999). "A diapsid skull in a new species of the primitive bird Confuciusornis". Nature. 399 (6737): 679–682. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..679H. doi:10.1038/21411. ISSN 0028-0836.
  67. ^ a b Zheng, Xiaoting; O’Connor, Jingmai; Wang, Yan; Wang, Xiaoli; Xuwei, Yin; Zhang, Xiaomei; Zhou, Zhonghe (2020-09-16). "New Information on the Keratinous Beak of Confuciusornis (Aves: Pygostylia) From Two New Specimens". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 367. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..367Z. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00367. ISSN 2296-6463.
  68. ^ Zhang, Zihui; Gao, Chunling; Meng, Qingjin; Liu, Jinyuan; Hou, Lianhai; Zheng, Guangmei (October 2009). "Diversification in an Early Cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of Confuciusornis from China". Journal of Ornithology. 150 (4): 783–790. Bibcode:2009JOrni.150..783Z. doi:10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x. ISSN 2193-7192.
  69. ^ Marugán-Lobón, Jesús; Chiappe, Luis M.; Ji, Shu'an; Zhou, Zhonghe; Chunling, Gao; Hu, Dongyu; Meng, Qinjing (2011-02-28). "Quantitative patterns of morphological variation in the appendicular skeleton of the Early Cretaceous bird Confuciusornis". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (1): 91–101. Bibcode:2011JSPal...9...91M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.517786. ISSN 1477-2019.
  70. ^ Falk, Amanda R.; Kaye, Thomas G.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Burnham, David A. (2016-12-14). Shawkey, Matthew (ed.). "Laser Fluorescence Illuminates the Soft Tissue and Life Habits of the Early Cretaceous Bird Confuciusornis". PLOS ONE. 11 (12): e0167284. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1167284F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167284. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5156344. PMID 27973609.
  71. ^ a b "A taxonomical revision of the Confuciusornithiformes (Aves: Pygostylia)". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 57 (1). Min WANG, O’CONNOR Jingmai, Zhong-He ZHOU. 2019-01-20. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.180530. ISSN 2096-9899. Archived from the original on 2025-04-22.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  72. ^ Dalsätt, J.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, F.; Ericson, P. G. P. (September 2006). "Food remains in Confuciusornis sanctus suggest a fish diet". Naturwissenschaften. 93 (9): 444–446. Bibcode:2006NW.....93..444D. doi:10.1007/s00114-006-0125-y. ISSN 0028-1042. PMID 16741705.
  73. ^ Zhang, Fucheng; Kearns, Stuart L.; Orr, Patrick J.; Benton, Michael J.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Johnson, Diane; Xu, Xing; Wang, Xiaolin (2010-02-25). "Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds". Nature. 463 (7284): 1075–1078. Bibcode:2010Natur.463.1075Z. doi:10.1038/nature08740. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 20107440.
  74. ^ McNamara, Maria E.; Zhang, Fucheng; Kearns, Stuart L.; Orr, Patrick J.; Toulouse, André; Foley, Tara; Hone, David W. E.; Rogers, Chris S.; Benton, Michael J.; Johnson, Diane; Xu, Xing; Zhou, Zhonghe (2018-05-25). "Fossilized skin reveals coevolution with feathers and metabolism in feathered dinosaurs and early birds". Nature Communications. 9 (1) 2072. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2072M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04443-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5970262. PMID 29802246.
  75. ^ Falk, Amanda; O’Connor, Jingmai; Wang, Min; Zhou, Zhonghe (2019-11-11). "On the Preservation of the Beak in Confuciusornis (Aves: Pygostylia)". Diversity. 11 (11): 212. Bibcode:2019Diver..11..212F. doi:10.3390/d11110212. ISSN 1424-2818.
  76. ^ Hou, Lianhai (1997). Mesozoic Birds of China (Report).
  77. ^ Olson, Storrs L. (2000-07-01). "Anatomy and Systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the Late Mesozoic of Northeastern China". The Auk. 117 (3): 836–839. doi:10.1093/auk/117.3.836. ISSN 1938-4254.
  78. ^ Chiappe and Meng (2016) p. 182-183
  79. ^ Chiappe and Meng (2016) p. 43-47
  80. ^ Chiappe and Meng (2016) p. 42
  81. ^ Chinsamy, Anusuya; Chiappe, Luis M.; Marugán-Lobón, Jesús; Chunling, Gao; Fengjiao, Zhang (2013-01-22). "Gender identification of the Mesozoic bird Confuciusornis sanctus". Nature Communications. 4 (1) 1381. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.1381C. doi:10.1038/ncomms2377. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 23340421.
  82. ^ a b Chinsamy, Anusuya; Marugán-Lobón, Jesús; Serrano, Francisco J.; Chiappe, Luis (2020). "Osteohistology and Life History of the Basal Pygostylian, Confuciusornis sanctus". The Anatomical Record. 303 (4): 949–962. doi:10.1002/ar.24282. ISSN 1932-8494. PMID 31751500.
  83. ^ Chiappe and Meng (2016) p. 121-122
  84. ^ Chiappe and Meng (2016) p. 28-29
  85. ^ Chiappe and Meng (2016) p. 121
  86. ^ Chiappe and Meng (2016) p. 124-125
  87. ^ Chiappe and Meng (2016) p. 139-141
  88. ^ Wogelius, R. A.; Manning, P. L.; Barden, H. E.; Edwards, N. P.; Webb, S. M.; Sellers, W. I.; Taylor, K. G.; Larson, P. L.; Dodson, P.; You, H.; Da-qing, L.; Bergmann, U. (2011-09-16). "Trace Metals as Biomarkers for Eumelanin Pigment in the Fossil Record". Science. 333 (6049): 1622–1626. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1622W. doi:10.1126/science.1205748. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21719643.
  89. ^ Li, Quanguo; Clarke, Julia A.; Gao, Ke-Qin; Peteya, Jennifer A.; Shawkey, Matthew D. (2018). "Elaborate plumage patterning in a Cretaceous bird". PeerJ. 6 e5831. doi:10.7717/peerj.5831. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6216952. PMID 30405969.
  90. ^ Carvalho, Ismar de Souza; Novas, Fernando E.; Agnolín, Federico L.; Isasi, Marcelo P.; Freitas, Francisco I.; Andrade, José A. (June 2015). "A new genus and species of enantiornithine bird from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Geology. 45 (2): 161–171. Bibcode:2015BrJG...45..161C. doi:10.1590/23174889201500020001. ISSN 2317-4889.
  91. ^ Kilesse Salgado, Fernando Luiz; Chiappe, Luis M.; Neumann, Reiner; Carvalho, Ismar de Souza (November 2025). "Evidence of piscivorous diet in an enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 175 106161. Bibcode:2025CrRes.17506161K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106161.
  92. ^ Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Min; Stidham, Thomas A.; Zhou, Zhonghe (2023-01-02). "Decoupling the skull and skeleton in a Cretaceous bird with unique appendicular morphologies". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 7 (1): 20–31. Bibcode:2023NatEE...7...20L. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01921-w. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 36593291.
  93. ^ Wang, Min; O’Connor, Jingmai K; Pan, Yanhong; Zhou, Zhonghe (2017-01-31). "A bizarre Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird with unique crural feathers and an ornithuromorph plough-shaped pygostyle". Nature Communications. 8 (1) 14141. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814141W. doi:10.1038/ncomms14141. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5290326. PMID 28139644.
  94. ^ Li, Quanguo; Gao, Ke-Qin; Meng, Qingjin; Clarke, Julia A.; Shawkey, Matthew D.; D’Alba, Liliana; Pei, Rui; Ellison, Mick; Norell, Mark A.; Vinther, Jakob (2012-03-09). "Reconstruction of Microraptor and the Evolution of Iridescent Plumage". Science. 335 (6073): 1215–1219. Bibcode:2012Sci...335.1215L. doi:10.1126/science.1213780. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22403389.
  95. ^ O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Chuong, Cheng-ming; Bottjer, David J.; You, Hailu (2012-09-14). "Homology and Potential Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms for the Development of Unique Feather Morphologies in Early Birds". Geosciences. 2 (3): 157–177. Bibcode:2012Geosc...2..157O. doi:10.3390/geosciences2030157. ISSN 2076-3263. PMC 3758748. PMID 24003379.
  96. ^ Li, Li; Ye, Duan; Dongyu, Hu; Li, Wang; Shaoli, Cheng; Lianhai, Hou (February 2006). "New Eoenantiornithid Bird from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Western Liaoning, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 80 (1): 38–41. Bibcode:2006AcGlS..80...38L. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00792.x.
  97. ^ "Cockerell on the Plumage of Diatryma The Supposed Plumage of the Eocene Bird Diatryma T. D. A. Cockerell". The Auk. 40 (3): 555. July 1923. doi:10.2307/4074600. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4074600.
  98. ^ Becker, Herman F. (September 1962). "Reassignment of Eopuntia to Cyperacites". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 89 (5): 319–330. doi:10.2307/2482937. JSTOR 2482937.
  99. ^ O'Connor, Jingmai K.; Wang, Min; Hu, Han (2016-11-01). "A new ornithuromorph (Aves) with an elongate rostrum from the Jehol Biota, and the early evolution of rostralization in birds". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (11): 939–948. Bibcode:2016JSPal..14..939O. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1129518. ISSN 1477-2019.
  100. ^ Xing, Lida; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Chiappe, Luis M.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Carroll, Nathan; Hu, Han; Bai, Ming; Lei, Fumin (July 2019). "A New Enantiornithine Bird with Unusual Pedal Proportions Found in Amber". Current Biology. 29 (14): 2396–2401.e2. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E2396X. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.077. PMID 31303484.
  101. ^ Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe (2000-12-08). "A Primitive Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers". Science. 290 (5498): 1955–1959. Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1955Z. doi:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955.
  102. ^ Zhou, Zhonghe; Chiappe, Luis M; Zhang, Fucheng (July 2005). "Anatomy of the Early Cretaceous bird Eoenantiornis buhleri (Aves: Enantiornithes) from China". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (7): 1331–1338. Bibcode:2005CaJES..42.1331Z. doi:10.1139/e05-038. ISSN 0008-4077.
  103. ^ Zhang, FuCheng; Zhou, ZhongHe; Benton, Michael J. (May 2008). "A primitive confuciusornithid bird from China and its implications for early avian flight". Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 51 (5): 625–639. Bibcode:2008ScChD..51..625Z. doi:10.1007/s11430-008-0050-3. ISSN 1006-9313.
  104. ^ Zheng, Xiaoting; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Wang, Xiaoli; Pan, Yanhong; Wang, Yan; Wang, Min; Zhou, Zhonghe (2017-05-01). "Exceptional preservation of soft tissue in a new specimen of Eoconfuciusornis and its biological implications". National Science Review. 4 (3): 441–452. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwx004. ISSN 2095-5138.
  105. ^ Mayr, Gerald; Kaye, Thomas G.; Pittman, Michael; Saitta, Evan T.; Pott, Christian (2020-11-04). "Reanalysis of putative ovarian follicles suggests that Early Cretaceous birds were feeding not breeding". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 19035. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76078-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7643104. PMID 33149245.
  106. ^ Pan, Yanhong; Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Min; Zhao, Tao; Wang, Xiaoli; Zheng, Xiaoting (February 2022). "Unambiguous evidence of brilliant iridescent feather color from hollow melanosomes in an Early Cretaceous bird". National Science Review. 9 (2): nwab227. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwab227. ISSN 2053-714X. PMC 8824705. PMID 35145706.
  107. ^ Babarović, Frane; Puttick, Mark N.; Zaher, Marta; Learmonth, Elizabeth; Gallimore, Emily-Jane; Smithwick, Fiann M.; Mayr, Gerald; Vinther, Jakob (2019-06-28). "Characterization of melanosomes involved in the production of non-iridescent structural feather colours and their detection in the fossil record". Journal of the Royal Society, Interface. 16 (155): 20180921. doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0921. ISSN 1742-5662. PMC 6597762. PMID 31238836.
  108. ^ Ksepka, Daniel T.; Clarke, Julia A.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Kulp, Felicia B.; Grande, Lance (2013-06-22). "Fossil evidence of wing shape in a stem relative of swifts and hummingbirds (Aves, Pan-Apodiformes)". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 280 (1761): 20130580. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0580. ISSN 1471-2954. PMC 3652446. PMID 23760643.
  109. ^ Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; De Los Reyes, Martín; Santillana, Sergio; Reguero, Marcelo (2020). "First fossilized skin of a giant penguin from the Eocene of Antarctica". Lethaia. 53 (3): 409–420. Bibcode:2020Letha..53..409A. doi:10.1111/let.12366. ISSN 1502-3931.
  110. ^ Xing, Lida; O'Connor, Jingmai K.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Tseng, Kuowei; Li, Gang; Bai, Ming (2017-09-01). "A mid-Cretaceous enantiornithine (Aves) hatchling preserved in Burmese amber with unusual plumage". Gondwana Research. 49: 264–277. Bibcode:2017GondR..49..264X. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2017.06.001. ISSN 1342-937X.
  111. ^ Xing, Lida; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Niu, Kecheng; Cockx, Pierre; Mai, Huijuan; McKellar, Ryan C. (2020-07-16). "A New Enantiornithine (Aves) Preserved in Mid-Cretaceous Burmese Amber Contributes to Growing Diversity of Cretaceous Plumage Patterns". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 264. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..264X. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00264. ISSN 2296-6463.
  112. ^ Liu, Di; Chiappe, L. M.; Zhang, Yuguang; Serrano, F. J.; Meng, Qingjin (2019-03-01). "Soft tissue preservation in two new enantiornithine specimens (Aves) from the Lower Cretaceous Huajiying Formation of Hebei Province, China". Cretaceous Research. 95: 191–207. Bibcode:2019CrRes..95..191L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.10.017. ISSN 0195-6671.
  113. ^ Kundrát, Martin; Rich, Thomas H.; Lindgren, Johan; Sjövall, Peter; Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Chiappe, Luis M.; Kear, Benjamin P. (2020-04-01). "A polar dinosaur feather assemblage from Australia". Gondwana Research. 80: 1–11. Bibcode:2020GondR..80....1K. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.10.004. ISSN 1342-937X.
  114. ^ Wang, Min; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Xu, Xing; Zhou, Zhonghe (May 2019). "A new Jurassic scansoriopterygid and the loss of membranous wings in theropod dinosaurs". Nature. 569 (7755): 256–259. Bibcode:2019Natur.569..256W. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1137-z. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31068719.
  115. ^ Senter, Phil (January 2007). "A new look at the phylogeny of coelurosauria (Dlnosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 5 (4): 429–463. Bibcode:2007JSPal...5..429S. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002143. ISSN 1477-2019.
  116. ^ Xu, Xing; Tang, Zhi-lu; Wang, Xiao-lin (May 1999). "A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China". Nature. 399 (6734): 350–354. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..350X. doi:10.1038/20670. ISSN 0028-0836.
  117. ^ Korneisel, Dana E.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Werning, Sarah; Xiao, Shuhai (2021). "Putative fossil blood cells reinterpreted as diagenetic structures". PeerJ. 9 e12651. Bibcode:2021PeerJ...912651K. doi:10.7717/peerj.12651. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8684720. PMID 35003935.
  118. ^ Xu, Xing; Zheng, Xiaoting; You, Hailu (2009-01-20). "A new feather type in a nonavian theropod and the early evolution of feathers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (3): 832–834. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810055106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2630069. PMID 19139401.
  119. ^ McNamara, Maria E.; Zhang, Fucheng; Kearns, Stuart L.; Orr, Patrick J.; Toulouse, André; Foley, Tara; Hone, David W. E.; Rogers, Chris S.; Benton, Michael J.; Johnson, Diane; Xu, Xing; Zhou, Zhonghe (2018-05-25). "Fossilized skin reveals coevolution with feathers and metabolism in feathered dinosaurs and early birds". Nature Communications. 9 (1) 2072. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.2072M. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04443-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5970262. PMID 29802246.
  120. ^ Li, Quanguo; Clarke, Julia A.; Gao, Ke-Qin; Zhou, Chang-Fu; Meng, Qingjin; Li, Daliang; D’Alba, Liliana; Shawkey, Matthew D. (2014-02-12). "Melanosome evolution indicates a key physiological shift within feathered dinosaurs". Nature. 507 (7492): 350–353. Bibcode:2014Natur.507..350L. doi:10.1038/nature12973. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24522537.
  121. ^ Zhou, Z., and Wang, X. (2000). "A new species of Caudipteryx from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, northeast China." Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 38(2): 113–130. PDF fulltext Archived 2007-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
  122. ^ a b Talori, Yaser Saffar; Liu, Yun-Fei; Zhao, Jing-Shan; Sullivan, Corwin; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Li, Zhi-Heng (2018-12-14). "Winged forelimbs of the small theropod dinosaur Caudipteryx could have generated small aerodynamic forces during rapid terrestrial locomotion". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 17854. Bibcode:2018NatSR...817854T. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35966-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6294793. PMID 30552395.
  123. ^ Qiang, Ji; Currie, Philip J.; Norell, Mark A.; Shu-An, Ji (June 1998). "Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China". Nature. 393 (6687): 753–761. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..753Q. doi:10.1038/31635. ISSN 0028-0836.
  124. ^ a b Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Zhang, F.; Xu, X. (2000). "Important features of Caudipteryx - Evidence from two nearly complete new specimens". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 38 (4): 241–254.
  125. ^ Uno, Yurika; Hirasawa, Tatsuya (2023-02-23). "Origin of the propatagium in non-avian dinosaurs". Zoological Letters. 9 (1) 4. doi:10.1186/s40851-023-00204-x. ISSN 2056-306X. PMC 9951497. PMID 36823531.
  126. ^ Zheng, Xiaoting; Bailleul, Alida M.; Li, Zhiheng; Wang, Xiaoli; Zhou, Zhonghe (2021-09-24). "Nuclear preservation in the cartilage of the Jehol dinosaur Caudipteryx". Communications Biology. 4 (1) 1125: 1–9. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02627-8. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8463611. PMID 34561538.
  127. ^ Han, H; Chiappe, M; Ji, J; Habib, H; Turner, H; Chinsamy, C; Liu, L; Han, H (2014). "A new raptorial dinosaur with exceptionally long feathering provides insights into dromaeosaurid flight performance (project)". MorphoBank datasets. doi:10.7934/p979. Retrieved 2025-07-05.
  128. ^ Funston, G. F.; Currie, P. J. (2021-09-02). "New material of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria) from the Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada". Historical Biology. 33 (9): 1671–1685. Bibcode:2021HBio...33.1671F. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1726908. ISSN 0891-2963.
  129. ^ Wang, Xuri; Cau, Andrea; Guo, Bin; Ma, Feimin; Qing, Gele; Liu, Yichuan (2022-11-19). "Intestinal preservation in a birdlike dinosaur supports conservatism in digestive canal evolution among theropods". Scientific Reports. 12 (1) 19965. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1219965W. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24602-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9675785. PMID 36402874.
  130. ^ Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe; Xu, Xing; Wang, Xiaolin; Sullivan, Corwin (October 2008). "A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers". Nature. 455 (7216): 1105–1108. Bibcode:2008Natur.455.1105Z. doi:10.1038/nature07447. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18948955.
  131. ^ Xu, Xing (2020), Foth, Christian; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (eds.), "Filamentous Integuments in Nonavialan Theropods and Their Kin: Advances and Future Perspectives for Understanding the Evolution of Feathers", The Evolution of Feathers, Fascinating Life Sciences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 67–78, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_5, ISBN 978-3-030-27222-7, retrieved 2025-07-13
  132. ^ Xu, Xing; Zheng, Xiaoting; You, Hailu (April 2010). "Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers". Nature. 464 (7293): 1338–1341. Bibcode:2010Natur.464.1338X. doi:10.1038/nature08965. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20428169.
  133. ^ Prum, Richard O. (2010-11-04). "Moulting tail feathers in a juvenile oviraptorisaur". Nature. 468 (7320): E1. Bibcode:2010Natur.468E...1P. doi:10.1038/nature09480. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 21048715.
  134. ^ Pu, Hanyong; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Lü, Junchang; Xu, Li; Wu, Yanhua; Chang, Huali; Zhang, Jiming; Jia, Songhai (2013-05-29). Claessens, Leon (ed.). "An Unusual Basal Therizinosaur Dinosaur with an Ornithischian Dental Arrangement from Northeastern China". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e63423. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...863423P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063423. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3667168. PMID 23734177.
  135. ^ Qiang, JI; Shu'an, JI; Junchang, U; Hailu, YOU; Wen, CHEN; Yongqing, LIU; Yanxue, LIU (2005). "First avialian bird from China(Jinfengopteryx elegans gen. et sp. nov.)". Geological Bulletin of China. 24 (3). Archived from the original on 2025-02-23.
  136. ^ Pei, R.; Pittman, M.; Goloboff, P.A.; Dececchi, T.A.; Habib, M.B.; Kaye, T.G.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Norell, M.A.; Brusatte, S.L. (2020-04-18), Powered flight potential approached by wide range of close avian relatives but achieved selectively, doi:10.1101/2020.04.17.046169, retrieved 2025-07-13
  137. ^ van der Reest, Aaron J.; Wolfe, Alexander P.; Currie, Philip J. (2016-03-01). "A densely feathered ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada". Cretaceous Research. 58: 108–117. Bibcode:2016CrRes..58..108V. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.004. ISSN 0195-6671.
  138. ^ Xu, Xing; Li Feng (2016). A new microraptorine specimen (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) with a brief comment on the evolution of compound bones in theropods. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 54 (4): 269–285.
  139. ^ Peyer, Karin (2006). "A Reconsideration of Compsognathus from the Upper Tithonian of Canjuers, Southeastern France". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (4): 879–896. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[879:AROCFT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4524640.
  140. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hendrickx, Christophe; Bell, Phil R.; Pittman, Michael; Milner, Andrew R. C.; Cuesta, Elena; O'Connor, Jingmai; Loewen, Mark; Currie, Philip J.; Mateus, Octávio; Kaye, Thomas G.; Delcourt, Rafael (June 2022). "Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non-feather integumentary structures in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs". Biological Reviews. 97 (3): 960–1004. doi:10.1111/brv.12829. ISSN 1464-7931. PMID 34991180.
  141. ^ a b c Qiu, Rui; Wang, Xiaolin; Jiang, Shunxing; Meng, Jin; Zhou, Zhonghe (2025-05-01). "Two new compsognathid-like theropods show diversified predation strategies in theropod dinosaurs". National Science Review. 12 (5): nwaf068. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaf068. ISSN 2095-5138. PMC 11970238. PMID 40191255.
  142. ^ Zhang, Fucheng; Kearns, Stuart L.; Orr, Patrick J.; Benton, Michael J.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Johnson, Diane; Xu, Xing; Wang, Xiaolin (2010-01-27). "Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds". Nature. 463 (7284): 1075–1078. Bibcode:2010Natur.463.1075Z. doi:10.1038/nature08740. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20107440.
  143. ^ a b Hendrickx, Christophe (2025-04-04). "Comment on 'Two new compsognathid-like theropods show diversified predation strategies of theropod dinosaurs' by Qiu et al ". National Science Review. 12 (5): nwaf131. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaf131. ISSN 2095-5138. PMC 12057692. PMID 40336594.
  144. ^ Hwang, Sunny H.; Norell, Mark A.; Qiang, Ji; Keqin, Gao (2004-01-01). "A large Compsognathid from the early cretaceous Yixian formation of China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2 (1): 13–30. Bibcode:2004JSPal...2...13H. doi:10.1017/S1477201903001081. ISSN 1477-2019.
  145. ^ a b c Xing, Lida; Bell, Phil R.; Iv, W. Scott Persons; Ji, Shuan; Miyashita, Tetsuto; Burns, Michael E.; Ji, Qiang; Currie, Philip J. (2012-08-29). "Abdominal Contents from Two Large Early Cretaceous Compsognathids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) Demonstrate Feeding on Confuciusornithids and Dromaeosaurids". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e44012. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...744012X. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044012. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3430630. PMID 22952855.
  146. ^ Bell, Phil R.; Hendrickx, Christophe (2020-10-05). "Crocodile-like sensory scales in a Late Jurassic theropod dinosaur". Current Biology. 30 (19): R1068 – R1070. Bibcode:2020CBio...30R1068B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.066. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 33022234.
  147. ^ a b c Foth, Christian; Haug, Carolin; Haug, Joachim T.; Tischlinger, Helmut; Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2020), "Two of a Feather: A Comparison of the Preserved Integument in the Juvenile Theropod Dinosaurs Sciurumimus and Juravenator from the Kimmeridgian Torleite Formation of Southern Germany", Fascinating Life Sciences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 79–101, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_6, ISBN 978-3-030-27222-7, retrieved 2025-06-23
  148. ^ Chiappe, Luis M.; Göhlich, Ursula B. (2010-12-01). "Anatomy of Juravenator starki (Theropoda: Coelurosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Germany". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (3): 257–296. Bibcode:2010NJGPA.258..257C. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0125. ISSN 0077-7749.
  149. ^ a b Cau, Andrea (2024). "Società Paleontologica Italiana - Homepage". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana (in Italian). 63 (1). doi:10.4435/bspi.2024.08 (inactive 1 July 2025). Retrieved 2025-06-11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  150. ^ Naish, Darren; Martill, David M.; Frey, Eberhard (2004-06-01). "Ecology, Systematics and Biogeographical Relationships of Dinosaurs, Including a New Theropod, from the Santana Formation (?Albian, Early Cretaceous) of Brazil". Historical Biology. 16 (2–4): 57–70. Bibcode:2004HBio...16...57N. doi:10.1080/08912960410001674200. ISSN 0891-2963.
  151. ^ Chen, Pei-ji; Dong, Zhi-ming; Zhen, Shuo-nan (January 1998). "An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China". Nature. 391 (6663): 147–152. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..147C. doi:10.1038/34356. ISSN 0028-0836.
  152. ^ Currie, Philip J.; Chen, Pei-ji (2001). "Anatomy of Sinosauropteryx prima from Liaoning, northeastern China". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 38 (12): 1705–1727. doi:10.1139/cjes-38-12-1705.
  153. ^ a b Smithwick, Fiann M.; Nicholls, Robert; Cuthill, Innes C.; Vinther, Jakob (November 2017). "Countershading and Stripes in the Theropod Dinosaur Sinosauropteryx Reveal Heterogeneous Habitats in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota". Current Biology. 27 (21): 3337–3343.e2. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3337S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.032. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 29107548.
  154. ^ Shu'an, Ji; Chunling, Gao; Jinyuan, Liu; Qingjin, Meng; Qiang, Ji (April 2007). "New Material of Sinosauropteryx (Theropoda: Compsognathidae) from Western Liaoning, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 81 (2): 177–182. Bibcode:2007AcGlS..81..177J. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00942.x. ISSN 1000-9515.
  155. ^ Murray E. Fowler, D.V.M. (2018-01-10), "Venomous Mammals", Veterinary Zootoxicology, CRC Press, pp. 229–232, doi:10.1201/9781351077538-21, ISBN 978-1-351-07753-8, retrieved 2025-06-23
  156. ^ Ji, S., Ji, Q., Lu J., and Yuan, C. (2007). "A new giant compsognathid dinosaur with long filamentous integuments from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China." Acta Geologica Sinica, 81(1): 8-15
  157. ^ "Cretaceous Dinosaur Had Impressive Mane and Shoulder Ribbons". Sci.News. 2020-12-16. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
  158. ^ Rodrigues, Meghie (2023-05-12). "Prized dinosaur fossil will finally be returned to Brazil". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01603-y. PMID 37173449.
  159. ^ Caetano, JoãO Marcus Vale; Delcourt, Rafael; De Oliveira Ponciano, Luiza Corral Martins (2023-03-13). "A taxon with no name: 'Ubirajara jubatus' (Saurischia: Compsognathidae) is an unavailable name and has no nomenclatural relevance". Zootaxa. 5254 (3): 443–446. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5254.3.10. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 37044710.
  160. ^ Sasso, Cristiano Dal; Signore, Marco (March 1998). "Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in a theropod dinosaur from Italy". Nature. 392 (6674): 383–387. Bibcode:1998Natur.392..383D. doi:10.1038/32884. ISSN 1476-4687.
  161. ^ Farlow, James O. (2012-10-01). "Scipionyx samniticus (Theropoda: Compsognathidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Italy: osteology, ontogenetic assessment, phylogeny, soft tissue anatomy, taphonomy and palaeobiology". Historical Biology. 24 (5): 579–580. Bibcode:2012HBio...24..579F. doi:10.1080/08912963.2012.654705. ISSN 0891-2963.
  162. ^ "Comments on the Mesozoic theropod dinosaurs from Italy". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2024-12-15. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
  163. ^ Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Foth, Christian; Tischlinger, Helmut; Norell, Mark A. (2012-07-02). "Exceptionally preserved juvenile megalosauroid theropod dinosaur with filamentous integument from the Late Jurassic of Germany". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (29): 11746–11751. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10911746R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1203238109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3406838. PMID 22753486.
  164. ^ a b c d e Bell, Phil R.; Campione, Nicolás E.; Persons, W. Scott; Currie, Philip J.; Larson, Peter L.; Tanke, Darren H.; Bakker, Robert T. (June 2017). "Tyrannosauroid integument reveals conflicting patterns of gigantism and feather evolution". Biology Letters. 13 (6): 20170092. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0092. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 5493735. PMID 28592520.
  165. ^ a b c Currie, Philip J.; Koppelhus, Eva B. (August 2015). "The significance of the theropod collections of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology to our understanding of Late Cretaceous theropod diversity". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 52 (8): 620–629. Bibcode:2015CaJES..52..620C. doi:10.1139/cjes-2014-0173. ISSN 0008-4077.
  166. ^ Currie, Philip J (April 2003). "Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 40 (4): 651–665. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40..651C. doi:10.1139/e02-083. ISSN 0008-4077.
  167. ^ Carr, Thomas D.; Varricchio, David J.; Sedlmayr, Jayc C.; Roberts, Eric M.; Moore, Jason R. (2017-03-30). "A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 44942. Bibcode:2017NatSR...744942C. doi:10.1038/srep44942. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5372470. PMID 28358353.
  168. ^ a b Witton, Mark (2018-01-26). "Mark P. Witton's Blog: Did tyrannosaurs smile like crocodiles? A discussion of cranial epidermal correlates in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs". Mark P. Witton's Blog. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
  169. ^ Cullen, Thomas M.; Larson, Derek W.; Witton, Mark P.; Scott, Diane; Maho, Tea; Brink, Kirstin S.; Evans, David C.; Reisz, Robert (2023-03-31). "Theropod dinosaur facial reconstruction and the importance of soft tissues in paleobiology". Science. 379 (6639): 1348–1352. Bibcode:2023Sci...379.1348C. doi:10.1126/science.abo7877. PMID 36996202.
  170. ^ Witton, Mark (2023-03-30). "Mark P. Witton's Blog: New paper: Fresh evidence and novel analyses strongly suggest that theropod dinosaurs were lipped". Mark P. Witton's Blog. Retrieved 2025-06-22.
  171. ^ Varricchio, David J. (March 2001). "Gut contents from a Cretaceous Tyrannosaurid: Implications for theropod dinosaur digestive tracts". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (2): 401–406. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0401:GCFACT>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.
  172. ^ Xu, Xing; Norell, Mark A.; Kuang, Xuewen; Wang, Xiaolin; Zhao, Qi; Jia, Chengkai (October 2004). "Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids". Nature. 431 (7009): 680–684. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..680X. doi:10.1038/nature02855. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15470426.
  173. ^ "Phil Currie celebration, tyrant skin, and other things". dml.cmnh.org. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2025-06-19.
  174. ^ Therrien, François; Zelenitsky, Darla K.; Tanaka, Kohei; Voris, Jared T.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Currie, Philip J.; DeBuhr, Christopher L.; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu (2023-12-08). "Exceptionally preserved stomach contents of a young tyrannosaurid reveal an ontogenetic dietary shift in an iconic extinct predator". Science Advances. 9 (49): eadi0505. Bibcode:2023SciA....9I.505T. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adi0505. PMC 10846869. PMID 38064561.
  175. ^ Gobbo, Silvia Regina; Bertini, Reinaldo J. (2015-06-25). "Tecidos moles (não resistentes): como se fossilizam?". Terrae Didatica. 10 (1): 2. doi:10.20396/td.v10i1.8637374. ISSN 1980-4407.
  176. ^ Kellner, Alexander W. A. (January 1996). "Fossilized theropod soft tissue". Nature. 379 (6560): 32. Bibcode:1996Natur.379...32K. doi:10.1038/379032a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  177. ^ a b c Currie, Philip; Badamgarav, Demchig; Koppelhus, Eva (2003-01-01). "The First Late Cretaceous Footprints from the Nemegt Locality in the Gobi of Mongolia". Ichnos. 10 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2003Ichno..10....1C. doi:10.1080/10420940390235071. ISSN 1042-0940.
  178. ^ Young, Josh (2011). Dino gangs : Dr Philip J. Currie's new science of dinosaurs. Internet Archive. London : Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-741339-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  179. ^ "DINO-BIRD LINK", The Little Book of Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press, pp. 82–83, 2024-10-22, doi:10.2307/jj.14284458.40, ISBN 978-0-691-26013-6, retrieved 2025-06-15
  180. ^ "MNHN (1992) Tarbosaurus.pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
  181. ^ Brinkman, Donald B.; Taquet, Phillippe; Padian, Kevin (October 1999). "Dinosaur Impressions, Postcards from a Paleontologist". PALAIOS. 14 (5): 517. Bibcode:1999Palai..14..517B. doi:10.2307/3515402. ISSN 0883-1351. JSTOR 3515402.
  182. ^ Greenfield, Tyler (2022-10-04). "The lost Tarbosaurus mummy". Incertae Sedis. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
  183. ^ Sumida, Stuart S. (1999-02-01). "Review: Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, by Philip J. Currie and Kevin Padian". The American Biology Teacher. 61 (2): 156–157. doi:10.2307/4450642. ISSN 0002-7685. JSTOR 4450642.
  184. ^ "Eggs, nests, and baby dinosaurs: a look at dinosaur reproduction". Choice Reviews Online. 38 (1): 38–0304–38–0304. 2000-09-01. doi:10.5860/choice.38-0304 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISSN 0009-4978.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  185. ^ "The anecdotal Tarbosaurus throat skin". Incertae Sedis. 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
  186. ^ Report on the Japan-Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1998
  187. ^ Witton, Mark (2017-06-16). "Mark P. Witton's Blog: Revenge of the scaly Tyrannosaurus". Mark P. Witton's Blog. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
  188. ^ "Incredible "Dueling Dinosaurs" to go on public display for the first time". New Atlas. 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
  189. ^ "'Dueling dinosaurs' fossils show Triceratops, T. rex, may have died after a battle". KPAX News. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
  190. ^ "Nanotyrannus: Up Hell Creek Without a Paddle". A Central Coast Paleontologist. 2018-03-11. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
  191. ^ Schweitzer, Mary H.; Wittmeyer, Jennifer L.; Horner, John R.; Toporski, Jan K. (2005-03-25). "Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex". Science. 307 (5717): 1952–1955. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1952S. doi:10.1126/science.1108397. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 15790853.
  192. ^ Wong, Kate (2012-10-22). "Molecular analysis supports controversial claim for dinosaur cells". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11637. ISSN 1476-4687.
  193. ^ Armitage, Mark (2021-03-01). "Polarized Light and electron microscope study of soft dinosaur bone tissue elements from Nanotyrannus lancensis collected at Hell Creek, Montana, USA". Proceedings of the European Microscopy Congress 2020. Royal Microscopical Society. doi:10.22443/rms.emc2020.8.
  194. ^ Saitta, Evan Thomas (2017-11-03). "How some dinosaur discoveries might be wishful scientific thinking". The Conversation. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
  195. ^ Hieronymus, Tobin L. (2009). Osteological Correlates of Cephalic Skin Structures in Amniota: Documenting the Evolution of Display and Feeding Structures with Fossil Data (Thesis). Ohio University.
  196. ^ Share, Dr Jack (2014-07-28). "Guest Post: "Before They Took Off - A Study of Feathers and How Birds Gained Flight" by my daughter Julia Share". Written In Stone...seen through my lens. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
  197. ^ Xu, X.; Wang, K.; Zhang, K.; Ma, Q.; Xing, L.; Sullivan, C.; Hu, D.; Cheng, S.; Wang, S.; et al. (2012). "A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China" (PDF). Nature. 484 (7392): 92–95. Bibcode:2012Natur.484...92X. doi:10.1038/nature10906. PMID 22481363. S2CID 29689629. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012.
  198. ^ Chure, Daniel J.; Loewen, Mark A. (2020). "Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America". PeerJ. 8 e7803. doi:10.7717/peerj.7803. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6984342. PMID 32002317.
  199. ^ "The Incredible Story of the Allosaurus Snout | The Children's Museum of Indianapolis". www.childrensmuseum.org. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
  200. ^ "Dinosaur World Thrilled Over Allosaurus Found In Wyoming's Jurassic Mile". Cowboy State Daily. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
  201. ^ Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Geology series. Vol. v.52-53 (1996-1997). Andover: Intercept. 1996.
  202. ^ Ortega, Francisco; Escaso, Fernando; Sanz, José L. (September 2010). "A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain". Nature. 467 (7312): 203–206. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..203O. doi:10.1038/nature09181. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 20829793.
  203. ^ Cuesta, E.; Orttega, F.; Sanz, J. L.; Cuesta, E.; Orttega, F.; Sanz, J. L. (2016). "Concavenator corcovatus (Lower Cretaceous, Cuenca) under UV-light: Highlighting bones and skin impressions". Actas de las XXXII Jornadas de la Sociedad Española de Paleontología. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España: 333–337. ISBN 978-84-9138-016-0.
  204. ^ Antunes, Miguel Telles; Mateus, Octávio (January 2003). "Dinosaurs of Portugal". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 2 (1): 77–95. Bibcode:2003CRPal...2...77A. doi:10.1016/S1631-0683(03)00003-4.
  205. ^ Barker, Chris Tijani; Naish, Darren; Newham, Elis; Katsamenis, Orestis L.; Dyke, Gareth (2017-06-16). "Complex neuroanatomy in the rostrum of the Isle of Wight theropod Neovenator salerii". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 3749. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.3749B. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03671-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5473926. PMID 28623335.
  206. ^ Baiano, Mattia Antonio; Coria, Rodolfo; Chiappe, Luis M.; Zurriaguz, Virginia; Coria, Ludmila (2023). "Osteology of the axial skeleton of Aucasaurus garridoi: phylogenetic and paleobiological inferences". PeerJ. 11 e16236. doi:10.7717/peerj.16236. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 10655716. PMID 38025666.
  207. ^ Persons, W. Scott; Currie, Philip J. (2011). "Dinosaur speed demon: the caudal musculature of Carnotaurus sastrei and implications for the evolution of South American abelisaurids". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25763. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625763P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025763. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3197156. PMID 22043292.
  208. ^ Cerroni, M. A.; Canale, J. I.; Novas, F. E. (2020). "The skull of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 revisited: insights from craniofacial bones, palate and lower jaw". Historical Biology. 33 (10): 2444–2485. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1802445. S2CID 225374445.
  209. ^ Hendrickx, Christophe; Bell, Phil R. (August 2021). "The scaly skin of the abelisaurid Carnotaurus sastrei (Theropoda: Ceratosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia". Cretaceous Research. 128 104994. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12804994H. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104994.
  210. ^ Sampson, Scott D.; Witmer, Lawrence M. (June 2007). "Craniofacial Anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) From the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (sp8): 32. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[32:CAOMCT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. Archived from the original on 2025-02-22.
  211. ^ Cerroni, Mauricio A.; Canale, Juan I.; Novas, Fernando E.; Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana (2022). "An exceptional neurovascular system in abelisaurid theropod skull: New evidence from Skorpiovenator bustingorryi". Journal of Anatomy. 240 (4): 612–626. doi:10.1111/joa.13258. ISSN 1469-7580. PMC 8930818. PMID 32569442.
  212. ^ a b Cerroni, Mauricio A.; Otero, Alejandro; Novas, Fernando E. (January 2025). "Appendicular myology of Skorpiovenator bustingorryi : A first attempt to reconstruct pelvic and hindlimb musculature in an abelisaurid theropod". The Anatomical Record. 308 (1): 114–162. doi:10.1002/ar.25532. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 38989612.
  213. ^ Foster, John R.; and Hunt-Foster, Rebecca K. (2011-05-01). "New occurrences of dinosaur skin of two types (Sauropoda? and Dinosauria indet.) from the Late Jurassic of North America (Mygatt-Moore Quarry, Morrison Formation)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (3): 717–721. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..717F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.557419. ISSN 0272-4634.
  214. ^ "Barosaurus lentus - Dinosaur National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
  215. ^ Bonaparte, J.; Mateus, O. (1999). "A New Diplodocid, Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Jurassic Beds of Portugal" (PDF). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. 5 (2): 13–29. ISSN 0524-9511
  216. ^ a b c Wings, Oliver; Sander, P. Martin (2007-03-07). "No gastric mill in sauropod dinosaurs: new evidence from analysis of gastrolith mass and function in ostriches". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 274 (1610): 635–640. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3763. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2197205. PMID 17254987.
  217. ^ Gillette, D.D., 1994, Seismosaurus: The Earth Shaker. New York, Columbia University Press, 205 pp
  218. ^ Gallagher T, Poole J, Schein JP (2021). "Evidence of integumentary scale diversity in the Late Jurassic sauropod Diplodocus sp. from the Mother's Day Quarry, Montana". PeerJ. 9 e11202. doi:10.7717/peerj.11202. PMC 8098675. PMID 33986987.
  219. ^ Czerkas, Stephen A. (1992). "Discovery of dermal spines reveals a new look for sauropod dinosaurs". Geology. 20 (12): 1068. Bibcode:1992Geo....20.1068C. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<1068:DODSRA>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  220. ^ Tschopp, Emanuel; Mateus, Octávio; Benson, Roger B.J. (2015-04-07). "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)". PeerJ. 3: e857. doi:10.7717/peerj.857. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4393826. PMID 25870766.
  221. ^ Tschopp, Emanuel; Mateus, Octávio (October 2013). "The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (7): 853–888. Bibcode:2013JSPal..11..853T. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.746589. ISSN 1477-2019.
  222. ^ Carrano, Matthew T.; D’Emic, Michael D. (2015-01-02). "Osteoderms of the titanosaur sauropod dinosaur Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (1): e901334. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E1334C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.901334. ISSN 0272-4634.
  223. ^ a b D'Emic, Michael D.; Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Chatterjee, Sankar (2009-03-12). "The titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) osteoderm record: review and first definitive specimen from India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 165–177. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..165D. doi:10.1671/039.029.0131. ISSN 0272-4634.
  224. ^ Torino~tschopp.e@gmail.com, Emanuel Tschopp~Università di; Hannover~dr.wings@gmail.com, Oliver Wings~Landesmuseum; Zurich~thomas.frauenfelder@usz.ch, Thomas Frauenfelder~University Hospital; Zürich~winand.brinkmann@pim.uzh.ch, Winand Brinkmann~Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität (2015-08-28). "Articulated bone sets of manus and pedes of Camarasaurus (Sauropoda, Dinosauria)". Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/559. Retrieved 2025-06-09.
  225. ^ "Abstract," in Sanders et al. (2001). Pg. 166.
  226. ^ Poropat, Stephen F.; Tosolini, Anne-Marie P.; Beeston, Samantha L.; Enchelmaier, Mackenzie J.; Pentland, Adele H.; Mannion, Philip D.; Upchurch, Paul; Chin, Karen; Korasidis, Vera A.; Bell, Phil R.; Enriquez, Nathan J.; Holman, Alex I.; Brosnan, Luke M.; Elson, Amy L.; Tripp, Madison (2025-06-09). "Fossilized gut contents elucidate the feeding habits of sauropod dinosaurs". Current Biology. 35 (11): 2597–2613.e7. Bibcode:2025CBio...35.2597P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 40494280.
  227. ^ "Osteology of the dorsal vertebrae of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Dreadnoughtus schrani from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica". www.app.pan.pl. Retrieved 2025-06-19.
  228. ^ Schroeter, Elena R.; Ullmann, Paul V.; Macauley, Kyle; Ash, Richard D.; Zheng, Wenxia; Schweitzer, Mary H.; Lacovara, Kenneth J. (2022-08-02). "Soft-Tissue, Rare Earth Element, and Molecular Analyses of Dreadnoughtus schrani, an Exceptionally Complete Titanosaur from Argentina". Biology. 11 (8): 1158. doi:10.3390/biology11081158. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 9404821. PMID 36009785.
  229. ^ Pittman, Michael; Enriquez, Nathan J.; Bell, Phil R.; Kaye, Thomas G.; Upchurch, Paul (2022-02-10). "Newly detected data from Haestasaurus and review of sauropod skin morphology suggests Early Jurassic origin of skin papillae". Communications Biology. 5 (1): 122. doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03062-z. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8831608. PMID 35145214.
  230. ^ Csiki, Zoltán (1999). "New evidence of armoured titanosaurids in the Late Cretaceous - Magyarosaurus dacus from the Hateg Basin (Romania)". Oryctos. 2: 93–99.
  231. ^ Cerda, Ignacio A.; Powell, Jaime E. (September 2010). "Dermal Armor Histology of Saltasaurus loricatus, an Upper Cretaceous Sauropod Dinosaur from Northwest Argentina". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (3): 389–398. doi:10.4202/app.2009.1101. ISSN 0567-7920. Archived from the original on 2025-05-17.
  232. ^ Olga del Valle Giménez (2007). "Skin impressions of Tehuelchesaurus (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Nueva serie. 9 (2). ISSN 1853-0400. Archived from the original on 2025-04-19.
  233. ^ Dodson, Peter; Krause, David W.; Forster, Catherine A.; Sampson, Scott D.; Ravoavy, Florent (1998-09-15). "Titanosaurid (Sauropoda) osteoderms from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (3): 563–568. Bibcode:1998JVPal..18..563D. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011084. ISSN 0272-4634.
  234. ^ Curry Rogers, Kristina; D'Emic, Michael; Rogers, Raymond; Vickaryous, Matthew; Cagan, Amanda (2011-11-29). "Sauropod dinosaur osteoderms from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". Nature Communications. 2 (1): 564. Bibcode:2011NatCo...2..564C. doi:10.1038/ncomms1578. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 22127060.
  235. ^ Kim, Jeong Yul; Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Seo, Seung Jo (2010-07-01). "Dinosaur skin impressions from the Cretaceous of Korea: New insights into modes of preservation". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 293 (1): 167–174. Bibcode:2010PPP...293..167K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.012. ISSN 0031-0182.
  236. ^ Paik, In Sung; Kim, Hyun Joo; Lee, Hoil; Kim, Seongyeong (2017-11-27). "A large and distinct skin impression on the cast of a sauropod dinosaur footprint from Early Cretaceous floodplain deposits, Korea". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 16339. Bibcode:2017NatSR...716339P. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16576-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5703924. PMID 29180663.
  237. ^ Chiappe, Luis M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Dingus, Lowell; Jackson, Frankie; Chinsamy, Anusuya; Fox, Marilyn (November 1998). "Sauropod dinosaur embryos from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia". Nature. 396 (6708): 258–261. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..258C. doi:10.1038/24370. ISSN 0028-0836.
  238. ^ Marinho, Thiago. "A Large Titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) Osteoderm With Possible Bite Marks From Ibirá, São Paulo State, Brazil". Paleontologia - Cenarios de Vida, V.4. Interciencia. ISBN 978-85-7193-274-6.
  239. ^ Vidal, Daniel; Ortega, Francisco; Sanz, José Luis (2014). "Titanosaur osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Spain) and their implications on the armor of Laurasian titanosaurs". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e102488. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j2488V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102488. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4131861. PMID 25118985.
  240. ^ Fondevilla, Víctor; Vila, Bernat; Oms, Oriol; Galobart, Àngel (March 2017). "Skin impressions of the last European dinosaurs". Geological Magazine. 154 (2): 393–398. Bibcode:2017GeoM..154..393F. doi:10.1017/S0016756816000868. ISSN 0016-7568.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dinosaur_specimens_with_preserved_soft_tissue&oldid=1300283770"