Jump to content

Hinduism in the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Hindu Americans" redirects here. For Indian-origin people in United States, see Indian Americans.

Hindu Americans
Holi celebration at Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple in Spanish Fork, Utah
Total population
3,369,976 (2021) Increase[1][2]
1% of U.S. Population
2016 Public Religion Research Institute data[3]
0.7% of the U.S. Population
2015 Pew Research Center data[4]
Regions with significant populations
California California778,804
New Jersey New Jersey278,600
New York (state) New York202,157
Massachusetts Massachusetts140,027
Illinois Illinois128,125
Ohio Ohio117,800
Texas Texas112,153
Languages
Majority spoken languages
Related ethnic groups
Hinduism by country
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Caribbean
Oceania
South America
Full list

Hinduism in the United States is a religious denomination comprising around 1% of the population, nearly the same as Buddhism and Islam.[1] Hindu Americans in the United States largely include first and second generation immigrants from India and other South Asian countries, while there are also local converts and followers.[5][6] Several aspects related to Hinduism, such as yoga, karma, and meditation have been adopted into mainstream American beliefs and lifestyles.[7][8][9]

Hinduism is one of the Dharmic religions and adheres to the concept of dharma, a cosmic order. The dharmic principle of reincarnation has gained popularity in the United States. According to the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life survey of 2009, 24% of Americans believe in reincarnation, a core concept of Hinduism and Dharmic religions.[10][11] The Hindu practices of vegetarianism and ahimsa are also becoming more widespread. Om is a widely chanted mantra, particularly among millennials and those who practice yoga and subscribe to the New Age philosophy.

Historically, American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson studied the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita around 1857 and published a related poem, "Brahma". In 1893, Swami Vivekananda's address to the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago was one of the first major discussions of Hinduism in the United States. In 1925, Paramahansa Yogananda became the first Kriya Yoga teacher to settle in America. In the 1960s, Beatles member George Harrison played songs that included Hindu mantra Hare Krishna, and helped popularize Hinduism in America.

The Hindu community in the United States began to grow after the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.[12] As a result of U.S. immigration policies that favored educated and highly skilled migrants from India,[13] Hindu Americans are the most likely to hold college degrees and earn high incomes among all religious communities in the United States. More recently, Hindu Americans have become politically active in the mainstream American political landscape. In 2012, Tulsi Gabbard became the first Hindu-American member of U.S. Congress.

History

[edit]

Pioneering thinkers in the United States began to assimilate Hindu and Dharmic thought long before the arrival of Hindu immigrants.[14] Among the first was the American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson, who in 1857 published a poem, "Brahma," in the first issue of the literary magazine The Atlantic Monthly, which he had helped to found. The work contained the lines "I am the doubter and the doubt, I am the hymn the Brahmin sings."[15] Emerson was expressing the Hindu philosophy of non-duality, Advaita. Another pioneer was Madame Blavatsky, co-founder in 1875 of The Theosophical Society in New York, her philosophy blending several Asian traditions [16][17] and stressed the importance of Patanjali's system of yoga.[16][17]

Early Hindu scholars in US

[edit]
Swami Vivekananda on the Platform of the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893.

In 1893, Swami Vivekananda's address to the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago was one of the first major discussions of Hinduism in the United States. He spent two years lecturing in several U.S. cities, including Detroit, Boston, and New York. Swami Vivekananda's multiple lectures in the United States from 1893 to 1895 effectively introduced Hinduism to the country.[8][18][19] He also introduced Yoga philosophy and a mixture of yoga breathwork (pranayama) and meditation.[20] Starting in 1902, Swami Rama Tirtha spent two years speaking on the philosophy of Vedanta in the United States.[21]

In 1920, Paramahansa Yogananda was India's delegate to the International Congress of Religious Liberals held in Boston.[22] He embarked on a successful speaking tour in the US before settling in Los Angeles in 1925, where he trained disciples in Kriya Yoga.[23] Yogananda was among the first Indian Yoga teachers to settle in the US, and the first prominent Hindu scholar to be hosted in the White House in 1927.[24][25] He published his Autobiography of a Yogi in 1946, which was recognized as one of the best spiritual books of the 20th Century.[26]

Bhagavad Gita in America

[edit]

Around 1857, the American poet-philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century, studied the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita.[27] The Bhagavad Gita is a central text in Hinduism and a synthesis of various strands of Hindu religious thought, including the Vedic concept of dharma (duty, rightful action); samkhya-based yoga and jnana (knowledge); and bhakti (devotion).[28] Emerson noted that Gita's message was an allegory for the inner battle between good and evil in the human soul.[29]

In the late 19th century, Swami Vivekananda's speeches in America contained numerous references to the Gita, and the four yogas – bhakti, jnana, karma, and raja ,[30] and through the message of the Gita, Vivekananda sought to re-emphasize the core tenets of Hindu thought both in India and America.[31]

In the 20th century, an American scholar of Hindu philosophy, Gerald James Larson,[32] who was a Professor of Indian Cultures and Civilization at Indiana University, Bloomington as well as Professor of Religious Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara,[33] stated that "if there is any one text that comes near to embodying the totality of what it is to be a Hindu, it would be the Bhagavad Gita."[34][35]

Influence on counter-culture movement

[edit]
Swami Prabhupada's arrival in San Francisco in 1967

During the 1960s, Hindu teachers found a receptive audience in the U.S. counter-culture, leading to the formation of a number of Neo-Hindu movements, such as the International Society for Krishna Consciousness founded by Swami Prabhupada.[36] People involved in the counter-culture such as Ram Dass, George Harrison, and Allen Ginsberg were influential in the spread of Hinduism in the United States.

Ram Dass was a Harvard professor known as Richard Alpert who traveled to India in 1967 and studied under Neem Karoli Baba.[37] He returned the West as a Hindu teacher and changed his name to Ram Dass, which means servant of Rama (one of the Hindu gods).[37] Jeffery Kagel commonly known as Krishna Das, went to India in the sixties and returned to America as a practitioner of Bhakti yoga and singer of Hindu devotional music known as kirtan (chanting the names of God), described by the New York Times as "the chant master of American yoga".[38]

Beatles member George Harrison [39] became a devotee of Swami Prabhupada. Harrison started to record songs with the words "Hari Krishna" in the lyrics and was widely responsible for popularizing Hinduism in America in the 1960s and 1970s. His song, My Sweet Lord, became the biggest-selling single of 1971 in the United Kingdom. In 1967, the Human Be-In event held in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park [40][41] as a prelude to San Francisco's Summer of Love, a symbol of American counterculture, and involved chanting of "Om" by Allen Ginsberg, a follower of Hinduism.[42]

In 1974, Alfred Ford, the great-grandson of Henry Ford, joined the ISKCON, a Vaishnava Hindu group and helped establish the first Hindu temple in Hawaii and the Bhakti Vedanta Cultural Centre in Detroit.[43] Other influential Indians of Hindu faith in the counter-culture movement are Mata Amritanandamayi, Chinmoy and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.[44]

Demographics

[edit]
Hindu Temple in Chino Hills, California

According to the 2023–24 Pew Research Center Religious Landscape Study, Hindus comprise approximately 0.9% of the U.S. adult population, representing a 0.5 percentage point increase from 0.4% in 2007. The Hindu population of the United States is the eighth-largest in the world. Most Hindus in the United States are of Asian Indian origin, and about 80% of Asian Indian immigrants practice Hinduism.[45] The US Hindu population has been growing over the recent decades.[45] In a 2025 survey, 84% of Hindus reported their ethnic origin from Asian countries.[46]

Earlier in a 2015 survey, most Hindus in America were immigrants (87%) or the children of immigrants (9%), while the remaining were converts.[47] The majority of Hindus are immigrants from South Asia.[46] There are also Hindus from the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Canada, Oceania, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. In the U.S. there are also about 900 ethnic Cham people from Vietnam, one of the few remaining non-Indic Hindus in the world, 55% of whom are Hindus.[48]

From 2008 to 2017, around 90000 Hindu Bhutanese refugees were resettled in the United States.[49][50] Earlier in 1988, a census in Bhutan resulted in ethnic and linguistic tensions against the Nepali-speaking Hindu Lhotshampa ethnic group, leading to them becoming Bhutanese refugees in Nepal.[51][52][53] Many Afghan Hindus have also settled in United States, mainly after Soviet–Afghan War and the rise of the Taliban.[54][55] A number of Hindu-Americans immigrated twice, first from former British colonies of East Africa, the Caribbean, Fiji to the United Kingdom, and then to the United States.[56][57]

According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, in 2017 Hindus were the largest minority religion in 92 of the 3143 counties in the US.[58] Although Hinduism is practiced mainly by people of South Asian descent, a sizable number of Hindus in United States are converts to Hinduism. According to the Pew Research Center, 9% of Hindus in United States belong to a non-Asian ethnicity: White (4%), Black (2%), Latino (1%) and mixed (2%).[5]

As per the 2020 census, the median age of Hindus in the United States was 36 years, which is lower than the national average of 47 years. Hindus are the second youngest religious group, after Muslims (33 years).[59] While as per 2023, the median age of Hindus have increased to 42 years.[60]

Education and income

[edit]

American Hindus have the highest rates of educational attainment and highest household income among all religious communities, and the lowest divorce rates.[61] In 2008, according to Pew Research Center, 80% of American adults who were raised as Hindus continued to adhere to Hinduism, which is the highest retention rate for any religion in America.[62]

Due to the U.S. immigration policies, most of the Hindu immigrants have been educated and highly skilled professionals, most likely to hold college degrees.[63]

Historically, some notable Hindus came to America for education in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Anandibai Joshi is believed to be the first Hindu woman to set foot on American soil, arriving in New York in June 1883 at the age of 19, graduating with a medical degree from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in March 1886, becoming the first female of South Asian origin to graduate with a degree in Western medicine in the United States.[64]

Religiosity

[edit]
Diwali celebration at Hindu BAPS Temple in Houston

According to a 2014 Pew Research survey, 88% of the American Hindu population believed in God (versus 89% of adults overall). However, only 26% believed that religion is very important in their life. About 51% of the Hindu population reported praying daily.[5]

According to the Pew Research Center, only 15% of the Americans identified the Vedas as a Hindu religious text. Roughly half of Americans knew that yoga has roots in Hinduism.[65][66]

Languages spoken

[edit]

Since Hindu Americans come from a diverse linguistic background, they speak many languages including the following: English, Hindi and its varieties, Telugu, Gujarati, Bengali, Tamil, Punjabi, Nepali,Marathi, Malayalam|Kannada, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Assamese, Dogri, and Odia.

Further, smaller groups of Hindu Americans also speak the following: Tulu, Angika, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Magahi, Newar, Konkani, Gondi, Kurukh, Kokborok, Meitei, Limbu, Gurung, Tamang, Magar, Rai, Boro, Santali, Nagpuri, Khandeshi, Pashto, Hindko, Saraiki, Rajasthani languages, Pahari languages, Bhil languages, Tharu languages, other South Asian languages, Hinglish, Caribbean English, Caribbean Hindustani, Fiji Hindi, Mauritian Creole, Dutch, Polish, French, Malay, Russian, Balinese, German, Tenggerese, Cham, Romani, Spanish and other languages.

Socio-cultural engagement

[edit]

Adaption to Western culture

[edit]
Red & White American Flags atop Hindu Temple in Atlanta

Many of the early Hindu emissaries to the United States drew on ideological confluences between Christian and Hindu universalism.[67] Hindu temples in the United States tend to house more than one deity corresponding with a different tradition, unlike those in India which tend to house deities from a single tradition.[68] Yoga become part of many American's lifestyle, but its meaning has shifted. While Hindus in the United States may refer to the practice as a form of meditation that has different forms (i.e. karma yoga, bhakti yoga, kriya yoga), it is used in reference to the physical aspect of the word.[69]

Social views

[edit]

In 2019, a Pew survey noted that 71% of Hindus believed that homosexuality should be accepted, which is higher than the general public (62%).[5]. The same study also said that about 68% of Hindus supported same-sex marriage, vs. 53% of the general public.[5] The 2019 Pew survey also noted that Hindus in the United States support abortion rights (68%). Further, the same survey indicated that about 69% of Hindus supported regulations to protect the environment and nature.[5]

Influence on Pop Culture

[edit]
Julia Roberts at premiere of Eat Pray Love in 2010

Hinduism has influenced several Hollywood movies such as Eat Pray Love, which is a movie about a "modern American woman’s journey towards peace through Indian spiritual practices,"[70] including spending time at a Hindu ashram in India and practicing yoga.[71] The science fiction Interstellar, directed by Christopher Nolan is considered to be inspired by the central notion of universal super-consciousness that transcends space and time from the ancient Indian philosophical texts, the Upanishads.[70][72] Oppenheimer, a biographical thriller by Christopher Nolan based on the life of the American physicist who helped develop the first nuclear bomb, shows the lead character, J. Robert Oppenheimer, reading and quoting from the Hindu scripture and Bhagavad Gita.[73]

Several Hollywood actors follow Hindu traditions, including Julia Roberts, who is a practicing Hindu and played the role of a spiritual seeker in Eat, Pray, Love. [6][74] Hugh Jackman, Shawn Mendes, and Vin Diesel hold the Bhagavad Gita in high regard.[75] Actor Will Smith is also known to follow Hindu rituals including a visit to India and participating in Ganga aarti prayer.[76]

Hindu-Americans in politics

[edit]
Vivek Ramaswamy at the 2023 Turning Point Action Conference
Tulsi Gabbard at the conservative "People's Convention" in 2024

In September 2000, a joint session of Congress was opened with a prayer in Sanskrit (with some Hindi and English added), by Venkatachalapathi Samudrala to honor the visit of Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The gesture was an initiative by Ohio Congressman Sherrod Brown, who requested the U.S. Congress House Chaplain to invite the Hindu priest from the Shiva Vishnu Hindu Temple in Parma, Ohio.[77] A Hindu prayer was read in the Senate on July 12, 2007, by Rajan Zed, a Hindu priest from Nevada, who served as the Senate guest Chaplain.[78] His prayer was interrupted by a couple and their daughter who claimed to be Christian patriots, which prompted a criticism of candidates in the upcoming presidential election for not condemning the interruption.[79] In October 2009, President Barack Obama lit a ceremonial Diwali lamp at the White House to symbolize victory of light over darkness.

In April 2009, President Obama appointed Anju Bhargava, a management consultant and pioneer community builder, to serve as a member of his inaugural Advisory Council on Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnership. In collaboration with the White House, Hindu American Seva Communities was formed to bring the Hindu seva voices to the forefront in the public arena and to bridge the gap between U.S. government and Hindu people and places of worship.

In the 2020 elections, Tulsi Gabbard became the first Hindu to run in the presidential race from Democratic Party,[80] though later she endorsed Joe Biden.[81] In 2021, the State of New Jersey joined with the World Hindu Council to declare October as Hindu Heritage Month.[82]

In recent years, the political participation of Indian-Americans has increased with Vivek Ramaswamy being Hindu of Indian background running for the position of president in the 2024 elections from Republican Party, though he later endorsed Donald Trump.[83]

In 2025, Tulsi Gabbard was sworn in as the director of national intelligence[84][85] taking the role of President Donald Trump's top intelligence adviser, and became the first Hindu American to hold a Cabinet-level position.[86][87]

In the U.S. Government

[edit]
President Donald Trump with Director Tulsi Gabbard in 2025
Kash Patel appointed as FBI Director in 2025

U.S. Cabinet

[edit]

U.S. Congress

[edit]

In the 119th US Congress, there are four Hindu Congressmen (0.8% of total).[88]

Other prominent positions

[edit]

State legislators

[edit]

Hindu temples in America

[edit]
See also: List of Hindu temples in the United States
BAPS Mandir in Robbinsville, NJ
BAPS Mandir, at Atlanta
BAPS Mandir, in Houston
BAPS Mandir, at Chicago
Sri Siva Vishnu Temple in Lanham, Maryland
Malibu Hindu Temple near Malibu, California
Hindu Temple of St. Louis, Missouri
Sri Guruvaayoorappan Temple in Morganville, NJ

The Vedanta Society was responsible for building the earliest temples in the United States, starting in 1905 with the Old Temple in San Francisco,[90][91][92] but they were not considered formal temples.[93] The earliest traditional mandir in the United States is Shiva Kartikeya Temple in Concord, California. It was built in 1957 and is known as Palanisamy Temple. It is one of the few temples run by public elected members.[94] The Maha Vallabha Ganapathi Devastanam, owned by the Hindu Temple Society of North America in Flushing, New York, was consecrated on July 4, 1977.[95]

There are over 1,450 Hindu temples across the United States,[96] with a majority on the east coast. The New York region has more than 1,135 temples; Texas has 128 and Massachusetts has 127.[97][98][99]

Other temples include the Malibu Hindu Temple, built in 1981 in Calabasas, California, and owned and operated by the Hindu Temple Society of Southern California. In addition, Swaminarayan temples exist in almost 20 states.

The oldest Hindu temple in Texas is the Shree Raseshwari Radha Rani temple at Radha Madhav Dham, Austin.[100] The temple was established by Jagadguru Shree Kripaluji Maharaj. It is one of the largest Hindu temple complexes in the Western Hemisphere,[101] and the largest in North America.[102][103][104]

Parashakthi Temple[105] in Pontiac, Michigan, is a Tirtha Peetham for Goddess "Shakthi," or the "Great Divine Mother" in Hinduism. The temple was envisioned in 1994 by Dr. G. Krishna Kumar in a deep meditative Kundalini experience of "Adi Shakthi".[106]

Akshardham in Robbinsville, New Jersey, is one of the largest stone Hindu temples in the United States.[107]

In 2010, the Bharatiya Temple of Northwest Indiana temple was opened[108] next to the Indian American Cultural Center in Merrillville, Indiana. The Bharatiya Temple allows four different Hindu groups as well as a Jain group to worship together.[109]

The Sri Ganesha Temple of Alaska in Anchorage, Alaska, is the northernmost Hindu temple in the world.[110]

Discrimination and biases

[edit]

Early immigration struggles

[edit]

As a result of the Bellingham Riots in Bellingham, Washington, on September 5, 1907, some 125 Indians (mostly Sikhs but labelled as Hindus) were driven out of town by a mob of 400-500 white men. Some victims of the riots migrated to Everett, Washington, where they received similar treatment two months later.[111] Riots occurred during this period in Vancouver, British Columbia,[112] and California.[113]

In the 1923 case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, the Supreme Court ruled that Thind and other South Asians were not "free white persons" according to a 1790 federal law that stated that only white immigrants could apply for naturalized citizenship.[114] The Immigration Act of 1924 prohibited the immigration of Asians such as Middle Easterners and Indians.[115]

The first wave of South Asian immigrants in America was predominantly Punjabi Sikhs, who migrated to the West Coast in the early 20th century due to economic hardships in India. They typically labored in agriculture, railroads, and lumberyards, establishing communities and the first Sikh temple in California by 1912. In the early 1900s, White Americans labeled all South Asian immigrants “Hindoos,” regardless of their religion, labeling them as an economic and cultural threat and leading to hostility, violent attacks, and forced expulsions by white workers in towns like Bellingham, Washington. Sentiments intensified through organizations like the Asiatic Exclusion League and widespread media portrayal of an alleged "Hindoo invasion."[116]

Temple vandalism

[edit]

In February 2015, Hindu temples in Kent and the Seattle Metropolitan area were vandalized, and in April 2015, a Hindu temple in north Texas was vandalized with xenophobic images spray-painted on its walls.[117][118] In January 2019, the Swaminarayan Temple in Kentucky was vandalized. Black paint was sprayed on the deity; the words "Jesus is the only God" and the Christian cross was spray painted on various walls.[119][120]

Around 2022, there were several cases of vandalism of Hindu Temples in New York by Khalistan separatists, including the destruction of Mahatma Gandhi's statue outside Shri Tulsi Mandir in South Richmond Hill, New York, which was vandalized two times, first on August 03, 2022, and then on August 16, 2022, wherein 5-6 miscreants smashed the Gandhi statue with sledgehammers and spray painted Khalistan on the statue.[121][122] In September 2022, a man named Sukhpal Singh was arrested and charged with a hate crime incident at the Hindu temple in Queens, New York, in which he destroyed the Gandhi statue and spray painted derogatory words.[123]

In October 2023, there was a burglary at a Hindu mandir in Sacramento, California, with six suspects stealing a donation box from the premises, some Hindu groups alleged that the theft was motivated by religious hate.[124] The incident, which took place at the Hari Om Radha Krishna Mandir in Sacramento, was condemned by the Coalition of Hindus of North America (CoHNA) as a potential hate crime.[125][126]

In January 2024, a Hindu temple in California was defaced with pro Khalistan graffiti.[127]

Past objections to Hindu prayers in legislatures

[edit]
See also: Venkatachalapathi Samuldrala prayer controversy

In 2000, the first Hindu opening prayer was offered in the U.S. Congress by Venkatachalapathi Samuldrala, a priest of Shiva Hindu Temple in Parma, Ohio.[128][129][130] This prayer coincides with the visit of Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee to U.S. in 2000.[128] Under the rules of the United States House of Representatives, Representative Sherrod Brown of Ohio invited a Hindu priest, Samuldrala.[128][129][130] This prayer prompted criticism from some conservative Christian groups such as Family Research Council, who protested against it in conservative media, in turn generating responses from their opponents and leading to discussions over the role of legislative chaplains in a pluralist society.[130][131]

On July 12, 2007, Rajan Zed, a Hindu priest, offered a prayer in the U.S. Senate as its guest priest. The proceedings were interrupted by three self-professed Christian protestors, who were arrested by Capitol Police and charged with a misdemeanor for disrupting Congress.[132] The conservative Christian group American Family Association objected to the prayer,[133] citing the loss of the "Judeo-Christian foundations" of the United States.[134]

California textbook protest over Hindu history

[edit]
Main article: California textbook controversy over Hindu history

In 2005, the Texas-based Vedic Foundation and the American Hindu Education Foundation filed a complaint to California's Curriculum Commission, arguing that the coverage of Indian history and Hinduism in 6th grade history textbooks was biased against Hinduism.[135] Points of contention included a textbook's portrayal of the caste system, the Indo-Aryan migration theory, and the status of women in Indian society.[136]

Caste discrimination

[edit]
Main article: Caste discrimination in the United States

The oppressed castes of South Asia, known as Dalits, form 1.5% of all Indian immigrants to the United States, according to a University of Pennsylvania study carried out in 2003.[137][138] While a 2019 survey conducted by a Dalit rights group, Equality Labs [139] claimed that the majority of Dalits living in the US reported facing caste-based harassment at the workplace[140][141], the survey results were questioned by the Carnegie Endowment researchers, who pointed out that the study used a non-representative snowball sampling method to identify participants, which might have skewed the results in favor of those with strong views about caste.[142][139]

In 2021, the student body of California State University system passed a resolution seeking a ban on caste-based discrimination.[138] The campaign was spearheaded by a Nepali origin Dalit student, who came to the US in 2015 escaping social exclusion in his home country, and claimed that he faced discrimination in the US as well.[138] The resolution cited the survey by Equality Labs where a quarter of Dalits reported having faced verbal or physical assaults.[138] Al Jazeera noted that the resolution was backed by students from different racial and religious groups.[138]

Around 2023, several Hindu-American organizations successfully opposed the SB 403 bill, which aimed to introduce caste laws in California that could have unfairly targeted Hindu Americans.[143] In 2023, California legislature proposed a bill to add “caste” under California laws, but the bill was vetoed by Governor Gavin Newsom noting that such measure was “unnecessary” because discrimination based on caste was already prohibited in the state, stating that "California already prohibits discrimination based on sex, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, disability, gender identity, sexual orientation, and other characteristics".[144] Many Hindu American groups welcomed Governor's veto as they argued that the proposed bill attempted to unfairly malign their community.[143][144]

Hindu organizations in America

[edit]

Several organizations have been formed to combat discrimination against Hindus in the United States and raise issues impacting Hindu Americans. Some of these organizations include:

  • Hindu American Foundation: HAF is an American Hindu advocacy group founded in 2003 with the broad aim of protecting the rights of Hindus in the United States and raising cultural appropriation issues.[145] Around 2023, HAF was among several Hindu-American organizations that successfully opposed the SB 403 bill, which aimed to introduce caste laws in California that could have unfairly targeted Hindu Americans.[143]
  • Sadhana: aims to empower Hindu-Americans to live the values of their faith through service, community transformation, and advocacy work.[146]
  • CoHNA: Coalition of Hindus of North America[147]- Due to CoHNA's activism, Georgia passed a resolution condemning "Hinduphobia" in 2023, making it the first state in United States to pass such a resolution.[148]
  • HinduPACT: The Hindu Policy Research and Advocacy Collective (HinduPACT) is an American Hindu advocacy group with stated aims to monitor acts of hatred towards Hindu Americans while engaging with all Americans to promote Hindu values such as pluralism.[149]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "About Three-in-Ten U.S. Adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated". Measuring Religion in Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel. Pew Research Center. December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  2. ^ "hindus in the United States of America". worldatlas.com. August 16, 2017.
  3. ^ Cox, Daniel; Jones, Ribert P. (June 9, 2017). America's Changing Religious Identity: Findings from the 2016 American Values Atlas (Report). Public Religion Research Institute.
  4. ^ "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  6. ^ a b "I'm a Hindu: Julia Roberts". The Times of India. August 7, 2010. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  7. ^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (August 18, 2009). "Americans turn to Hindu beliefs". The Times of India. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  8. ^ a b Hammond 2018.
  9. ^ Goldberg 2013, pp. 219–235.
  10. ^ Ryan, Thomas (October 21, 2015). "25 percent of US Christians believe in reincarnation. What's wrong with this picture?". America. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  11. ^ Miller, Lisa (August 15, 2009). "We Are All Hindus Now". Newsweek. Retrieved July 11, 2018 – via AdiShakti.org.
  12. ^ Mary Hanna; Jeanne Batalova (October 15, 2020). "Indian Immigrants in the United States". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  13. ^ Hilburn, Matthew (July 30, 2012). "Hindu-Americans Rank Top in Education, Income". Voice of America. Archived from the original on February 20, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  14. ^ Goldberg 2013, pp. 26–46.
  15. ^ Syman 2010, pp. 11–14, 20–25.
  16. ^ a b Syman 2010, pp. 62–63.
  17. ^ a b Goldberg 2013, pp. 47–66.
  18. ^ Syman 2010, pp. 37–61.
  19. ^ Goldberg 2013, pp. 67–86.
  20. ^ Singleton 2018.
  21. ^ Arora, Raj Kumar (1978). Swami Ram Tirath, his life and works. New Delhi, India: Rajesh Publications. p. 56.
  22. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (December 3, 2010). "Sri Daya Mata, Guiding Light for U.S. Hindus, Dies at 96 (Published 2010)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  23. ^ Meares, Hadley (August 9, 2013). "From Hip Hotel to Holy Home: The Self-Realization Fellowship on Mount Washington". KCET. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  24. ^ Chidan, Rajghatta (June 19, 2019). "In America and across the world, India reclaims its yoga heritage". The Times of India. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  25. ^ Goldberg, Philip (March 7, 2012). "The Yogi Of The Autobiography: A Tribute To Yogananda". HuffPost. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  26. ^ "Autobiography of a Yogi". Yogoda Satsanga Society of India. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  27. ^ Syman 2010, pp. 11–14.
  28. ^ Smith 2009, p. xii.
  29. ^ Engels, Jeremy David (2021). The Ethics of Oneness: Emerson, Whitman, and the Bhagavad Gita, pp. 14-15. University of Chicago Press.
  30. ^ Minor 1986, p. 131.
  31. ^ Minor 1986, p. 144.
  32. ^ "Gerald James Larson". www.entities.oclc.org. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  33. ^ "Gerald James Larson". Gerald James Larson. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  34. ^ Larson 2009, p. 187.
  35. ^ Robinson 2014, pp. viii–ix.
  36. ^ "Srila Prabhupada Lila". www.srilaprabhupadalila.org. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  37. ^ a b Charet, F. X. (2013). "Ram Dass: The Vicissitudes of Devotion and Ferocity of Grace". In Gleig, Ann; Williamson, Lola (eds.). Homegrown Gurus: from Hinduism in America to American Hinduism. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 15–40. ISBN 978-1-4384-4792-6. OCLC 862746284.
  38. ^ Powers, Ann (June 4, 2000). "MUSIC; Tuning in to the Chant Master of American Yoga". The New York Times. Krishna Das is an unassuming icon of this trend. A practitioner of Bhankti yoga, the devotional limb of mystical Hinduism, he has fashioned himself into a kirtan wallah, or traveling singer, bringing divine praises
  39. ^ Williams, John P. (September 11, 2019). "Journey to America: South Asian Diaspora Migration to the United States (1965–2015)". Indigenous, Aboriginal, Fugitive and Ethnic Groups Around the Globe. doi:10.5772/intechopen.88118. ISBN 978-1-78985-431-2.
  40. ^ "American Experience Summer of Love". PBS. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  41. ^ Goldberg, Danny (January 13, 2017). "All the Human Be-In Was Saying 50 Years Ago, Was Give Peace a Chance". The Nation. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
  42. ^ Klausner, Linda T. (April 22, 2011), "American Beat Yogi: An Exploration of the Hindu and Indian Cultural Themes in Allen Ginsberg", Masters Thesis: Literature, Culture, and MediaLund University.
  43. ^ Krebs, Albin; Thomas, Robert Mcg. Jr (November 9, 1981). "Notes on People; Alfred Ford Takes a Turn to the Spiritual". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2006.
  44. ^ "Proud to be 1st Hindu-American to run for president: Tulsi Gabbard". The Economic Times. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  45. ^ a b "Religion and Indian Philosophy". stanford.edu. March 6, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2025.
  46. ^ a b Fahmy, Gregory A. Smith, Alan Cooperman, Becka A. Alper, Besheer Mohamed, Michael Rotolo, Patricia Tevington, Justin Nortey, Asta Kallo, Jeff Diamant and Dalia (February 26, 2025). "24. Age, race, education and other demographic traits of U.S. religious groups". Pew Research Center. Retrieved February 27, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ "Hindu population up in US, becomes fourth-largest faith". India Today. Indo-Asian News Service. May 13, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  48. ^ "Eastern Cham in the United States". Joshua Project.net. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  49. ^ Maxym, Maya (March 1, 2010). "Nepali-speaking Bhutanese (Lhotsampa) Cultural Profile". Ethnomed.org. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  50. ^ Koirala, Keshav P. (February 6, 2017). "Where in US and elsewhere Bhutanese refugees from Nepal resettled". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  51. ^ Morch, Maximillian (September 21, 2016). "Bhutan's Dark Secret: The Lhotshampa Expulsion". The Diplomat. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  52. ^ "Bhutan: International Religious Freedom Report". United States Department of State. 2007.
  53. ^ "90,000th Bhutanese refugee flying to US from Nepal for resettlement". The Himalayan Times. September 20, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  54. ^ "First Afghan Hindu and Sikh Temple in Maryland a Cultural Bridge | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  55. ^ "2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: Afghan". data.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  56. ^ Rangaswamy, Padma (2007). Indian Americans (2007 Hardcover ed.). New York: Chelsea House. p. 55. ISBN 9780791087862. gujarati.
  57. ^ Altman, Michael J. (2022). Hinduism in America: an introduction. Religion in America (1 ed.). New York City: Routledge. pp. 145–6. ISBN 978-1-138-38938-0.
  58. ^ "Largest Non-Christian Faith Tradition by County" (PDF). Religion Census Newsletter. Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. March 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  59. ^ "2020 PRRI Census of American Religion". PRRI | At the intersection of religion, values, and public life. July 8, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  60. ^ "2023 PRRI Census of American Religion: County-Level Data on Religious Identity and Diversity | PRRI". PRRI | At the intersection of religion, values, and public life. August 29, 2024. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  61. ^ Rajagopal 2005, p. 2.
  62. ^ "Hindus - Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  63. ^ Hilburn, Matthew (July 30, 2012). "Hindu-Americans Rank Top in Education, Income". Voice of America. Archived from the original on February 20, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
  64. ^ "Historical Photos Depict Women Medical Pioneers". Public Radio International. July 12, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
  65. ^ "Only 15% Americans identify Vedas as Hindu religious text". City Air News. July 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  66. ^ Alper, Becka A. (July 23, 2019). "6 facts about what Americans know about religion". Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  67. ^ Lucia, Amanda (January 25, 2017). "Hinduism in America". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.436. ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  68. ^ Prema, Kurien A. (2006). "Multiculturalism and "American" Religion: The Case of Hindu Indian Americans". Social Forces. 85 (2): 723–741. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0015. S2CID 146134214. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  69. ^ Lucia, Amanda (January 25, 2017). "Hinduism in America". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.436. ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  70. ^ a b "How movies embraced Hinduism (without you even noticing)". The Guardian. December 25, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2025. Roberts affirmed her Hinduism in the wake of Eat, Pray, Love – a movie that tells the tale of a modern American woman's journey towards peace through Indian spiritual practises
  71. ^ "Julia the Hindu and Eat Pray Love". Huff Post. September 1, 2010. Retrieved March 21, 2025. Elizabeth Gilbert is not the first author to write about a personal transformation resulting from time in an ashram and the practice of yogic disciplines. Nor is Eat Pray Love the first film to depict India's primary religious tradition in a positive way
  72. ^ "What Does Hinduism Mean In The Movie Interstellar". bartleby.com. Retrieved March 21, 2025. based on the ideal of a universal super-consciousness that transcends space and time and in which all human life is connected. Hinduism contains a concept of maya
  73. ^ ""Now I Am Become Death": The Story Behind Oppenheimer's Indelible Quote". Vanity Fair. July 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2025. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita
  74. ^ "Global celebrities who have turned Hindu or have been touched by sanatana dharma". My Nation. December 18, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2025.
  75. ^ "Gita Jayanti: The Bhagavad Gita's relevance transcends borders". Hindustan Times. December 11, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2025.
  76. ^ "Roots of India: Will Smith visits Haridwar, takes part in Hindu rituals & Ganga aarti". My Nation. August 9, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2025.
  77. ^ "For the first time, a Hindu priest will pray before US Congress". Rediff.com. September 14, 2000. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  78. ^ "California Senate opened with Hindu prayer for first time". Asian Tribune. August 29, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  79. ^ Boorstein, Michelle (July 27, 2007). "Hindu Groups Ask '08 Hopefuls to Criticize Protest". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  80. ^ "Tulsi Gabbard: Trump's Hindu pick for director of national intelligence". The Hindu. November 14, 2024. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  81. ^ Rebecca Morin; Jason Lalljee. "Tulsi Gabbard ends presidential campaign, backs Joe Biden". USA TODAY. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  82. ^ "SJR80". pub.njleg.gov. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  83. ^ "Vivek Ramaswamy takes questions about his Hinduism — one Bible verse at a time". NBC News. September 13, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  84. ^ Gangitano, Alex (February 12, 2025). "Tulsi Gabbard sworn in as top intelligence chief in Oval Office". The Hill. Retrieved February 12, 2025.
  85. ^ Tulsi Gabbard sworn-in as Director of National Intelligence; promises to 'restore trust'. The National Desk. February 12, 2025.
  86. ^ Nagari, Akhilesh (November 14, 2024). "Who is Tulsi Gabbard, first US Hindu lawmaker named as Trump's spy chief?". India Today. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
  87. ^ Kinnard, Meg; Klepper, David (November 13, 2024). "What to know about Tulsi Gabbard, Trump's pick to be director of national intelligence". Associated Press. Retrieved December 10, 2024. acts as the president's top intelligence adviser
  88. ^ Diamant, Jeff (January 2, 2025). "Faith on the Hill". Pew Research Center. Retrieved January 3, 2025.
  89. ^ "Hindu Americans, U.S. Surgeon General in Capitol Hill Spotlight". Hindu American Foundation. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  90. ^ Nolte, By Carl (November 3, 2018). "Week a fitting time to celebrate East Indians' success in SF". San Francisco Chronicle.
  91. ^ "Visit to Vedanta Society and the Old Temple of 1905 | Society for Asian Art".
  92. ^ "Old Temple". Vedanta Society of Northern California. December 30, 2020.
  93. ^ Sen, Arijit (Winter 2013). "Staged Disappointment - Interpreting the Architectural Facade of the Vedanta Temple, San Francisco". Winterthur Portfolio. Vol. 47, no. 4. pp. 207–214. doi:10.1086/673870. S2CID 164182046.
  94. ^ "Hinduism in America". The Pluralism Project. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  95. ^ "Ganesh Temple History". NY Ganesh Temple.org. October 28, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  96. ^ Iyer, Hari. "Global Hindu Temples directory ~ America". All Hindu Temples. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  97. ^ Iyer, Hari. "Global Hindu Temples directory ~ New York". All Hindu Temples. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  98. ^ Iyer, Hari. "Global Hindu Temples directory ~ Massachusetts". All Hindu Temples. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  99. ^ Iyer, Hari. "Global Hindu Temples directory ~ Texas". All Hindu Temples. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
  100. ^ India Today International. Volume 1, Issues 1–8. Living Media International. 2002.
  101. ^ "Vedic Foundation Inaugurated at Barsana Dham, Austin" (PDF). Hindu University of America Newsletter. 12 (2): 2. July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 18, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  102. ^ Ciment, James, ed. (2001). Encyclopedia of American Immigration. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-76568-028-0.
  103. ^ Hylton, Hilary; Rossie, Cam (2004). Insiders' Guide to Austin (4th ed.). Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-0-76272-997-5.
  104. ^ Mugno, Marjie; Rafferty, R. R., eds. (1998). Texas Monthly Guidebook. Houston, Texas: Gulf Pub. Co.
  105. ^ "Shakthi Worship". Parashakthi Temple. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  106. ^ "Honoring the eternal Divine Mother". India Abroad. December 30, 2011. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
  107. ^ Kuruvilla, Carol (August 26, 2014). "PHOTOS: Stunning Hindu temple in New Jersey is one of the largest in America". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014.
  108. ^ "Bharatiya Temple of NWI". www.bharatiyatemple-nwindiana.org. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  109. ^ Pati, George (2011). "Temple and Human Bodies: Representing Hinduism". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 15 (2): 191–207. doi:10.1007/s11407-011-9103-x. S2CID 145472191. ProQuest 904024803.
  110. ^ "Sri Ganesth Temple of Alaska Timings and Address". templesinindiainfo. April 10, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  111. ^ Labovitch, Lisa (June 4, 2021). "White mob gathers to expel Asian Indian laborers from Everett on November 2, 1907". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
  112. ^ "Two-day conference examines city's 1907 race riot". Archived from the original on November 4, 2012.
  113. ^ "4: The Great White Wall". Echoes of Freedom: South Asian Pioneers in California, 1899-1965.
  114. ^ Coulson, Doug (2015). "British Imperialism, the Indian Independence Movement, and the Racial Eligibility Provisions of the Naturalization Act: United States v. Thind Revisited". Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives. 7: 1–42. SSRN 2610266.
  115. ^ Mann, Gurinder Singh; Numrich, Paul David & Williams, Raymond Brady (2001). Buddhists, Hindus and Sikhs in America: A Short History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-19512-442-2.
  116. ^ Altman, Michael (2022). Hinduism in America: An Introduction (Religion in America) (Kindle ed.). Taylor and Francis. pp. 146–7.
  117. ^ "Hindu temple vandalised in U.S." The Hindu. January 31, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  118. ^ Chatterjee, Pallabi (January 31, 2019). "US: Hindu temple vandalized in Kentucky, deity sprayed black paint". Yahoo! News India. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  119. ^ "In New "Hate Crime" Incident, Hindu Temple Vandalised In US' Kentucky". NDTV.com. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  120. ^ "Hindu temple vandalized with hate speech in US, hateful words written on walls". Times Now News. January 31, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  121. ^ "Mahatma Gandhi statue in New York vandalised". August 19, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2025. Khalistani-supporters had damaged a Gandhi statue
  122. ^ Dahiya, Neha (October 2, 2022). "Mahatma, an Apostle of Peace". Retrieved March 5, 2025. In most incidents, desecration of Mahatma Gandhi statue, Khalistan separatists were involved.
  123. ^ Griffin, Allie (September 20, 2022). "Man charged for destroying Gandhi statue at NYC Hindu temple". Retrieved October 5, 2024.
  124. ^ "Burglars raid Hindu temple in US state of California". Tribune News.
  125. ^ Kumar, Ajit (October 31, 2023). "US: Burglars raid Hindu temple in California and steal donation box, CoHNA calls it 'hate crime'". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  126. ^ "Hindu temple in US raided by burglars". The Times of India. October 31, 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
  127. ^ "Hindu temple defaced with pro-Khalistan graffiti in California". India Today. January 5, 2024. Retrieved October 5, 2024.
  128. ^ a b c Congressional Record, Proceedings and Debates of the 106th Congress, Second Session. Vol. 146. September 14, 2000. p. 18005 (H7579).
  129. ^ a b B.A. Robinson. "Hindu Invocation In Congress". ReligiousTolerance.Org. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  130. ^ a b c "Hinduism Today". Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  131. ^ Marty, Martin E. (October 26, 2000). "Spiritual Adultery?". The Martin Marty Center for the Advanced Study of Religion. University of Chicago Divinity School. Archived from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  132. ^ "Hindu prayer in Senate disrupted". NBC News. July 12, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  133. ^ Davies, Haley (August 27, 2007). "Hindu chaplain Rajan Zed leads state Senate in opening prayer". SFGATE. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  134. ^ Boorstein, Michelle (July 27, 2007). "Hindu Groups Ask '08 Hopefuls to Criticize Protest". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  135. ^ "Textbook Reform Initiative: Problem statement". Vedic Foundation. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
  136. ^ Vashisht, Kanupriya (January 11, 2006). "The Hindutva deluge in California". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2006.
  137. ^ Tinku Ray (March 8, 2019). "The US isn't safe from the trauma of caste bias". WGBH News.
  138. ^ a b c d e Naik, Raqib Hameed. "US students pass resolution to end discrimination against Dalits". Al Jazeera.
  139. ^ a b Sriram Lakshman, Group opposes protection from caste discrimination in California Varsity’s faculty union, The Hindu, 24 January 2022.
  140. ^ Zwick-Maitreyi, M.; Soundararajan, T.; Dar, N.; Bheel, R. F.; Balakrishnan, P. (2018), Caste in the United States: A survey of Caste among South Asian Americans (PDF), Equality Labs, ISBN 978-0-692-94411-0, archived (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2021
  141. ^ Tinku Ray (March 8, 2019). "The US isn't safe from the trauma of caste bias". WGBH News.
  142. ^ Badrinathan, Sumitra; Kapur, Devesh; Kay, Jonathan; Vaishnav, Milan (June 9, 2021), Social Realities of Indian Americans: Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
  143. ^ a b c Amy Qin (October 7, 2023). "Newsom Vetoes Bill Banning Caste Discrimination". The New York Times. Hindu residents and organizations who had argued that the proposal unfairly targeted them because the caste system is most commonly associated with Hinduism
  144. ^ a b Kaur, Harmeet (October 9, 2023). "California governor vetoes bill that would ban caste discrimination". CNN.
  145. ^ "Hindu Group Stirs a Debate Over Yoga's Soul". The New York Times. November 27, 2010.
  146. ^ "Our Mission, Vision, Values". Sadhana. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  147. ^ "Coalition of Hindus of North America". CoHNA. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  148. ^ AP (April 1, 2023). "Georgia passes resolution condemning Hinduphobia". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  149. ^ "HinduPACT". World Hindu Council of America. Retrieved December 27, 2023.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hinduism in the United States.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_the_United_States&oldid=1283110619"