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Hans Otto Roth

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Hans Otto Roth
A portrait of Roth from 1924.
Parliamentary Chairman of the German Party
In office
1922–1938
MonarchsFerdinand I of Romania
Michael I of Romania
Carol II of Romania
Preceded byRudolf Brandsch
Succeeded byParty dissolved
Member of the Parliament of Romania
for Târnava-Mare County[1]
In office
1919–1938
Chairman of the Association of German Minorities in Europe
In office
1931–1934
Preceded byRudolf Brandsch
Succeeded byKurt Graebe
Personal details
Born(1890-04-29)April 29, 1890
Segesvár, Austria-Hungary (now Sighișoara, Romania)
DiedApril 1, 1953(1953-04-01) (aged 62)
Ghencea concentration camp, Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania
Political partyGerman Party
Alma materUniversity of Budapest

Hans Otto Roth (29 April 1890 - 1 April 1953) was a Transylvanian Saxon politician and lawyer. Roth was famous for his attempts to subvert the radical Nazism that was favored in his party, all of which were unsuccessful.

Born in Sighișoara, Roth studied law at various universities around Europe before graduating with a doctorate from the ELTE Faculty of Law in 1913. In 1918, inspired by the unification of Transylvania with Romania, Roth joined the Saxon Central Committee to support this accession. In 1919, he won a seat in the Romanian Parliament representing the German Party, and by 1922, he replaced Rudolf Brandsch as Parliamentary Chairman of the party. His time in parliament saw him focus on the issues of denominational schools and cooperation between the Germans and Hungarians before he retired in 1938. During his time in parliament, he was also briefly Chairman of the Association of German Minorities from 1931 to 1934, where he at first advocated for pan-Germanism. He met Adolf Hitler in June 1933, which changed certain views of Roth's although, ultimately, it still led to many Jews in Transylvania feeling betrayed by Roth.

In the following years, Roth became increasingly anti Nazi with the advent of the "renewal movement". This was because Roth's views were generally considered Christian left, which put him in opposition to many of the Nazi Party's views.[2] He was approached many times to be a minister in various Romanian cabinets, but declined because of the fact that the Iron Guard all had places in these cabinets. In 1943, this led to a climax between Andreas Schmidt and Roth, and he was expelled from the party. However, he still kept working at the time as regional church curator of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania, a position he had held since 1932. His various attempts to stop the self-Nazification of the church led to failures, which Roth was blamed for as a miscalculation. After the 1944 Romanian coup d'état, Roth asked Saxons to remain loyal to the Romanian state and wrote numerous memorandums to the Romanian government asking them not to judge his people too harshly. However, Roth was first arrested in August 1948, which triggered a wave of alarm, although he was eventually released. He was re-arrested in 1952 and held in the Ghencea concentration camp, where he died.

Early life

[edit]

Hans Otto Roth was born on 29 April 1890 in Sighișoara, which was then part of Austria-Hungary.[3] He was the youngest child of six children of lawyer Karl Roth (1846–1901) and Louise Roth (née Hausenblaß, 1855–1915) and was the grandson through his maternal side of a factory owner.[4] He attended elementary school in Sighișoara where he graduated in 1900, and then attended the local Protestant high school until 1908 where he was a part of the student self-government called Coetus Chlamydatorun.[4] From 1908 to 1912 he studied law at the universities of Budapest, Vienna, Berlin, and Zurich.[5] In April 1913 he received his doctorate in law from the ELTE Faculty of Law of the University of Budapest.[3] Afterwards, from 1913 to 1915, he worked in the Budapest law firms of A. Teteleni and Karl Schmidt.[4]

In January 1916 he was conscripted for military service in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War One, and he served as an auxiliary for Infantry Regiment No. 31, performing exclusively clerical duties.[4] In February 1917 he was released from military service due to an illness.[4] Afterwards, from February 1917 to 1918, he was an editor for the Transylvanian-Saxon daily newspaper '"Siebenbürgisch-Deutsches Tageblatt".[3] In 1918 the unifcation of Transylvania with occurred, which inspired Roth to become secretary of the Saxon Central Committee, where he supported the union and the accession of Saxons to Romania.[6] In 1919 he was a part of the Saxon delegation that handed the decision of the Saxon representatives to the government in Mediaş, and afterward, the Saxon Central Committee proclaimed the union of the Saxon people of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania.[6] He also wrote the Saxon People's Program during this time, which was adopted on 6 November 1919, and was thus a key player in the integration of Saxons into Romania.[7] He wrote the program after many Saxons complained about the reforms following the accession, and he also led a delegation to Cluj against them.[8]

Political career

[edit]

German Party

[edit]
Rudolf Brandsch (pictured here) and Roth were rivals in the German Party for most of Roth's career.

In the 1919 Romanian general election, Roth won a seat in the Romanian Parliament representing the German Party.[9] In 1922 he replaced Rudolf Brandsch as leader of the Parliamentary Group of the German Party.[10] Roth replaced Brandsch becuase Brandsch favored the strengthening of German self-consciousness and did not want to seek compromises with the ruling Romanian National Party, while Roth saw the possibility of the German-Romanians rights being enforced by a compromise.[11] However, at the time in 1922, Roth admitted that he did not see ripe cooperation at the moment, but thought it only "conceivable", as he acknowledged Iuliu Maniu's position and said that the Romanian government was favorable to Saxons.[11] He also stated that the Germans had a desire to contribute to Romania's development with constructive work instead of disagreements.[12] Roth's advocacy was ultimately successful as it led to a gain in seats for the party in the parliament and the government meeting some demands.[13]

Soon after, in December, Roth defined what the German Party wished at a conference: the unconditional recognition of the Romanian state of the Saxons, full political and parliamentary activity even in matters that did not concern the minority, and implementation of the people's political program.[12] In parliament Roth tried to secure the rights he thought were promised to Germans including German-language schools, equal rights in the economy, preservation of assets of the Transylvanian Saxon University, and land ownership.[14]

In 1924, Roth made a repeated plea for denominational schools, saying it was clearly enshrined in the 1919 Peace Treaty, and said that Romania was "virtually confiscating" minority rights.[1] This eventually led to the Private School Act of 1925, which standardized the Saxon school system, and said that it showed the nation's commitment to minority rights.[1] That same year, with the growth of Nazi Party in Transylvania, Roth stated in an essay that fascism was "a setback of the national political movement" which had fought for the protection of self-determination for ethnic minorities.[4]

Roth in 1926.

Alexandru Averescu's 1925 agrarian reforms led to famine among the German-Romanians, especially in Bessarabia, which led to a mass exodus of the minority to Brazil, which was promoted by Cosulich Line.[4] Roth, after visiting the emigrants, demanded a notable investigation into the line and heavily criticized the Romanian government for what he perceived as its failure in addressing that the line purposefully took away the belonging and exploited the emigrants who wished to go to Brazil.[4]

In the autumn of 1921, the Hungarian Union proposed a joint political approach, which Roth rejected as too early until 1923 when the two parties began to collaborate extensively due to both minorities resisting the denominational school decrees.[11] They formally met in February 1925 after the Hungarians reorganized at the German House of Representatives in Bucharest, where it was agreed there would be liaison officers instead of a straight minority bloc.[11] In August 1925 Roth formally successfully proposed a joint effort between the two parts, but it fell apart in 1926 when Roth found out that secret negotiations had taken place with the national Romanian parties.[11] In 1927 a brief Hungarian German Bloc occurred, but it dissolved soon after.[15]

He officially retired from parliament in 1938.[16] One of his last actions in parliament was in January when he was received by King Carol II of Romania, where they discussed the German ethnic groups in Romania.[17] In 1939 he was made a senator by right in the Senate of Romania, which he was awarded because he had won a seat in parliament in ten elections in accordance with the 1923 Constitution of Romania.[18]

Association of German Minorities

[edit]

In 1931, he was appointed Chairman of the Verband der deutschen Minderheiten in Europa (Association of German Minorities in Europe).[13] By this time Frühmesser, his biographer, believes that Roth approved of a greater German policy that included Austria because he expected it to have a positive impact on the Germans in Eastern Europe.[19] However, the appointment of chairman in this organization was just as a figurehead, as the Reich made sure that they would not be portrayed in a radical light or interfere in Reich affairs.[20]

In 1933, he led a giant parade in Passau, where he said that Germans feel unimaginable pain due to conflicts.[21] On 15 June 1933, in his capacity as chairman, Roth famously has a conversation with Adolf Hitler. In the meeting, Roth drew attention to the fact that the anti-semitic measures of the German Reich could have a negative impact on the treatment of German minorities, although Hitler defended his moves and rejected Roth.[19] This led to Roth starting to reject Hitler and Nazism, as three months later at the European Congress of Nationalities he spoke about nations dissimilating, a nod to Jewish Germans being excluded.[19] However, his views were increasingly at odds as he still at first advocated for dissimilation, while at the same time saying no nation-state can be built on the annihilation of other people.[19] This led to many Jews in Transylvania having an increasingly harsher stance against Roth, as they believed he no longer took any stance against the persecution of Jews.[22]

He was replaced by Kurt Graebe in 1934.[20]

Anti Nazism

[edit]
In 1943, the conflict between Andreas Schmidt (pictured here) and Roth intensified to where Schmidt removed him from the Ethnic German Group of Romania.

Upon the National Socialist Party's dissolution in 1934, many blamed Roth as an internal opponent to it by using the church to overthrow NEDR along with spreading rumors in the Kronstadter Zeitung against it.[23] He was then greatly attacked by Nazi-affiliated newspapers, who said that Roth's leadership was "rotting internally" without a backbone and accused him of disrespecting the Germans who died in the Battle of Langemarck and calling them "stupid boys".[24] He had long been an opponent of the increasingly popular "renewal movement" under Fritz Fabritius, with Andreas Schmidt calling him a divider of the movement.[25] However, Roth encouraged his circle to join the "National Renewal Front" (NAF), a surrogate party for the Nazis, in 1939 due to tactical reasons although he deliberately missed the deadline for admissions to be a member himself.[25]

On 4 July 1940, he was appointed Minister of State for Minorities in the Gigurtu cabinet.[26] His appointment was generally believed to be because King Carol II wanted to preserve the territorial possessions of Greater Romania, which he though Germany would enforce after seeing the successes of the Wehrmacht on the Western Front in 1940.[26] Roth, however, declined the appointment as he did want to share the responsibility for the awarding of Northern Transylvania to Hungary with the Second Vienna Award, he decried the appointment of Iron Guard members in the cabinet, and he feared that Nazis would "set traps" for him as minister.[25] On 22 July, he told the king that he rejected the position, which the king then did not formally recognize in order to not give the impression that the Germans rejected him and the position remained vacant until Gigurtu's resignation.[25] It was also rumored that the Hungarian government was dissatisfied with Roth's appointment because Roth was German, whereas they thought the Hungarian minority was much bigger.[27] In September 1940 Ion Antonescu was appointed Prime Minister, and on 8 September he approached Roth asking him to join his cabinet as Minister of Justice, to which he refused, so Antonescu then offered him the Ministry of Education and eventually a ministry of his choice.[25] Roth explained his decision as being a criticism of Horia Sima and his legionnaires from the Iron Guard still being in alliance with Antonescu.[25]

In 1943, Schmidt and Roth's conflict had a sudden climax when Roth opposed the enrollment of Romanian-Germans in the Waffen SS, including Roth's son, with Schmidt responding on 28 September by calling him a public enemy.[25] Roth was accused of being a "traitor to the people" in December 1943 and was expelled from the now-named German Ethnic Group in Romania.[28] Schmidt justified this further by saying that Roth was one of the rare exceptions that did not understand the National Socialist revolution, and he added that this revealed his attitude toward the ethnic group.[25] He also called Herbert Roth, Hans's son, a "slacker" and "coward" for refusing to join the Waffen-SS, to which Hans challenged Schmidt to a duel, to which Schmidt refused, so Hans filed a defamation lawsuit which ended with a fine on Schmidt after the end of the war.[25] Roth was also in contact with many members of the German resistance and the Romanian resistance, including Hans Bernd von Haeften, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, and Ulrich von Hassell, all of whom were executed for their roles in 20 July plot, and the communists Vasile Luca and Constantin Pîrvulescu.[25][29] In July 1946, Roth wrote to Haeftens' widow, calling the plot a good act, as it bore positive fruit for Romanian-Germans as Germans would otherwise suffer.[25]

Evangelical Church

[edit]

From 1932 to 1949, he was regional church curator of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania.[30]

In July 1938, the National Socialists gained a majority in the Church's consistory, and they then pressured Bishop Glondys to resign and replaced him with Nazi-loyalist Wilhelm Staedel as bishop.[31] Upon achieving a plurality, the National Socialists tried to move assets from the church and establish a system where the church schools were governed under the Nazi-controlled consistory.[31] Roth responded by advocating for a postponement while at the same time endorsing the principle of a transfer, even though he said there might be some legal concerns.[31] However, Roth eventually changed his mind in 1942 and said the provisions of the proposal for the transfer that was adopted due to the majority did not take into account the provisions of the church order, while at the same time supporting a compromise.[31] The National Socialists eventually prevailed, allowing "self-Nazification" of the church and coordination, which led to Roth being somewhat blamed for letting this happen, which was thought of as a miscalculation by Roth or Glondys.[31] He asked for a resignation from the position of curator in March 1943, which he eventually withdrew after the 1944 Romanian coup d'état.[30] In early 1944, in an audience with Minister of Culture Ghiță Popp, Rudolf Brandsch said that Roth had illegally and without the approval of the Lutherans in Romania, placed himself as head of the Lutheran office in Hermannstadt.[32]

In October 1944 Staedel resigned, and Roth wished to replace Staedel as bishop with episcopal vicar Friedrich Müller, which Glondys disagreed with.[33] An agreement was made soon after where Roth took over the political contacts of the church with the government where he had to legitimize the newly denazified church.[33] In January 1945, Glondys's claim to be bishop was rejected, which paved the way for Müller to be elected, although he ran into some opposition initially due to his initial praise of Hitler in 1941 for being anti-communist.[33] In April 1945, under his leadership, after the coup, Friedrich Müller was elected bishop, and Roth was re-elected as curator until 31 March 1951.[30] He was eliminated as regional church trustee in 1948 as a result of the "Sparkasse Trial", and despite being acquitted chose not to run again in 1949 presumably to stop attacks against Romanian Germans.[32] He had been on a leave of absence since October 1948.[30]

Coup d'état and subsequent memorandums

[edit]

On 23 August 1944, the day the coup d'état occurred, Roth asked the Saxons and Swabians to be loyal to the Romanian state in order to avoid the stigmatization of the German minorities.[2] Then, in September, Roth urged Romanian-Germans not to flee the country calling for loyalty to the state of Romania, especially since many Swabians were leaving after the Nazi "Swabian Self-Protection" organization intimidated and frightened Swabians to evacuate Banat.[34] On 27 October, he signed a memorandum which pointed out the danger of punishing all Romanian-Germans Hitler supporters, saying people who were not guilty were dragged, and he added that the "the seducers and the seduced will be judged by the same measure".[34] A few days later, on 31 October, Roth submitted another memorandum asking for the peaceful transfer of Protestant denominational schools to the German minority, explaining that the Nazis annexed the evangelical church through forceful means.[34] He issued his final memorandum on 1 November, saying that innocent people were paying the price for the "disastrous policies of the former leaders", and asked Romanians to look at the long historical coexistence of Romanians and Romanian-Germans.[34]

Soon after, in 1944, Romanian authorities debated arresting Roth. Artur Phleps encouraged his arrest after the coup, calling Roth and his supporters "communist friendly" because they had sought to prevent the evacuation of the Saxon population to Germany.[35] The German diplomat in Romania, Reichel, stated that he was opposed to Phelps's view because he thought that Roth was standing by for the reoccupation of Romania by the German army, a view that Joachim von Ribbentrop supported.[35] In September 1945 he was accused in multiple private letters of being the person behind the split in the Nazi movement in 1935, with Roth responding that there was nothing that stood between the generations just a line with Nazism.[36]

Through the church, Roth tries to establish an informal Saxon representation and inform Saxons about the situation in Romania in 1948.[37] Writing in 1948, Roth blamed the SS for the conscription and deportation of ethnic Germans to the SS, which he called "the most serious mistake in Saxon history".[37] He, at the time, feared a connection could be made between the Saxons and SS and that they would pay for it, and so he begged West Germany to help.[37]

Other activities

[edit]

In addition to his political career, Roth held numerous chairmanships in Transylvanian Saxons' institutions. He was the temporary president of the Hermannstädter Allgemeine Sparkasse, a credit bank, from 1928 to 1932, lending him influence in the economic field. Roth was also Chairman of the Sibiu Electricity Works from 1939 to 1942, alongside being Chairman of the Transylvanian German Publishing House.[38]

Personal life

[edit]

Roth married Paula Copony in 1918.[39] They had a daughter, physicist Marie Luise Roth-Höppner, who was born in 1930 and now lives in Sibiu.[40] They also had one son, Herbert Hoth, who like Maria Luise was sent to multiple correctional prisons starting in 1958 for possessing a letter written be detainee Fritz Theil.[40] Herbert, who died in 1982, had one son who was born in 1953 named Florian and who later became a Doctor of Philosophy.[25]

Death

[edit]
Roth's memorial service was held at the Black Church (pictured here) by the pastor Konrad Möckel.

Roth was arrested for the first time in August 1948 by the Siguranța while on vacation in Sibiu.[29] He was accused by authorities of concealing his part ownership of a large Saxon bank owned by the Reich, which triggered a wave of alarm by the Saxons as they feared a new wave of persecution.[29] He was held for about eight weeks in the Interior Ministry Palace in Bucharest before being released.[25] He was arrested again in 1952 and labeled an "enemy of the people".[13] Numerous acquantinces of Roth's were then interrogated by the Securitate about Roth and Nazism including Otto Herzog and Richard Zintz.[41]

On 1 April 1953, Roth died in the Ghencea concentration camp, a camp for political prisoners in Bucharest.[5] His family was not informed of his death.[13] In May 1953, however, the protestant pastor of Brașov, Konrad Möckel, held a memorial service at the Black Church for the family of Roth's to commemorate his death. Möckel spoke of Roth's devotion to the Saxons extensively.[22]

Legacy

[edit]

In 2022, a film was shown in Sibiu about the life and work of Roth.[42] Thomas Frühmesser also wrote a doctorate on him in 2011.[43]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Şeulean, Paul (2009). "Die siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Konfessionsschulen der Zwischenkriegszeit. Stellungnahmen deutscher Abgeordneter im rumänischen Parlament (1918–1938)". Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde (in German). 32 (1): 20–29. ISSN 0344-3418. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
  2. ^ a b "Dezbateri parlamentare". 18 July 2020. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
  3. ^ a b c Jahrbuch für die Geschichte des Protestantismus in Österreich (in German). Evangelischer Presseverband in Österreich. 2005. p. 426. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Frühmesser, Thomas (2013). Hans Otto Roth Biographie eines rumäniendeutschen Politikers (1890–1953). Böhlau. pp. 40–41, 65, 91–93. ISBN 978-3-412-21026-7. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  5. ^ a b Schlarb, Cornelia (2007). Tradition im Wandel: die evangelisch-lutherischen Gemeinden in Bessarabien 1814-1940 (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 471. ISBN 978-3-412-18206-9. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  6. ^ a b "Istoria mai puţin cunoscută a lui Hans Otto Roth, deputat sas din Sighișoara, care i-a reproşat personal lui Hitler politica antievreiască". Turnul Sfatului (in Romanian). 11 September 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  7. ^ "Rezensiert". hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.d. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  8. ^ Radu, Sorin; Schmitt, Oliver Jens (6 November 2017). Politics and Peasants in Interwar Romania: Perceptions, Mentalities, Propaganda. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 452. ISBN 978-1-5275-0505-6. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  9. ^ Maser, Peter (2005). "Kirchengeschichte in Lebensbildern": Lebenszeugnisse aus den evangelischen Kirchen im östlichen Europa des 20. Jahrhunderts (in German). Verein für Ostdeutsche Kirchengeschichte in Verbindung mit dem Ostkirchen-Institut. p. 177. ISBN 978-3-9808538-2-8. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
  10. ^ Schieder, Theodor (1956). Documents on the Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern-central-Europe. Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims. p. 32. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
  11. ^ a b c d e Réka, Marchut. "Hans Otto Roth feljegyzése a romániai németek és magyarok kapcsolatáról (1926)*" (PDF). epa.niff.hu. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
  12. ^ a b Șeulean, Paul (2017). "Die Tätigkeit der deutschen Parlamentarier im gesetzgebenden Gremium Rumäniens". Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde (in German) (60): 91–117. ISSN 0015-7902. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
  13. ^ a b c d "Roth, Hans Otto". kulturstiftung.org (in German). Retrieved 22 March 2025.
  14. ^ "Roth, Hans Otto". biolex.ios-regensburg.de. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
  15. ^ Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde (in German). Böhlau Verlag. 1994. p. 189. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
  16. ^ Wien, Ulrich A. (22 April 2024). Above the Abyss: Challenges of the Diaspora Church of the Augsburg Confession in Transylvania from the 19th–21st Century. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-137357-7. Retrieved 24 March 2025. Additionally, Transylvanian Saxon MPs in the Romanian Parliament were Fritz Connert (1919–1937), Dr. Julius Orendi (1919–1920), Dr. Hans Otto Roth (1919–1938) and the Bessarabian Pastor Daniel Haase (1926-1927, 1928-1931, 1933–1937).
  17. ^ "Dr. Roth bei König Carol". Kölnische Zeitung. 25 January 1938. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  18. ^ "Seine Majestät der König hat 71 Senatoren ernannt". Siebenburgisch Amerikanisches Volksblatt. 6 July 1939. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
  19. ^ a b c d "Große Bereicherung für Minoritätenforschung: Dissertation über den Politiker Hans Otto Roth". Sieben Buerger (in German). 8 May 1914. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  20. ^ a b Bamberger-Stemmann, Sabine (2000). Der Europäische Nationalitätenkongress 1925 bis 1938: nationale Minderheiten zwischen Lobbyistentum und Grossmachtinteressen (in German). Herder-Institut. p. 266. ISBN 978-3-87969-290-3. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  21. ^ "Die Parade des VDA". Honnefer Volkszeitung. 6 June 1933. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  22. ^ a b Hausleitner, Mariana (6 April 2021). Selbstbehauptung gegen staatliche Zwangsmaßnahmen: Juden und Deutsche in Rumänien seit 1830 (in German). Frank & Timme GmbH. pp. 87, 195. ISBN 978-3-7329-0714-4. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  23. ^ "Ein Judenfreund und Pazifist als Volksverräter". Hakenkreuzbanner. 25 July 1934. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
  24. ^ "Verflochtene Lebenswege". Jeversches Wochenblatt. 27 July 1934. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Betrachtungen seines Enkels über den bedeutendsten rumäniendeutschen Politiker des 20. Jahrhunderts". de.readkong.com. Retrieved 24 March 2025.
  26. ^ a b Schüller, Stephan Olaf. Für Glaube, Führer, Volk, Vater- oder Mutterland?: Die Kämpfe um die deutsche Jugend im rumänischen Banat (1918–1944) (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 218. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
  27. ^ "Further Russian Demands Rumored In Balkan Region". Daily Messenger. 5 July 1940. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
  28. ^ Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde (in German). Böhlau Verlag. 1997. p. 32. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  29. ^ a b c "CIA Reading Room cia-rdp82-00457r001800260004-4: ARREST OF DR. HANS OTTO ROTH". archive.org. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
  30. ^ a b c d Philippi, Friedrich (2019). "Die Landeskirchenkuratoren der Evangelischen Kirche A. B. in Siebenbürgen/Rumänien (1861–2019)". Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde (in German). 42 (_): 82–100. ISSN 0344-3418. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  31. ^ a b c d e Blasen, Philippe Henri (2021). "DIE NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHE GLEICHSCHALTUNG DER EVANGELISCHEN LANDESKIRCHE A.B. IN RUMÄNIEN (1938–1942)". Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde (in German) (64): 87–124. ISSN 0015-7902. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  32. ^ a b Baier, Hannelore (1997). "Zur Geschichte der politischen und kirchlichen Vertretung der Siebenbürger Sachsen während der Jahre 1944-1947. Neue Quellenfunde". Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde (in German). 20 (1): 31–53. ISSN 0344-3418. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  33. ^ a b c "DAS SIGNAL VON SINAIA". kulturstiftung.org (in German). Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  34. ^ a b c d Opriş, Ioan (2018). "Der Senator Hans Otto Roth im Dienste der deutschen Gemeinschaft in Rumänien (September–Oktober 1944)". Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde (in German) (61): 193–200. ISSN 0015-7902. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
  35. ^ a b "Formerly Secret SS Reports on the Evacuation of German Populations in South Eastern Europe". www.dvhh.org. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  36. ^ Böhm, Johann (2006). Hitlers Vasallen der deutschen Volksgruppe in Rumänien vor und nach 1945 (in German). Lang. p. 95. ISBN 978-3-631-55767-9. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
  37. ^ a b c "Hans Otto Roth über die Siebenbürger Sachsen 1948". Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde (in German). 26 (1): 80–82. 2003. ISSN 0344-3418. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
  38. ^ Glass, Hildrun (1996). Zerbrochene Nachbarschaft: das deutsch-jüdische Verhältnis in Rumänien, 1918-1938 (in German). R. Oldenbourg. p. 92. ISBN 978-3-486-56230-9. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
  39. ^ Taylor, Stephen (1935). Who's who in Central and East-Europe. Central European Times Publishing Company. p. 832. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
  40. ^ a b "Maria Luise Roth-Höppner (1930)". www.memoryofnations.eu. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  41. ^ Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde (in German). Academia Republicii Populaire Romîne. 1996. pp. 63, 65. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
  42. ^ Richter, Christa (30 May 2022). ""Das Leben und Wirken von Hans Otto Roth"". Radio Rumänien Bukarest (in German). Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  43. ^ "Siebenbürgischer Homo politicus: Hans Otto Roth". Siebenbuerger (in German). 10 December 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
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