Cenderawasih languages
(Redirected from Biakic languages)
| Cenderawasih Bay | |
|---|---|
| Nuclear Cenderawasih Bay, West New Guinea | |
| Geographic distribution | Cenderawasih Bay, Western New Guinea, Indonesia |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian |
| Proto-language | Proto-Cenderawasih Bay |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | cend1238 |
The Cenderawasih languages, also known as Nuclear Cenderawasih Bay languages and approximately synonymous with West New Guinea languages, are a branch of Austronesian languages of Indonesia, found in the islands and shoreline of Cenderawasih Bay in the provinces of West Papua, Central Papua and Papua.
Most of the languages are only known from short word lists, but Biak and Wandamen are fairly well attested.
Historical morphology
[edit]Reconstructions of subject markers and inalienable possessive markers for Cenderawasih Bay proto-languages according to Kamholz (2015). Note that V = vocalic conjugation, C = consonantal conjugation:
Proto-Cenderawasih Bay:
1sg. *y- (V), *ya- (C) 1pl. *t- (incl.), *am- (excl.) 2sg. *aw- (V), *-u- (C) 2pl. *m- 3sg. *dy- (V), *-i- (C) 3pl. *si-
1sg. *-ku? 1pl. *ta-? (incl.), *-mi? (excl.) 2sg. *-mu 2pl. *-mu? 3sg. *-∅? 3pl. *si-
Proto-Biakic:
1sg. *y- (V), *ya- (C) 1pl. *t-, *to- (incl.), *nd-, *ndo- (excl.) 2sg. *w- (V), *wa-, *-w- (C) 2pl. *mt-, *mto- 3sg. *d- (V), *i-, *-y- (C) 3pl. *s-, *si- (anim.), *n-, *na- (inanim.)
1sg. *-na, *-ri 1pl. *to-...-sna (incl.), *nto-...-sna (excl.) 2sg. *-mi, *-mri 2pl. *mto-...-sna 3sg. *-na, *-ri 3pl. *si-...-sna
Proto-Southwest Cenderawasih Bay:
1sg. *j-?, *i- (C) 1pl. *t- (incl.), *am- (excl.) 2sg. *aw- (V), *a-u- (C) 2pl. *am-u- 3sg. *dy- (V), *i-i- (C) 3pl. *ih-i-
1sg. ? 1pl. *t-? (incl.), *-mi? (excl.) 2sg. ? 2pl. *-mu? 3sg. ? 3pl. *si-
Proto-Yaur-Yerisiam:
1sg. *j- (V), *i- (C) 1pl. *k- (incl.), *m- (excl.) 2sg. *agw- (V), *a-u- (C) 2pl. *am-u- 3sg. *dy- (V), *i-i- (C) 3pl. *ih-i-
1sg. ? 1pl. *k- (incl.), *m- (excl.) 2sg. *a- 2pl. *am-? 3sg. ? 3pl. *h-
Languages
[edit]From Kamholz (2024):
Further reading
[edit]- Kamholz, David (2015). The reconstruction of Proto-SHWNG morphology
- Kamhold, David (2024). "Historical linguistics of the South Halmahera–West New Guinea subgroup". In Alexander Adelaar; Antoinette Schapper (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Malayo-Polynesian Languages of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 181–187. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807353.003.0012.