Langkat Malay
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| Langkat Malay | |
|---|---|
| Bahase Melayu Langkat بهاس ملايو لڠكت | |
| Pronunciation | [bahasə mə.la.ju ˈlaŋ.kat] |
| Native to | Indonesia (North Sumatra) |
| Region | Langkat Regency |
| Ethnicity | Langkat Malays |
Native speakers | (82,304 cited 1981 estimate)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Jawi | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
 Regencies and cities in North Sumatra where Langkat Malay is spoken by a significant minority of the population | |
Langkat Malay (Langkat Malay: Bahase Melayu Langkat, Jawi: بهاس ملايو لڠكت) is a Malayic language primarily spoken by the Malay people living in Langkat Regency in the northernmost part of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Langkat Malay is closely related to other Malay varieties spoken along the eastern coast of Sumatra, including Deli Malay, Serdang Malay, and Tamiang Malay.[2] Several ethnic groups reside in Langkat, including the Malays, Javanese, Banjarese and Batak and Minangkabau.[3] While the Malays are the indigenous people of Langkat, Javanese has become more widespread due to migration, as Javanese speakers now form the majority of the population.[4] Despite this, Langkat Malay remains widely spoken in Langkat as the lingua franca and a common language for social interaction among residents. It coexists with other migrant languages such as Javanese, Banjar, and Orang Laut. As a result, some Malays can speak Javanese, Banjar, or Orang Laut, while many Javanese, Banjar, and Orang Laut speakers can also speak Langkat Malay.[5]
The Malay people of Langkat use their language in both daily activities and traditional ceremonies. In everyday life, it serves a highly functional role, shaping various aspects of social interaction, including greetings, casual conversations on the street, visiting neighbors, chatting at the mosque before and after prayers, communicating during hunting in the forest, and other communal settings.[6] Compared to its use as a daily communication tool, the use of Langkat Malay in traditional ceremonies exhibits a distinct pattern. This distinct pattern refers to variations that appear different from everyday usage. These variations primarily involve specific word choices or terms that are rarely used in other contexts. Nowadays, under the influence of Indonesian as the national language, many Langkat Malay speakers have begun to code-switch and code-mix between Langkat Malay and Indonesian.[7] The language is currently under threat due to continued migration to Langkat from other parts of Indonesia such as Java, as well as a decline in fluency among Langkat Malays, especially among younger generations, who increasingly prefer to speak Indonesian.[8]
Classification
[edit]Langkat Malay is a Malayic language. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[9]
Langkat Malay is closely related to other Malay varieties spoken along the eastern coast of North Sumatra, including Asahan Malay, Batubara Malay, Deli Malay, Serdang Malay, and Tamiang Malay.[2] Collectively, these varieties are classified as the East Sumatran Malay group.[10] The differences between these varieties primarily lie in their phonology and lexicon. Despite these differences, they share a high degree of similarity. For instance, it is estimated that 90% of the lexicon in Langkat Malay and Deli Malay overlaps.[11] Langkat Malay is also closely related to Riau Malay, which is spoken in the Riau to the south of North Sumatra.[12]
Geographic distribution and usage
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Noor et al. 1985, p. 7.
- ^ a b Natalia, Ayu; Muryati; Rukiyah, Siti (2024-05-13). "Kearifan Bahasa Melayu Pesisir Timur Sumatera dalam Perkembangan Penggunaan Bahasa Indonesia". Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research. 4 (3): 2333–2342. doi:10.31004/innovative.v4i3.10765. ISSN 2807-4238.
- ^ Harahap, Rahimul; Panjaitan, Isna; Rahma, Anisya; Nainggolan, Rani Saputri; Gustanti, Amelia (2023). "Kearifan Lokal Kebudayaan Melayu di Kabupaten Langkat". MUDABBIR Journal Research and Education Studies. 3 (1): 154–159. doi:10.56832/mudabbir.v3i1.611. ISSN 2777-0117.
- ^ Haqiqi, Muhamad Iqbal (2023-11-06). "Langkat di Sumatera Utara, Masyarakatnya Fasih Berbahasa Jawa". Terminal Mojok. Retrieved 2025-02-19.
- ^ Noor et al. 1985, p. 8.
- ^ Noor et al. 1985, p. 8-9.
- ^ Adisaputera, Abdurahman; Zein, T. Thyrhaya (2012-03-21). "Ekspresi Lingual dalam Kontak Bahasa Komunitas Melayu Langkat di Stabat". Kajian Sastra (in Indonesian). 34 (1): 41–58. ISSN 0852-0704.
- ^ Adisaputera, Abdurahman (2009). "Potensi Kepunahan Bahasa pada Komunitas Melayu Langkat di Stabat, Kabupaten Langkat, Sumatera Utara". Logat: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra (in Indonesian). 5 (1): 45–55. ISSN 1858-0831.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
- ^ Nuzwaty (2017-11-14), Leksikal Pemarkah Evidensial pada Bahasa Kualuh, doi:10.31219/osf.io/hbpf3, retrieved 2025-02-19
- ^ Nursiwan (2013). "Klasifikasi Leksikostatistik Bahasa Melayu Langkat, Bahasa Melayu Deli, dan Bahasa Dairi Pakpak". Suluk Indo. 2 (1): 130–146.
- ^ Diva, Nitama Putri (2020) Kekerabatan Bahasa Melayu Langkat, Melayu Makasar, Melayu Riau, dan Sakai. Undergraduate thesis, Diponegoro University.
Bibliography
[edit]- Masindan; Sinar, T. Silvana; Zulkiffi; Muchtar, Muhizar; Harahap, Oliviana (1985). Kamus Melayu Langkat-Indonesia [Langkat Malay-Indonesian Dictionary] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
- Masindan; Bakar, Abu; Sembiring, Matius C.A.; Sinar, T. Silvana (1987). Sastra Lisan Melayu Langkat [Oral Literature of Langkat Malay] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
- Noor, Yusmaniar; Silitonga, Mangasa; Usman, Burhanuddin Ch.; Sihotang, Nasahon (1985). Struktur Bahasa Melayu Langkat [Structure of Langkat Malay] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
- Zulkifli; S., Anni Krisna; Noor, Yusmaniar; Hasan, Syaid (1986). Kata Tugas Bahasa Melayu Langkat [Function Words in the Langkat Malay] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.