Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/5/Biology and health sciences/Biology

Overview
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5

Level 5 Sublists

People History Geography Arts Philosophy and religion Everyday life Society and social sciences Biology and health sciences Physical sciences Technology Mathematics

Animals Biology Health Plants

Vital articles is a list of subjects for which Wikipedia should have corresponding high-quality articles. It serves as a centralized watchlist to track the status of Wikipedia's most essential articles. This is one of the sub-lists of the fifty thousand article Vital articles/Level 5 and is currently under construction.

Articles in the Vital list have their assessments labelled as:

• Featured articles
• Former featured articles
• A-class articles
• Good articles
• Delisted good articles
• Failed good article nominees
• B-class articles
• C-class articles
• Start-class articles
• Stub-class articles
• List-class articles
• Unassessed articles

The progress bar is auto-updated via category count, and the symbols and article counts are updated daily by User:cewbot. Please read the FAQ before modifying the article list.

See also: Agriculture and Biotechnology in Technology

Quota 1,100 articles.

Total 1,122 articles.

Class	#Articles
FA	15
GA	106
B	277
C	522
FFA	10
DGA	15
Start	198
Stub	4

Biology

This section contains 1122 articles.

Biology basics

This section contains 66 articles.

1. Life (Level 1)
2. Death (Level 2)
   1. Decomposition
   2. Suicide (Level 3)
3. Abiogenesis (Level 3)
4. Organism (Level 3)
   1. Earliest known life forms
   2. Model organism (Level 4)
   3. Microorganism
      1. Bacteriophage
5. Carbon-based life
6. Non-cellular life
7. Artificial life
8. Biology (Level 2)
   1. Human biology
   2. Microbiology (Level 4)
      1. Microbiological culture
   3. Mycology (Level 4)
9. History of life (Level 4)
10. Neuroscience (Level 4)
    1. Brain–computer interface
    2. Clinical neuroscience
    3. Neural network (biology)
    4. Neuroplasticity
    5. Sense (Level 3)
11. Organic matter
    1. Amber (Level 4)
    2. Ivory (Level 4)
    3. Pearl (Level 4)
12. Bioinformatics
    1. Computational biology
    2. Proteomics
13. Biomechanics (Level 4)
14. Systems biology
15. Ethnobiology

Paleontology

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Paleontology (Level 3)
2. Fossil (Level 4)
   1. Transitional fossil
   2. Trace fossil
   3. Petrified wood
3. Micropaleontology
4. Paleobotany
5. Paleoecology

Phylogenetics and taxonomy

This section contains 23 articles.

1. Phylogenetics (Level 4)
2. Binomial nomenclature (Level 4)
3. Taxonomy (biology) (Level 3)
4. Cladistics
   1. Clade
      1. Crown group
5. Incertae sedis
6. Synonym (taxonomy)
7. Taxon

Taxonomic rank

This section contains 14 articles.

1. Taxonomic rank
2. Domain (biology) (Level 4)
3. Kingdom (biology) (Level 4)
4. Phylum
5. Class (biology)
6. Order (biology)
7. Family (biology)
   1. Type genus
   2. Tribe (biology)
8. Genus
   1. Type species
9. Species (Level 3)
   1. Infraspecific name
   2. Subspecies

Anatomy and morphology

This section contains 387 articles. For anatomy and physiology articles specific to or mostly about human anatomy, see Medical basics -- Human anatomy.

Basic anatomy

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Anatomy (Level 3)
2. Anatomical variation
3. Dissection (Level 4)
4. Morphology (biology)
5. Organ (biology) (Level 4)
   1. Organ system
6. Tissue (biology) (Level 4)
   1. Histology
7. Sexual dimorphism (Level 4)
8. Bacterial cell structure
   1. Bacterial capsule
   2. Endospore
   3. Pilus
9. Biofilm
10. Bird anatomy
11. Fish anatomy
12. Insect morphology

Animal anatomy and morphology

This section contains 314 articles.

1. Body (biology)
2. Gland (Level 4)
3. Body fluid
   1. Extracellular fluid

External anatomy and regions of the body

This section contains 27 articles.

1. Head (Level 4)
   1. Beak
   2. Cheek
   3. Proboscis
   4. Snout
2. Neck
3. Thorax (Level 4)
4. Thorax (arthropod anatomy)
5. Digit (anatomy)
6. Abdomen (Level 4)
   1. Navel
   2. Peritoneum
7. Body cavity
   1. Abdominal cavity
8. Buttocks
9. Claw
10. Hoof
11. Fin
    1. Bird wing
    2. Fish fin
    3. Insect wing
12. Limb (anatomy)
    1. Flipper (anatomy)
    2. Webbed foot
13. Arthropod leg
14. Tail
15. Torso

Circulatory system

This section contains 24 articles.

1. Circulatory system (Level 3)
2. Blood (Level 3)
   1. Blood plasma
   2. Blood cell
      1. Platelet
      2. Red blood cell (Level 4)
3. Blood vessel
   1. Artery (Level 4)
   2. Arteriole
   3. Capillary (Level 4)
   4. Vein (Level 4)
   5. Venule
4. Endothelium
5. Heart (Level 3)
   1. Aorta
   2. Atrium (heart)
   3. Heart valve
   4. Ventricle (heart)
6. Lymphatic system (Level 4)
   1. Lymph
   2. Lymph node
   3. Lymphatic vessel
7. Spleen (Level 4)
8. Blood–brain barrier

Endocrine system

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Endocrine system (Level 4)
   1. Adrenal gland (Level 4)
   2. Hypothalamus
   3. Parathyroid gland
   4. Pineal gland
   5. Pituitary gland
   6. Thyroid (Level 4)

Exocrine system

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Exocrine gland
   1. Lacrimal gland
   2. Mucus
   3. Sebaceous gland
   4. Sweat gland
      1. Perspiration

Gastrointestinal tract

This section contains 33 articles.

1. Anus
2. Appendix (anatomy)
3. Cloaca
4. Esophagus (Level 4)
5. Feces
6. Gallbladder
7. Large intestine (Level 4)
   1. Cecum
   2. Rectum
8. Liver (Level 3)
   1. Bile
9. Mouth (Level 4)
   1. Cephalopod beak
   2. Insect mouthparts
   3. Lip
   4. Palate
   5. Saliva
      1. Salivary gland
   6. Tongue (Level 4)
   7. Tooth
      1. Dentition
      2. Fang
      3. Gums
      4. Tusk
   8. Vocal sac
10. Pancreas (Level 4)
11. Pharynx
12. Small intestine (Level 4)
    1. Duodenum
    2. Jejunum
    3. Ileum
13. Stomach (Level 4)
14. Throat

Immune system

This section contains 16 articles.

1. Immune system (Level 3)
   1. Adaptive immune system
   2. Innate immune system
2. Antibody (Level 4)
3. Antigen
4. B cell
5. Dendritic cell
6. Macrophage
7. Natural killer cell
8. T cell
9. White blood cell (Level 4)
   1. Neutrophil
   2. Eosinophil
   3. Basophil
   4. Mast cell
10. Thymus

Integumentary system

This section contains 20 articles.

1. Integumentary system (Level 4)
2. Mammary gland
   1. Breast (Level 4)
   2. Nipple
   3. Udder
3. Feather (Level 4)
4. Fingerprint (Level 4)
5. Hair (Level 4)
   1. Body hair
   2. Fur (Level 4)
   3. Hair follicle
   4. Pubic hair
   5. Whiskers
6. Nail (anatomy) (Level 4)
7. Scale (zoology) (Level 4)
8. Skin (Level 3)
   1. Epidermis
   2. Dermis
9. Spine (zoology)
10. Stinger

Muscular system

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Muscular system (Level 4)
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Muscle cell (Level 4)
4. Sarcomere (Level 4)
5. Skeletal muscle (Level 3)
6. Smooth muscle

Nervous system

This section contains 80 articles.

1. Nervous system (Level 3)
   1. Central nervous system (Level 4)
   2. Peripheral nervous system (Level 4)
      1. Ganglion (Level 4)
2. Brain (Level 3)
   1. Brainstem (Level 4)
      1. Medulla oblongata
      2. Midbrain
      3. Pons
   2. Thalamus
   3. Cerebellum (Level 4)
   4. Cerebral cortex (Level 4)
   5. Cerebrum (Level 4)
      1. Frontal lobe
      2. Occipital lobe
      3. Parietal lobe
      4. Temporal lobe
         1. Amygdala
         2. Hippocampus
3. Cerebrospinal fluid
4. Nerve
   1. Cranial nerves
   2. Spinal nerve
5. Spinal cord (Level 4)
6. Autonomic nervous system
   1. Parasympathetic nervous system
   2. Sympathetic nervous system

Sensory nervous system

This section contains 53 articles.

1. Sensory nervous system (Level 4)
   1. Synesthesia
2. Antenna (zoology)
3. Auditory system (Level 4)
   1. Ear (Level 3)
      1. Outer ear
      2. Eardrum
      3. Ossicles
      4. Cochlea
      5. Hair cell
   2. Hearing (Level 4)
      1. Auditory cortex
4. Lateral line
5. Taste (Level 4)
   1. Bitter taste evolution
   2. Pungency
   3. Sweetness
   4. Umami
6. Olfactory system (Level 4)
   1. Nose (Level 4)
      1. Nostril
   2. Sense of smell (Level 4)
7. Somatosensory system (Level 4)
   1. Pain (Level 4)
   2. Proprioception
8. Vestibular system

Visual system

This section contains 27 articles.

1. Visual system (Level 4)
2. Eye (Level 3)
   1. Compound eye (Level 4)
   2. Cornea
   3. Eye color
   4. Eyelid
   5. Iris (anatomy)
   6. Lens (vertebrate anatomy)
   7. Optic nerve
   8. Photoreceptor cell
      1. Cone cell
      2. Rod cell
   9. Pupil
   10. Retina
   11. Simple eye in invertebrates
   12. Tears
   13. Vitreous body
3. Visual perception (Level 4)
   1. Accommodation (vertebrate eye)
   2. Visual acuity
   3. Color vision (Level 4)
      1. Monochromacy
      2. Dichromacy
      3. Trichromacy
      4. Tetrachromacy
      5. Purkinje effect
   4. Visual cortex

Reproductive system

This section contains 20 articles.

1. Reproductive system (Level 4)
   1. Sex organ (Level 4)
   2. Female reproductive system (Level 4)
      1. Clitoris (Level 4)
      2. Fallopian tube
      3. Ovary (Level 4)
      4. Placenta (Level 4)
      5. Pouch (marsupial)
      6. Uterus (Level 4)
         1. Cervix
      7. Vagina (Level 4)
         1. Hymen
   3. Male reproductive system (Level 4)
      1. Penis (Level 4)
         1. Foreskin
         2. Glans penis
      2. Prostate
      3. Testicle (Level 4)
         1. Scrotum
2. Genitourinary system

Respiratory system

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Respiratory system (Level 4)
2. Gill (Level 4)
3. Lung (Level 3)
   1. Bronchus
   2. Pulmonary alveolus
4. Larynx
5. Thoracic diaphragm
6. Trachea

Skeletal system

This section contains 38 articles.

1. Skeleton (Level 3)
2. Bone (Level 3)
   1. Bone marrow
3. Antler
4. Carpal bones
5. Clavicle
6. Femur
7. Fibula
8. Horn (anatomy)
9. Humerus
10. Hyoid bone
11. Jaw (Level 4)
12. Joint (Level 4)
    1. Ankle
    2. Elbow
    3. Knee
    4. Wrist
13. Maxilla
14. Metacarpal bones
15. Metatarsal bones
16. Patella
17. Pelvis (Level 4)
18. Phalanx bone
19. Radius (bone)
20. Rib cage
    1. Rib
    2. Sternum
21. Sacrum
22. Scapula
23. Skull (Level 4)
24. Tarsus (skeleton)
25. Tibia
26. Ulna
27. Spinal column (Level 4)
    1. Intervertebral disc
    2. Vertebra
28. Exoskeleton
29. Mollusc shell

Tissues

This section contains 18 articles.

1. Connective tissue (Level 4)
   1. Adipocyte
   2. Adipose tissue
   3. Cartilage (Level 4)
      1. Hyaline cartilage
   4. Fibroblast
   5. Ligament (Level 4)
   6. Tendon (Level 4)
2. Epithelium (Level 4)
   1. Basement membrane
3. Muscle (Level 4)
4. Nervous tissue (Level 4)
   1. Neuron (Level 4)
      1. Axon
      2. Dendrite
   2. Myelin
   3. Synapse
   4. Glia

Urinary system

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Bladder (Level 4)
2. Kidney (Level 4)
   1. Nephron
3. Urethra
4. Ureter
5. Urinary system (Level 4)
   1. Urine

Plant anatomy and morphology

This section contains 49 articles.

Plant anatomy and morphology: General

This section contains 32 articles.

1. Plant anatomy (Level 4)
2. Plant morphology (Level 4)
3. Plant nutrition
4. Bulb
5. Flower (Level 3)
   1. Gynoecium
   2. Petal
   3. Sepal
   4. Stamen
6. Fruit (Level 3)
   1. Berry (botany) (Level 4)
   2. Nut (fruit) (Level 4)
7. Herbaceous plant
8. Leaf (Level 4)
9. Rhizome
10. Root (Level 4)
    1. Aerial root
    2. Taproot
11. Seed (Level 3)
12. Seedling
    1. Cotyledon
    2. Hypocotyl
    3. Radicle
13. Shrub (Level 4)
14. Stolon
15. Stoma (Level 4)
16. Strobilus
17. Tree (Level 3)
18. Tuber
19. Vine
    1. Liana
    2. Tendril

Plant stem

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Plant stem (Level 4)
2. Bark (botany) (Level 4)
3. Branch
4. Cortex (botany)
5. Pith
6. Stele (biology)
7. Trunk (botany) (Level 4)
8. Twig

Plant tissues

This section contains 9 articles.

1. Epidermis (botany) (Level 4)
2. Endodermis
3. Ground tissue (Level 4)
4. Meristem (Level 4)
5. Vascular tissue (Level 4)
   1. Primary vein
      1. Phloem
      2. Xylem
6. Vascular cambium (Level 4)

Fungal morphology and anatomy

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Ascus
2. Basidium
3. Conidium
4. Hypha (Level 4)
5. Mycelium (Level 4)
6. Sporangium
7. Thallus

Biological processes and physiology

This section contains 119 articles.

Basics

This section contains 25 articles.

1. Physiology (Level 3)
   1. Plant physiology
2. Action potential
3. Blinking
4. Breathing (Level 4)
5. Cardiac cycle
6. Circadian rhythm (Level 4)
7. Digestion (Level 3)
   1. Regurgitation (digestion)
8. Excretion (Level 4)
   1. Burping
   2. Defecation
   3. Flatulence
   4. Urination
9. Healing
   1. Coagulation
   2. Hemostasis
   3. Wound healing
10. Homeostasis
    1. Acid–base homeostasis
    2. Blood sugar level (Level 4)
    3. Osmoregulation
11. Muscle contraction (Level 4)
12. Respiration (physiology) (Level 4)
13. Transpiration (Level 4)

Thermoregulation

This section contains 16 articles.

1. Thermoregulation (Level 4)
2. Warm-blooded
3. Thermogenesis
4. Ectotherm
5. Endotherm
6. Eurytherm
7. Poikilotherm
8. Mesotherm
9. Homeothermy
10. Heterothermy
11. Stenotherm
12. Kleptothermy
13. Bradymetabolism
14. Gigantothermy
15. Thermostability
16. Thermolabile

Development

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Developmental biology (Level 4)
2. Development of the human body (Level 4)

Animal ontogeny

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Cuticle (Level 4)
2. Embryo (Level 4)
3. Embryology
4. Fetus (Level 4)
5. Imago (Level 4)
6. Larva (Level 4)
7. Longevity (Level 4)
8. Metamorphosis (Level 4)
9. Moulting (Level 4)
10. Nymph (biology) (Level 4)
11. Ontogeny (Level 4)
12. Puberty (Level 4)
13. Pupa (Level 4)
14. Tadpole (Level 4)
15. Umbilical cord

Biological reproduction

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Reproduction (Level 3)
   1. Offspring
2. Asexual reproduction (Level 4)
   1. Parthenogenesis
3. Sex (Level 3)
   1. Sexual reproduction (Level 4)
   2. Female (Level 4)
   3. Male (Level 4)
4. Gamete
5. Germline
6. Microbial cyst (Level 4)
7. Spore (Level 4)

Animal reproduction

This section contains 19 articles.

1. Egg (Level 3)
   1. Oogenesis
   2. Egg white
   3. Yolk
2. Birth (Level 4)
3. Lactation
4. Pregnancy (mammals)
5. Pregnancy in fish
6. Semen (Level 4)
   1. Ejaculation
   2. Insemination
7. Sperm (Level 4)
   1. Spermatogenesis
8. Animal embryonic development
   1. Zygote
   2. Cleavage (embryo)
   3. Blastulation
   4. Gastrulation
   5. Germ layer

Human reproduction

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Human reproduction
   1. Pregnancy (Level 3)
      1. Human embryonic development
      2. Human fertilization
      3. Miscarriage
   2. Childbirth (Level 4)
      1. Breech birth
      2. Multiple birth
      3. Preterm birth
      4. Postterm pregnancy
      5. Stillbirth
2. Menstrual cycle (Level 4)
   1. Menstruation
   2. Ovulation
   3. Premenstrual syndrome
3. Menopause (Level 4)
   1. Hot flash

Plant reproduction

This section contains 13 articles.

1. Plant reproduction (Level 4)
2. Alternation of generations (Level 4)
3. Gametophyte (Level 4)
   1. Antheridium
   2. Archegonium
4. Germination
5. Oogonium
6. Plant embryonic development
7. Plant reproductive morphology (Level 4)
8. Pollen (Level 4)
9. Pollination (Level 4)
10. Sporophyte (Level 4)
11. Vernalization

Biochemistry and molecular biology

This section contains 193 articles.

Biochemistry

This section contains 155 articles.

1. Biochemistry (Level 3)
2. Chemical biology (Level 4)
3. Biomolecule (Level 4)
4. Structural biology

Alkaloids

This section contains 1 article.

1. Alkaloid (Level 4)

Biological pigments

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Biological pigment (Level 4)
2. Carotenoid (Level 4)
   1. Β-Carotene
   2. Lutein
3. Chlorophyll (Level 4)
4. Melanin (Level 4)
5. Rhodopsin
6. Structural coloration

Carbohydrates

This section contains 19 articles.

1. Carbohydrate (Level 3)
2. Monosaccharide
   1. Deoxyribose
   2. Fructose (Level 4)
   3. Galactose
   4. Glucose (Level 4)
   5. Glyceraldehyde
   6. Ribose
3. Disaccharide
   1. Lactose (Level 4)
   2. Maltose
   3. Sucrose
4. Polysaccharide
   1. Agar
   2. Cellulose (Level 4)
   3. Chitin (Level 4)
   4. Glycogen (Level 4)
   5. Pectin
   6. Starch (Level 4)

Coenzymes

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Adenosine triphosphate (Level 4)
2. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Hormones

This section contains 31 articles.

1. Hormone (Level 3)

Animal hormones

This section contains 20 articles.

1. Adrenaline (Level 4)
2. Androgen
   1. Testosterone (Level 4)
3. Aldosterone
4. Cortisol
5. Dopamine (Level 4)
6. Endorphins
7. Estrogen (Level 4)
   1. Estradiol
8. Glucocorticoid
9. Growth hormone
10. Insulin (Level 4)
11. Leptin
12. Melatonin
13. Oxytocin (Level 4)
14. Progestogen
    1. Progesterone
15. Secretin
16. Thyroid hormones
17. Vasopressin

Plant hormone

This section contains 10 articles.

1. Plant hormone (Level 4)
2. Abscisic acid
3. Auxin
4. Brassinosteroid
5. Cytokinin
6. Florigen
7. Gibberellin
8. Jasmonate
9. Salicylic acid
10. Strigolactone

Lipids

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Lipid (Level 3)
2. Fat (Level 4)
3. Fatty acid (Level 4)
   1. Omega-3 fatty acid
   2. Omega-6 fatty acid
4. Lipopolysaccharide
5. Lipoprotein
6. Phospholipid

Nucleic acids

This section contains 14 articles.

1. Nucleic acid (Level 4)
2. DNA (Level 3)
3. RNA (Level 3)
   1. Messenger RNA
   2. Transfer RNA
   3. Ribosomal RNA
4. Nucleic acid structure
   1. Base pair
   2. Nucleotide
   3. Adenine
   4. Cytosine
   5. Guanine
   6. Thymine
   7. Uracil

Neurotransmitters

This section contains 5 articles.

1. Neurotransmitter
2. Acetylcholine
3. Catecholamine
4. γ-Aminobutyric acid
5. Glutathione

Proteins

This section contains 39 articles.

1. Protein (Level 3)
2. Collagen
3. Enzyme (Level 4)
4. Gelatin
5. Glycoprotein
6. Hemoglobin (Level 4)
   1. Glycated hemoglobin
7. Histone
8. Keratin
9. Peptide
10. Peptidoglycan
11. Protein (nutrient) (Level 4)
12. Protein biosynthesis
13. Protein structure
14. Proteome
15. Gluten

Amino acids

This section contains 23 articles.

1. Amino acid (Level 4)
2. Proteinogenic amino acid
3. Essential amino acid
4. Alanine
5. Arginine
6. Asparagine
7. Aspartic acid
8. Cysteine
9. Glutamic acid
10. Glutamine
11. Glycine
12. Histidine
13. Isoleucine
14. Leucine
15. Lysine
16. Methionine
17. Phenylalanine
18. Proline
19. Serine
20. Threonine
21. Tryptophan
22. Tyrosine
23. Valine

Steroids

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Steroid (Level 4)
2. Cholesterol (Level 4)
3. Steroid hormone

Metabolic processes

This section contains 21 articles.

1. Metabolism (Level 3)
2. Biosynthesis
3. Catabolism
4. Gluconeogenesis
5. Metabolomics
6. Secondary metabolite
7. Cellular respiration (Level 4)
   1. Anaerobic respiration
   2. Citric acid cycle
   3. Electron transport chain
   4. Glycolysis (Level 4)
   5. Oxidative phosphorylation
8. Chemosynthesis
9. Fermentation (Level 4)
10. Photosynthesis (Level 3)
    1. Light-dependent reactions
    2. Calvin cycle
    3. Biological carbon fixation
       1. C3 carbon fixation
       2. C4 carbon fixation
       3. Crassulacean acid metabolism

Molecular biology

This section contains 38 articles.

1. Molecular biology (Level 3)
2. Gene expression (Level 4)
3. Central dogma of molecular biology
4. Genetic code (Level 4)
5. DNA replication (Level 4)
   1. DNA polymerase
   2. DNA ligase
   3. Helicase
6. DNA repair
7. Transposable element
8. Non-coding DNA
9. Plasmid (Level 4)
10. Transcription (biology) (Level 4)
    1. Enhancer (genetics)
    2. Operon
    3. Promoter (genetics)
    4. RNA polymerase
    5. Terminator (genetics)
    6. Transcription factor
    7. Transcriptome
11. Post-transcriptional modification
    1. RNA splicing
       1. Exon
       2. Intron
    2. MicroRNA
    3. RNA interference
12. Translation (biology) (Level 4)
13. Post-translational modification
    1. Protein folding
    2. Ubiquitin
14. Regulation of gene expression
15. Non-coding RNA
16. Reverse transcriptase
    1. Complementary DNA
17. Restriction enzyme
18. Cloning vector
19. Expression vector
20. Telomere

Zoology

This section contains 59 articles.

Basics

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Zoology (Level 3)
   1. Entomology
   2. Herpetology
   3. Ichthyology
   4. Malacology
   5. Mammalogy
   6. Ornithology
2. Animal (Level 2)
   1. Animal consciousness
3. Animal coloration (Level 4)
   1. Camouflage (Level 4)
   2. Mimicry

Ethology

This section contains 47 articles.

1. Ethology (Level 4)
2. Intelligence (Level 3)
3. Sleep (Level 3)
   1. Sleep in animals
   2. Rapid eye movement sleep
   3. Siesta
   4. Wakefulness
   5. Yawn
4. Dormancy
   1. Hibernation (Level 4)
   2. Aestivation
   3. Diapause
5. Imprinting (psychology)
6. Animal migration (Level 4)
   1. Bird migration
7. Animal sexual behaviour
   1. Copulation (zoology)
   2. Mating
8. Fight-or-flight response
9. Instinct (Level 4)
10. Sociality (Level 4)
    1. Eusociality
11. Swarm behaviour
    1. Flock (birds)
    2. Herd

Feeding behaviors

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Carnivore (Level 4)
   1. Hematophagy
   2. Hypercarnivore
   3. Insectivore
   4. Predation (Level 4)
   5. Scavenger (Level 4)
2. Herbivore (Level 4)
   1. Grazing (Level 4)
   2. Browsing (herbivory)
3. Omnivore
   1. Hypocarnivore
   2. Mesocarnivore

Animal locomotion

This section contains 10 articles.

1. Animal locomotion (Level 4)
2. Aquatic locomotion
3. Arboreal locomotion
4. Bipedalism (Level 4)
   1. Facultative bipedalism
5. Quadrupedalism
6. Terrestrial locomotion
7. Tripedalism
8. Unipedalism
9. Flying and gliding animals

Botany

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Botany (Level 3)
2. Carnivorous plant (Level 4)
   1. Pitcher plant
   2. Protocarnivorous plant
3. Weed (Level 4)
4. Plant pathology

Cell biology

This section contains 82 articles.

Basics

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Cell biology (Level 4)
2. Antibiotic sensitivity testing
3. Staining
   1. Gram stain
   2. Endospore staining
   3. Ziehl–Neelsen stain

Cell processes

This section contains 28 articles.

1. Cell death
   1. Necrosis
   2. Programmed cell death (Level 4)
      1. Apoptosis
      2. Autophagy
2. Cell migration
3. Cell polarity
4. Cell signaling (Level 4)
   1. Cytokine
   2. Ligand (biochemistry)
   3. Receptor (biochemistry)
      1. G protein-coupled receptor
   4. Signal transduction
   5. Biochemical cascade
   6. Second messenger system
5. Cellular differentiation
   1. Somatic cell
   2. Stem cell (Level 4)
      1. Embryonic stem cell
      2. Hematopoietic stem cell
6. Membrane transport
   1. Passive transport
      1. Facilitated diffusion
   2. Active transport (Level 4)
      1. ATPase
      2. Endocytosis
      3. Exocytosis
7. Protein targeting

Cellular division

This section contains 5 articles.

1. Cell division
2. Cell cycle (Level 4)
3. Fission (biology) (Level 4)
4. Meiosis (Level 4)
5. Mitosis (Level 4)

Cell parts

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Cell (biology) (Level 2)
2. Cell junction
3. Biological membrane
   1. Cell membrane (Level 4)
   2. Lipid bilayer
   3. Membrane potential
   4. Membrane protein
4. Cilium
5. Cytoplasm (Level 4)
   1. Cytosol
6. Cytoskeleton (Level 4)
   1. Microfilament
      1. Actin
      2. Myosin
   2. Microtubule
7. Flagellum (Level 4)
8. Symbiogenesis (Level 4)

Organelles

This section contains 19 articles.

1. Organelle (Level 4)
2. Endomembrane system
3. Cell nucleus (Level 4)
   1. Chromatin
   2. Chromosome (Level 4)
   3. Nuclear envelope
   4. Nucleolus
4. Centriole (Level 4)
   1. Centrosome
5. Endoplasmic reticulum (Level 4)
6. Golgi apparatus (Level 4)
7. Lysosome (Level 4)
8. Mitochondrion (Level 4)
   1. Mitochondrial DNA
9. Peroxisome
10. Proteasome
11. Ribosome (Level 4)
12. Vacuole (Level 4)
13. Vesicle (biology and chemistry)

Plant cells

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Plant cell (Level 4)
2. Cell wall (Level 4)
3. Chloroplast (Level 4)
   1. Chloroplast DNA
   2. Thylakoid
4. Plastid (Level 4)
5. Plasmodesma

Ecology

This section contains 65 articles.

1. Ecology (Level 2)
2. Autotroph
3. Biome (Level 4)
4. Biodiversity (Level 3)
   1. Biodiversity loss
5. Biogeography
6. Biogeographic realm
7. Bioindicator
8. Biological dispersal
   1. Seed dispersal
9. Biological interaction
   1. Colony (biology)
   2. Competition (biology) (Level 4)
   3. Symbiosis (Level 4)
      1. Commensalism
      2. Mutualism (biology)
      3. Parasitism (Level 4)
10. Biological life cycle
11. Biomagnification
12. Biosphere (Level 4)
13. Carrying capacity
14. Community (ecology)
15. Conservation biology
16. Detritivore
17. Decomposer
    1. Biodegradation
18. Disturbance (ecology)
19. Ecological niche (Level 4)
    1. Niche construction
20. Ecological resilience
21. Ecological succession
22. Ecosystem (Level 3)
23. Ecosystem collapse
24. Ecosystem model
25. Ecosystem service
26. Endangered species (Level 4)
27. Endemism
28. Energy flow (ecology)
29. Extinction (Level 3)
30. Extremophile (Level 4)
31. Food chain
32. Food web
33. Habitat (Level 4)
    1. Habitat destruction
    2. Habitat fragmentation
34. Heterotroph
35. Insular biogeography
36. Invasive species (Level 4)
37. Keystone species
38. Landscape ecology
39. Land change science
40. Lotka–Volterra equations
41. Maternity den
42. Microbial ecology
43. Microbiome
44. Population (Level 4)
    1. Population growth
45. Primary production
46. r/K selection theory
47. Ecological restoration
48. Sustainability (Level 4)
49. Trophic cascade
50. Urban ecology
51. Wildlife conservation (Level 4)
    1. Wildlife

Genetics

This section contains 43 articles.

1. Genetics (Level 3)
   1. Introduction to genetics
2. Gene (Level 3)
3. Heredity (Level 3)
4. Mendelian inheritance (Level 4)
   1. Allele
   2. Dominance (genetics)
   3. Genotype
   4. Penetrance
   5. Phenotype
   6. Zygosity
5. Ploidy
6. Sex-determination system
7. Sex linkage
8. Genetic linkage
9. Extranuclear inheritance
10. Mutation (Level 4)
    1. Chromosome abnormality
    2. Chromosomal translocation
    3. Point mutation
    4. Mutagen
11. Genetic recombination
    1. Homologous recombination
12. Horizontal gene transfer
13. Quantitative genetics
    1. Heritability
14. Reverse genetics
15. Molecular genetics
16. Genome
    1. Genomics
    2. Human genome (Level 4)
    3. DNA sequencing
       1. Human Genome Project
    4. Metagenomics
17. Molecular evolution
18. Epigenetics (Level 4)
    1. Epigenomics
       1. Epigenome
19. Hybrid (biology) (Level 4)
    1. Heterosis
    2. Inbreeding
20. Eugenics
    1. Dysgenics

Evolutionary biology

This section contains 102 articles.

Basics

This section contains 43 articles.

1. Evolution (Level 2)
   1. Introduction to evolution
2. Evolutionary biology
3. Evolutionary developmental biology
4. Divergent evolution
5. Convergent evolution
6. Parallel evolution
7. Phylogenetic tree
8. Population genetics
   1. Hardy–Weinberg principle
   2. Natural selection (Level 3)
   3. Gene flow
   4. Genetic diversity
   5. Genetic drift (Level 4)
   6. Genetic admixture
   7. Haplogroup
   8. Founder effect
   9. Population bottleneck
9. Sociobiology
10. Systematics
11. Adaptation (Level 4)
12. Coevolution
13. Fitness (biology)
14. Homology (biology)
15. Last universal common ancestor
16. Macroevolution
17. Microevolution
18. Reproductive isolation
19. Speciation
20. Living fossil
21. Evolution of bacteria
22. Evolution of birds
23. Evolution of brachiopods
24. Evolution of fish
25. Evolution of fungi
26. Evolution of insects
27. Evolution of mammals
28. Evolution of molluscs
29. Evolution of reptiles
30. Evolution of spiders
31. Evolution of tetrapods
32. Evolutionary history of plants
33. Viral evolution

Human evolution

This section contains 59 articles.

Human evolution: General

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Human evolution (Level 3)
2. Hominini
3. Missing link (human evolution)

Australopithecines

This section contains 23 articles.

1. Australopithecine
   1. Graecopithecus
   2. Sahelanthropus
   3. Orrorin
   4. Australopithecus (Level 4)
      1. Australopithecus anamensis
      2. Australopithecus afarensis
         1. Lucy (Australopithecus)
      3. Australopithecus africanus
         1. Taung Child
      4. Australopithecus bahrelghazali
      5. Australopithecus deyiremeda
      6. Australopithecus garhi
      7. Australopithecus sediba
   5. Ardipithecus
      1. Ardipithecus kadabba
      2. Ardipithecus ramidus
         1. Ardi
   6. Kenyanthropus
   7. Paranthropus (Level 4)
      1. Paranthropus aethiopicus
      2. Paranthropus boisei
      3. Paranthropus robustus

Homo

This section contains 33 articles.

1. Homo
   1. Homo ergaster
   2. Homo floresiensis
   3. Homo gautengensis
   4. Homo habilis (Level 4)
   5. Homo luzonensis
   6. Homo rudolfensis
   7. Penghu 1
   8. Homo erectus (Level 4)
      1. Dmanisi hominins
      2. Java Man
      3. Lantian Man
      4. Nanjing Man
      5. Peking Man
      6. Solo Man
      7. Tautavel Man
      8. Yuanmou Man
   9. Denisovan (Level 4)
   10. Homo antecessor
   11. Homo longi
   12. Ceprano Man
   13. Homo heidelbergensis
   14. Homo naledi
   15. Neanderthal (Level 4)
   16. Homo rhodesiensis
   17. Early modern human
       1. Cro-Magnon (Level 4)
       2. Herto Man
       3. Manot 1
       4. Red Deer Cave people
       5. Mitochondrial Eve
       6. Y-chromosomal Adam
   18. Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans