User:Yerevantsi/sandbox/Mikoyan

Artem Mikoyan

Артём Иванович Микоян

was a Soviet Armenian

military aircraft designer.

Biography

---

Անուշավանը, որին հասակակիցները փաղաքշաբար Անուշ էին անվանում
Անուշի ութ տարին նոր էր բոլորել, երբ սկսվեց առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմը: Նրա ավագ եղբայրը՝ Երվանդը, Սանահին վերադարձավ Գեորգինյան Խաչը կրծքին
Բաքվի կոմունայի ղեկավար, Լենինի բոցաշունչ զինակից Ստեփան Շահումյանի և մյուս կոմիսարների հետ մեկտեղ մարտնչում էր նաև Անուշի եղբայրը՝ Անաստաս Միկոյանը:
մի օր, երբ Անուշը իր ընկերների հետ խաղում էր դաշտում: Լեռներում արձագանքվեց քարաճուն մի հոնդյուն, և քիչ անց երևաց թոչող մի հրեշ: Գյուղացիներից շատերն սկսեցին ահաբեկվել, խաչակնքել, իսկ ովքեր մասնակցել էին պատերազմին, իսկույն իմացան, որ դա ինքնաթիռ է: Ֆրանսիական «Ֆարման» տեսակի այդ ինքնաթիոր հարկադրական վայրէջք կատարեց հարթ դաշտում: Օդաչուն երկու օր նորոգում էր ինքնաթիռը և հետաքրքրասեր երեխաները գրեթե չէին հեռանում նրա մոտից: Երրորդ օրն այդ տարօրինակ, հրաշք-թոչունը օդ բարձրացավ Անուշի և նրա ընկերների ոգեշունչ բացականչու- թյունների տակ: Ով գիտե, թեր- ևս, այդ ժամանակ Անուշը հղա- ցավ ճամարձակ մի միտք' դաո- նալ ինքնաթիռաշինարար, կա- ռուցել արագաթոիչ պողպատե նզոր արծիվներ.
Հոր մահից նետո Անուշն ասես միանգամից առնականացավ: Նա հասկացավ որ պետք է աշխատել և օգնել իրենց բազմանդամ ընտանիքին. չէ որ ամբողջ հոգսն ընկել էր մոր ավագ եղբոր՝ Երվանդի վրա, որն աշխատում էր Ալավերդու պղնձաձուլական գործարանում: Սակայն տնեցիները որոշեցին Անուշին սովորելու ուղարկել Թբիլիսի:
1924 թվականին նրա կյանքում տեղի ունեցավ նշանակալի մի իրադարձություն: Անուշավան Միկոյանը դարձավ կոմունիստական կուսակցության անդամության թեկնածու, իսկ տարի անց՝ անդամ:
Ավարտելով ուսումնարանը, Անուշավան Միկոյանը 1925 թվականին մեկնեց Մոսկվա և աշխատանքի ընդունվեց «Դինամո» գործարանում: Ռուս բանվորները, որոնց շուտով դուր եկավ աշխատասեր հայ խառատը, նրան սիրով սկսեցին կոչել Արտեմ: Այդ անունը մինչև օրս էլ անփոփոխ է մնում: Գործարանի կոմունիստները խոր վստահություն տածեցին Արտեմ Միկոյանի նկատմամբ, նրան ընտրելով արտադրամասի կուսկազմակերպության քարտուղար:
1928 թվականին Արտեմ Միկոյանը զորակոչվում է: Նա մեկ տարի ծառայում է որպես կարմիրբանակային, այնունետև ընդունվում Իվանովո-Վոզնեսենսկի ռազմական ուսումնարան: Ուսումնածարավ հայ երիտասարդը ձգտում է կատարելագործել իր գիտելիքները, տիրապետել զինվորական ինժեների մասնագիտությանը: 1931 թվականին իրականանում է նրա երազանքը: Արտեմ Միկոյանը Ժուկովսկու անվան ռազմա-օդային ակադեմիայի սան է դառնում:
Սովորելու հետ մեկտեղ՝ Արտեմը հաճախում էր օդային դասընթացներ և իր առաջին թոիչքները կատարում «Ու-2» վարժական ինքնաթիռով։

Anushavan, whom his peers affectionately called Anush, had just turned eight years old when the First World War began. His older brother, Yervand, returned to Sanahin with the Georgian Cross on his chest.

Anush's brother, Anastas Mikoyan, fought alongside Stepan Shahumyan, the fiery comrade of Lenin and the leader of the Baku Commune, as well as with other commissars.

One day, while Anush was playing in the field with his friends, a thunderous roar echoed through the mountains, and soon a flying monster appeared. Many villagers were terrified, making the sign of the cross, while those who had participated in the war immediately recognized it as an airplane. This French "Farman" aircraft was forced to make an emergency landing in the open field.

The pilot spent two days repairing the aircraft, and the curious children barely left his side. On the third day, that strange flying miracle took off into the sky amidst the enthusiastic exclamations of Anush and his friends. Who knows, perhaps at that moment, Anush conceived a bold idea—to become an aircraft builder and create swift, powerful steel eagles.

After his father's death, Anush seemed to mature instantly. He understood that he had to work and help his large family, as all the responsibility had fallen on his older brother Yervand, who worked at the Alaverdi copper smelting plant. However, the family decided to send Anush to study in Tbilisi.

In 1924, a significant event occurred in his life: Anushavan Mikoyan became a candidate for membership in the Communist Party, and a year later, he became a full member.

After finishing his studies, Anushavan Mikoyan moved to Moscow in 1925 and began working at the "Dynamo" factory. The Russian workers, who soon grew fond of the hardworking Armenian turner, affectionately began calling him Artem. That name remains unchanged to this day. The factory’s communists placed great trust in Artem Mikoyan, electing him as the secretary of the workshop’s party organization.

In 1928, Artem Mikoyan was drafted into the army. He served for a year as a Red Army soldier, then enrolled in the Ivanovo-Voznesensk Military School. The knowledge-hungry Armenian youth strove to improve his expertise and master the profession of a military engineer.

In 1931, his dream came true—Artem Mikoyan became a cadet at the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy.

Alongside his studies, Artem attended flight courses and made his first flights on the "U-2" training aircraft.

---

Born on 08/05/1905, Sanain (now in Alaverdi District, Armenia); Died on 12/09/1970, Moscow

Born the son of a carpenter in a small village in modern-day Armenia,

Artem I. Mikoyan benefited, especially in the 1930s, from the career of his brother Anastas, who was a colleague of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin and was a leader in the Communist Party and Soviet government.

Meanwhile, Artem attended a village school and then high school in Tiflis (Tbilisi), Georgia. He completed his early education by taking a machinist course at a technical school in Rostov in 1923. The following year he worked as a mechanic in the local railway shop before moving to Moscow and being employed at the Dynamo factory.

After finishing an obligatory tour of duty with the Red Army, Mikoyan entered the air force academy in 1931, where he learned to fly as well as design advanced aircraft. Graduating with honors in 1937, he became the Red Air Force permanent representative with the design bureau headed by Nikolai N. Polikarpov.

At the Polikarpov design bureau, Mikoyan eventually assumed responsibility over the production of the I-153 fighter. Mikhail I. Gurevich, who would prove to be his collaborator for 25 years, assisted Mikoyan in this effort. Members of the Soviet military and government, including Stalin, recognized that the Soviet Union needed a modern fighter different from the obsolescent, biplane-configured I-153. At the end of 1939, the Soviet hierarchy encouraged the formation of a new experimental department to create a modern fighter under the leadership of Mikoyan (chief) and Gurevich (deputy). Together they designed the I-200, a low-wing monoplane that first flew in March 1940. The new aircraft required extensive modification before it was ready to begin a small production run in December 1940. By then, the model name had changed to the MiG-1, a designation based on the initials of the last names of the designers separated by “i,” the Russian word for “and.” The most successful of the early planes was the MiG-3, which enjoyed a production run of 3,300 and provided interceptor defense for the Soviet Union’s metropolitan centers during World War II. Other wartime MiG designs showed promise but were not significantly better than those fighter aircraft, such as the La-7 and Yak-9, that entered mass production.

After the war, Mikoyan and Gurevich examined German technology and merged two BMW 003 turbojet engines with the MiG-3 airframe to create one of the Soviet Union’s first jet fighters in April 1946. The MiG-9 proved to be the successful precursor of a line of famous fighters, ranging from the Mig-15 to the MiG-31.

---

On the Path to Fighter Aviation At birth, Mikoyan had the name Anushavan Ovanesovich. He was born on August 5, 1905, in the village of Sanahin, Borchali District, Tiflis Province (now the city of Alaverdi, Armenia). His father worked at a copper smelting plant, and his mother was a housewife. His older brother - Anastas Mikoyan - was a famous Soviet state and political figure, "Stalin's favorite People's Commissar".

Artem received his initial two-class education in a rural school. After his father's death, he continued his education in an Armenian school in Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Georgia). In 1923, he enrolled in a factory-apprenticeship school in Rostov-on-Don at the "Krasnyi Aksai" factory, working as an apprentice machinist. In 1925, he moved to Moscow, where he worked as a machinist at the "Dynamo" factory.

---

MIKOYAN, Artyom (Anushavan) Ivanovich (Ovanesovich) [23.7(5.8).1905, Sanain village, Borchalinsky district, Tiflis province, now within Alaverdi city, Armenia – 9.12.1970, Moscow], Russian aircraft designer,

Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1968), Major General of Engineering and Technical Service (1967), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1957).

Brother of Anastas I. Mikoyan.

In 1937, graduated from the Military Air Academy of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army named after Professor N. E. Zhukovsky (now the Military Air Engineering Academy named after Professor N. E. Zhukovsky).

buried in Novodevichy Cemetery

Career

Lieutenant General of the Engineering and Technical Service (since 1967), Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1957).

Under the leadership of A.I. Mikoyan (together with M.I. Gurevich), fighters MiG-1 and MiG-3 were created (in the pre-war period), as well as a series of supersonic jet fighters (MiG-19 - the first domestic aircraft of this class, MiG-21 - an aircraft with a triangular wing, MiG-23 - an interceptor). On aircraft developed under the leadership of A.I. Mikoyan, 35 world records were set.

The MiG-3 fighter, created under the leadership of A.I. Mikoyan (together with M.I. Gurevich), was part of the group of large-scale fighters in the world adopted for military service during the period from 1939 until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The design bureau led by A.I. Mikoyan created a famous series of supersonic jet aircraft. The latest combat aircraft of this series successfully compete in the modern world market of military aviation technology.;

Worked at Moscow Aircraft Factory No. 1 named after Aviakhim: military representative (1937–38), head of the serial fighter bureau in N. N. Polikarpov's Design Bureau (1938–39); from 1939, head of the Experimental Design Department (OKO), created to develop the high-speed I-200 fighter (MiG-1). From 1940, M. was the chief designer of Factory No. 1; under his leadership (together with M. I. Gurevich), the MiG-3 fighter was created (modification of MiG-1), which was produced in large series in 1940–41 and was used in combat operations from the first days of the Great Patriotic War; particularly effective during the Battle of Moscow. From March 1942, M. was the director and chief designer of Experimental Plant No. 155 (OKB-155; named after him since 1971, part of JSC "Russian Aircraft Corporation 'MiG'" since 1999), and from 1956, the general designer. In 1941–45, under the leadership of M. and Gurevich, a number of fighters with high flight performance were created: MiG-11 (I-220, first flight in 1943, max speed 624 km/h), I-225 (1944, 707 km/h); MiG-13 [I-250, 1945, 825 km/h; first with a combined (jet and piston) power plant; produced in small series] and others.

M. was one of the pioneers of jet aviation in the USSR. After the war, he developed front-line jet fighter aircraft and interceptors, many of which were manufactured in large series and remained in service with the Soviet Air Force and other countries for a long time. Among them: the first domestic fighter with turbojet engines MiG-9 (I-300, 1946); MiG-15 (I-310, 1947, max speed 1050 km/h) – the first (along with La-15) serial fighter with swept wings; MiG-17 (I-330, 1949, 1115 km/h) developing speeds of ≈1 Mach; the first serial supersonic fighter MiG-19 (1954, 1450 km/h, with the first domestic afterburning turbojet engine with axial compressor); MiG-21F with triangular wings and flight speed > 2 Mach (1957, 2175 km/h); produced for about 20 years in various modifications and became the world's most mass-produced fighter; in service with the air forces of many countries.

In the 1950s, the Design Bureau developed an air-to-ship cruise missile; in the late 1960s – a two-stage reusable aviation-space system "Spiral". The last aircraft created under M.'s leadership: the world's first fighter with variable sweep wings MiG-23 (1967, 2500 km/h); the world's first high-altitude high-speed interceptor MiG-25 (1964, flight speed ≈3 Mach – over 3000 km/h; adopted by Air Defense aviation in 1970; 29 world records set, including 3 absolute records; designated as E-133, E-266, E-266M during record flights).

Aircraft developed under M.'s leadership set 55 world records. M. created a school in aircraft manufacturing and trained many highly qualified designers.

Until a stroke disabled him on 27 May 1969, Mikoyan was manager and general constructor of the MiG OKB (Experimental Design Bureau).

---

In December 1928, he was called into the ranks of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA).

In 1931, he was sent to the N.E. Zhukovsky Air Force Academy (now the N.E. Zhukovsky and Yu.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy).

In 1935, he completed industrial practice in Kharkov. Together with other academy students, in 1937 he built his first light aircraft - the "Oktyabrenok" aircraft, which received high praise from the Central Aeroclub. In the same year, he defended his diploma project and received the rank of military engineer-mechanic of the Red Army Air Force and was appointed a military representative at Aircraft Factory No. 1 named after Aviakhim, where the Design Bureau of Nikolai Polikarpov was transferred in early 1939. In March 1939, Artem Ivanovich was transferred from military acceptance to the NKAP - to Polikarpov's Design Bureau, where he was appointed head of KB-1 for maneuverable fighters.

On December 8, 1939, Mikoyan was appointed head of the new Special Design Department (OKO), organized at the same factory. This day became the birthday of the new Design Bureau. There he would rise to become the chief designer, with aircraft designer Mikhail Gurevich as his deputy.

Soon after the start of the Great Patriotic War, in October 1941, Factory No. 1 was evacuated to Kuybyshev (now Samara). After the return of the OKO collective and experimental workshop to Moscow in March 1942, Mikoyan became the director and chief designer of the experimental plant No. 155 (OKB-155, from 1966 - Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Zenit"). Subsequently - in 1971 - the factory would be named after A.I. Mikoyan (now - OKB named after A.I. Mikoyan as part of RSK "MiG"). In December 1956, Artem Ivanovich was appointed to the position of General Designer.

Under the leadership of Mikoyan and Gurevich from 1940–1945, 15 aircraft with high flight and technical characteristics were developed, including the MiG-1 and MiG-3 fighters (1940), which took part in the Great Patriotic War.

The MiG-15 was a huge success for the Mikoyan Design Bureau. It was distinguished by the simplicity and reliability of its design, high flight and operational qualities, and powerful armament consisting of one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons. The MiG-15bis modification became the base for testing the first domestic radar stations in the early 1950s, and various samples of aviation equipment and weapons were also being developed.

The fighter-interceptors created on its basis, the MiG-17P and MiG-17PF, became the first mass combat aircraft of the USSR Air Defense Forces (PVO), formed in 1954. A total of 8,045 MiG-17 aircraft of all modifications were produced. They were also built in Poland, China, and Czechoslovakia. They participated in combat operations in Vietnam and the Middle East.

The consistent development of the MiG-15 and MiG-17 allowed Mikoyan's design bureau to approach the creation of all-weather fighters by the mid-1950s, and then aircraft with supersonic flight speeds. The first Soviet serial supersonic fighter was the MiG-19. Already in the first test flights, the aircraft broke the sound barrier and then reached a maximum speed of 1,452 km/h.

For air defense tasks, interceptors MiG-19P and MiG-19PM were created on the base of the aircraft. A whole series of experimental and test aircraft were also built, on which in-flight refueling systems, off-airfield start systems, weapons, and onboard equipment were being developed. However, another supersonic Mikoyan aircraft - the MiG-21 - gained massive recognition. It was created as a light supersonic front fighter with a triangular wing and one engine with a thrust of 5,100 kgf, which, compared to twin-engine aircraft, had an advantage in structural weight and fuel consumption per aircraft sortie while maintaining high thrust-to-weight ratio.

Its first mass modification, the MiG-21F, was created in 1958. The aircraft belonged to the third generation. It further developed into an all-weather fighter-interceptor with onboard radar and guided missile weapons. The MiG-21 became one of the most famous and popular fighters in the world. 24 world records were set on its modifications. It was produced serially for more than 30 years in many versions, was in service in 49 countries, and participated in many military conflicts. 10,616 of these aircraft were built in the USSR.

Unbeaten Records In 1967, the MiG-23 was created - the first Soviet fighter with variable sweep wings. Soon it became the main fighter of the country's Air Force, replacing the MiG-21 in this capacity. From the late 1960s, in parallel with the refinement of the MiG-23, a front fighter-bomber MiG-23B was developed on its base. Then a MiG-23BM version appeared with a fundamentally new digital sight-navigation complex and a powerful six-barrel 30 mm cannon. Subsequently, it was renamed the MiG-27 and became the basis for creating a number of new modifications. The MiG-23 and MiG-27 became the first domestic front aircraft capable of using high-precision weapons against ground targets. From the mid-1970s and for more than 20 years, they formed the basis of the fighter-bomber aviation of the Soviet Union and some foreign countries. The total production volume exceeded 6,000 units, of which almost 1,500 went to export. And their operation abroad continues to this day. In the 1960s, under Mikoyan's leadership, a fundamentally new aircraft was created, capable of flying at an altitude of 20 km at a speed of 3,000 km/h. This was the high-altitude fighter-interceptor MiG-25P. From the early 1970s, the machines began to enter fighter aviation units of the Air Defense Forces.

Parallel to the MiG-25P, the high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft MiG-25R was launched into serial production, and from 1970 - the reconnaissance-bomber MiG-25RB created on its base, which, in addition to conducting photo and radio reconnaissance, could deliver bomb strikes on ground targets (capable of carrying up to 5,000 kg of bombs). The reconnaissance-strike complex concept implemented on it was far ahead of its time and became generally accepted in global weapons and military equipment development practice by the end of the 20th century. A total of 1,106 MiG-25 aircraft of all modifications were produced until 1985. Some of the machines were exported to Algeria, Bulgaria, India, Iraq, Libya, and Syria. Mikoyan died seven years before the absolute record that will hardly be beaten in the foreseeable future. In 1977, the MiG-25M rose to a flight altitude of 37,650 meters. Thanks to unique speed and altitude characteristics, 39 world aviation records of speed, flight altitude, and height gain were set on experimental MiG-25 aircraft between 1965 and 1997. And some of these records remain unbroken to this day. At the Origins of the Fourth Generation Still during Mikoyan's time, in the late 1960s, the creation of a fourth-generation fighter began - the "Topic 29" (as they called the creation of a light fighter). All design innovations gave the new MiG-29 high maneuverability, and powerful new engines provided high thrust-to-weight ratio. In an interview with TASS, RSK "MiG" test pilot Mikhail Belyaev said that when mass re-equipment with the MiG-29 began in the late 1980s, compared to previous aircraft, "this was a small revolution, particularly in my consciousness".

"Thrust-to-weight ratio, high maneuverability. When you could perform an air battle, say, with a pair of old MiG-23 fighters against one MiG-29, with the '23' at full afterburner, everywhere at extreme modes, while the MiG-29 easily maneuvers and escapes pursuit, time and again getting on the tail of these aircraft. I didn't understand this until I myself switched to the MiG-29."--- Mikhail Belyaev, RSK "MiG" test pilot, Hero of Russia

According to journalists from the American publication The National Interest, the MiG-29 became the first Russian fourth-generation jet fighter, "with a deadly appearance unlike earlier Soviet machines. Fast and nimble, it could outrun any NATO fighter, while the aircraft was equipped with the most modern missiles". The West has long recognized Mikoyan's legacy - all those technologies and innovations that were laid down by the designer during his lifetime continue to live on.

Also in the late 1960s, during Mikoyan's time, they began developing the country's first fourth-generation fighter, which became the two-seat fighter-interceptor E-155MP, adopted into service in 1981 under the name MiG-31.

It was built according to the MiG-25P aircraft scheme but had a crew of two - a pilot and navigator-operator, placed in tandem. The introduction of a phased array radar (PAR) on the fighter was a great achievement of the Mikoyan Design Bureau. Other aircraft manufacturing companies worldwide were only able to start similar work in the late 20th century. The aircraft's armament included long-range R-33 missiles with radar homing heads. On later modifications, the arsenal was expanded. The weapon control system installed on it ensures tracking and interception of up to 10 targets and allows firing simultaneously at several targets flying at different altitudes with various speeds and courses.

In terms of speed and altitude characteristics, the MiG-31 remains unique to this day. It can easily rise to an altitude of more than 20 km, accelerate to 3,000 km/h, and launch a hypersonic missile with low radar signature and high maneuverability of the "Kinzhal" complex. Its creation became known quite recently - in 2018. And it was the MiG-31K that became the carrier of this powerful hypersonic weapon. Mastering the first supersonic aircraft in serial production, afterburning engines, installing onboard radar on fighters, overcoming the thermal barrier, implementing the reconnaissance-strike complex concept, orbital aircraft, radar with a phased array antenna on a fighter - this is far from a complete list of Artem Mikoyan's scientific and technological achievements that were forever ahead of their time. Today, RSK "MiG" does not forget the legacy of the outstanding designer, continuing to improve the Mikoyan school of aircraft construction. The new light multifunctional fighter MiG-35 can solve reconnaissance, patrol, defeat of ground and surface targets at long distances, and is also capable of operating in high-intensity conflicts. "This is an independent machine that is less dependent on ground services and capable of effective network interaction. The MiG-35 meets 21st-century standards for reliability, repair, and upgrades," said Ilya Tarasenko, Deputy General Director of UAC in one of his interviews. This means that Russia has a new soldier-aircraft from the renowned corporation, worthily continuing the work of Artem Mikoyan.

Recognition and awards

He received numerous awards and honors for his outstanding design achievements in military aviation, including membership in the Soviet Union Academy of Sciences in 1968.

Corresponding Member since 10/23/1953 - Department of Technical Sciences (aircraft construction); ; Academician since 11/26/1968 - Department of Mechanics and Control Processes (aviation)

Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Technical Sciences (aircraft construction) from October 23, 1953, Academician in the Department of Mechanics and Control Processes (aviation) from November 26, 1968.

USSR State Prize (1941, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1953), Lenin Prize (1962).

Lenin Prize (1962), USSR State Prize (1941, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1953). Awarded the Order of Lenin (1940, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1965).

Military Ranks

Military Engineer 3rd Rank (13.04.1938)
Military Engineer 2nd Rank (11.09.1940)
Engineer-Colonel (18.03.1943)
Major General of Aviation Engineering Service (01.03.1946)
Major General of Engineering and Technical Service (20.06.1951, re-certified)
Lieutenant General of Engineering and Technical Service (23.02.1963)
Colonel General of Engineering and Technical Service (27.10.1967)

Legacy

one of the pioneers of jet aviation in our country

Thanks to his organizational skills, he transformed "MiG" into the main fighter design bureau (KB) of the USSR - over 100 world records were set on his aircraft, including the absolute flight altitude record.

In 1996 Mikoyan was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

Nephew Stepan Mikoyan

Tributes

• The museum of the Mikoyan brothers in Alaverdi, Armenia contains his bust erected in 1982, and a MiG-21U.
• A Yerevan school founded in 1974, was named after him in 2005.
• Streets in Nor Nork, Yerevan[1][2] and in Khoroshyovsky District, Moscow are named after him (the latter since 2006).

Установлена в Москве (улица Серафимовича, дом 2) на доме, в котором в 1943-1963 годах жил А.И.Микоян. Фото А.А.Симонова, 23.10.2008.

• 
• 
• 
  2005 Russian stamp
• 

sources

MiG Aircraft Since 1937 - Bill Gunston, Yefim Gordon Mig Aircraft Since 1937 (Putnam Aviation Series). Gunston, Bill,Gordon, Yefim. Published by Naval Inst Pr, 1998. ISBN 10: ... James, Stuart (August 1998). "MiG Aircraft Since 1937". Reference Reviews. 12 (8). Emerald Group Publishing: 33–34. doi:10.1108/rr.1998.12.8.33.453. ISSN 0950-4125. https://pdfupload.io/docs/ceb337d7

• Belyakov, R. A. [in Russian]; Marmain, J. (1994). Mig: Fifty Years of Secret Aircraft Design. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-566-7. https://pdfupload.io/docs/a5d9d916

• Greenwood, John; Hardesty, Von; Higham, Robin, eds. (1998). Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century. Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714643809. https://pdfupload.io/docs/50a85967

"Mikoyan, Artem Ivanovich". astronautix.com. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023.

Karwatka, Dennis (April 2017). "Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich and Their MiG Fighter Airplanes" (PDF). Tech Directions. 76 (8): 10–11.

Korneev, Valery (4 August 2015). "Советский авиаконструктор Артем Микоян. Досье [Soviet aircraft designer Artem Mikoyan. Dossier]" (in Russian). TASS. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018.

"MiG military aircraft: 110 years since the birth of Soviet designer Artem Mikoyan". TASS. 5 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023.

"МИКОЯН Артём Иванович". энциклопедия.минобороны.рф (in Russian). Russian Defense Ministry. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024.

"Микоян Артём Иванович" (in Russian). Moscow Aviation Institute. Archived from the original on 4 March 2025.

"Артем Микоян: «МиГ» всей жизни" (in Russian). Rostec. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 4 March 2025.

"Создатель легендарных самолетов" (in tu). Russian State Archive of Scientific-Technical Documentation. Archived from the original on 4 March 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Ptichkin, Sergey; Rodikov, Valeriy (3 August 2005). "Сто лет Микояна". Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on 4 March 2025.

Myasnikov, Viktor (5 August 2005). "Он признавал одного судью – небо". Nezavisimaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 March 2025.

1978 bio

• Arlazarov, Mikhail [in Russian] (1978). Артём Микоян [Artem Mikoyan]. Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya.

In a small mountain village on August 5, 1905, a son was born to the carpenter Ovanes (Ivan in Russian) Mikoyan - a future aircraft designer.

The Mikoyans lived in the village, but Ovanes Nersesovich worked in Alaverdi at a copper smelter owned by French concessionaires. His monthly salary was 38-40 rubles, and the family had many children - son Ervand, daughter Voskehat, son Anastas, daughter Astghik, and now a fifth was born.

Ovanes Nersesovich did carpentry for neighbors. Talida Otarova sewed for fellow villagers.

the monastery church, they christened the baby and named him Anushavan.

Anushavan was nine years old when the First World War began. His father was not taken into the army, and his older brother Yervand had to put on a soldier's greatcoat. He fought bravely, earning the St. George Cross.

In 1918, an event occurred on the Sanai plateau that alarmed the local boys: a Farman made an emergency landing not far from a cliff. The Farman was a typical airplane from the dawn of aviation: an engine , a frame made of slats and wire, and wings covered with canvas fabric. Almost a kite with an engine . But to the little mountaineer, a machine capable of flying seemed like an alien from some other, distant world. And while the pilot was tinkering with the engine, fixing the problem, little Mikoyan © and his friends did not leave the airplane. Many years later, he would say: - From that moment on, I decided that I had to fly!

In the same 1918, Anushavan lost his father.

After her husband's death, after consulting with her relatives, Talida Otarova decided to take Anushavan to Tiflis, to her cousin Verginia Tumanyan. She really wanted her youngest son to get an education.

In Tiflis, Anushavan began studying at an Armenian school.

In 1921, Soviet power was established in Armenia. Arriving in Sanahin for the summer holidays, Mikoyan organized a Komsomol cell and became its first leader. The secretary of the Komsomol cell energetically helped to unite his fellow villagers into a commune.

Mikoyan did not live long in Tiflis after the establishment of Soviet power . In 1923, his elder brother, who headed the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the Party in Rostov-on-Don, invited him to join him. After graduating from the FZU school at the Krasny Aksay agricultural machinery plant in Rostov, Anushavan became an apprentice turner.

In 1924, turner's apprentice Mikoyan was accepted as a candidate for membership in the RIP(b). In 1925, he became a communist of the Lenin call.

Having become a Muscovite, Mikoyan quickly became involved in the life of the capital. The Shaumyan family, who gave shelter to Anushavan, played a a big role in his life. He felt easy and simple with Ekaterina Sergeevna. Ekaterina Sergeevna was always a little sad — she could not forget the tragic death of her husband.

Anushavan wanted to study, like his friends, but he had to put his studies on hold. First of all, he needed to find a job. In Moscow, this turned out to be easy . He was a metalworker, as turners, fitters, milling machine operators, and planers were called at that time. In young Soviet Russia, there was a great need for metalworkers . 16 The Dynamo plant, where the young turner entered, was the first enterprise in the country to produce electrical machines and devices for factory and plant installations and tram services. The Dynamo plant was famous for its revolutionary past: in October 1917, Dynamo men stormed the Kremlin as part of combat units. The problem of work was solved. Having thanked the Shaumyan family for their hospitality, Anushavan began to live independently. By that time, Anastas Ivanovich had also arrived in Moscow. He invited his brother to join him, but Anushavan refused.

His workmates treated young Mikoyan with great warmth and sympathy. For them, he immediately became "one of their own." They renamed him from Anushavan to Artem. Mikoyan got used to the new name, accepted it, and wrote it down quite officially when filling out party documents .

14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) In December 1925, the 15th Party Congress convened, which went down in history as the Industrialization Congress. The decisions of this congress dramatically changed the life of the entire country. They also played a significant role in the fate of Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan. The resolution of the congress stated! "..to conduct economic construction from such an angle that the USSR would be transformed from a country importing machinery and equipment into a country producing machinery and equipment, so that in this way the USSR, in the conditions of capitalist encirclement, would not be able to turn into an economic appendage of the capitalist world economy, but would represent an independent economic unit, built in a socialist manner... ..to take all measures to strengthen the country's defense capability and increase the power of the Red Army and the Red Fleet, sea and air...", Artem Ivanovich managed to attend the congress. And this left an indelible impression for life.

Mikoyan worked at the Dynamo plant until 1928. Then he was summoned to the district committee: "We recommend you for party work." So Mikoyan became the secretary of the party organization of the Oktyabrsky tram depot. And in December of the same 1928 - conscription into the army. The recruit was enrolled in the infantry and sent to the city of Livny in the Oryol region.

In August 1929, Red Army soldier Mikoyan was transferred to the Ivanovo-Voznesensk military school. Little is known about this period of his life. This school, although called Ivanovo-Voznesenskaya, was located in Orel. Soon after Mikoyan entered it, the school was reorganized into the first Soviet tank school .

The school was founded by Suren Stepanovich Shaumyan. Artem Ivanovich met him in 1923 in Rostov -on-Don. Then they met more than once in Moscow, when he lived with his mother, Ekaterina Sergeyevna. Mikoyan was the secretary of the Komsomol organization of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk military school), as well as the influence of Suren Shaumyan, whose authority was very high, determined the further path of Artem Ivanovich's life.

In 1930, having returned from military service, Artem Ivanovich again found himself in party work. At first he was the secretary of the party committee at the Kompressor plant. Then , when the Bauman district was divided into Bauman and Stalin, he became an instructor in the organizational department of the Stalin district committee . Day after day, Mikoyan accumulated experience in organizational work, which later came in handy when he became the head of the design team .

During the first five-year plans, industrialization and mastery of technology were the most important tasks set before the people by the party. The country had to create its own industry, and above all, heavy industry capable of producing military equipment. There was no one and nothing to rely on...

On January 25, 1931, the 10th All-Union Congress of the Komsomol adopted a resolution on the patronage of the Komsomol over the Air Force.

To be among the Komsomol members and communists recommended for the air force and to work in the aviation industry was a great honor. Among those elected was the young party worker Artem Mikoyan, sent to study at the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy . “How did my brother end up among the party thousanders sent to aviation? It was a combination of two circumstances ,” explained Anastas Ivanovich. “Firstly , he was a communist, highly respected by his comrades . Secondly, he was distinguished by his courage and discipline . Aviation was in great need of such people— a romantic, attractive business that required courage and hard work.” So he was sent to the front line, which was what aviation was considered at the time. A convinced communist, Artem Ivanovich belonged to those people who are rightly called soldiers of the party. A man of duty, self-possessed, purposeful, disciplined, he carried out any task with maximum dedication. He went into aviation mainly because it was necessary. Entering the academy was not easy, because Artem Ivanovich did not even have a completed secondary education . True, at that time, the lack of education was more the rule than the exception. Therefore, preparatory courses like workers' faculties were organized for future students. Completion of these courses gave the right to enter a university. Wandering from the army to the apartments of well-wishing acquaintances, Artem Ivanovich lived at that time in Ar- dad, in the room of Leon Bogdanovich Safrazyan, with whom he had become friends at the Shaumyans. The room was temporarily empty - Safrazyan worked in Chelyabinsk as deputy head of construction of a tractor plant. Safrazyan's neighbor, military engineer I. Z. Lisogursky , helped Artem Ivanovich prepare for veterinary exams. Admiring the will and hard work of the applicant, Lisogursky said: - I am shocked that a person who does not even really know decimal fractions has grasped the most difficult things with such incredible speed ! Let's leave some exaggeration on Lisogursky's conscience , but there is no doubt that Artem Ivanovich closed a gaping hole in his education ...

The N. Ye. Zhukovsky Air Force Academy is the first higher aviation technical educational institution in the country. In 1919, Zhukovsky organized an aviation technical school in Moscow. A year later, the technical school was transformed into the Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet , named after its creator. In 1923, the institute was reorganized into a military academy.

Artem Ivanovich and his teammates studied with great interest. The comrades attended a course in theoretical aerodynamics by B. M. Zemsky. They studied experimental aerodynamics under the guidance of one of its founders, B. N. Yuryev. Lectures on mathematics were brilliantly given by V. V. Golubev. Courses on "Air Propellers" and " Flight Dynamics" were given by V. P. Vetchinkin. Students were introduced to engines by B. S. Stechkin, a designer and scientist, the founder of the theory of air-jet engines...

Among Mikoyan's teachers there were many brilliant engineers with a strong philosophical attitude to their work. One of these philosophers of technology was Viktor Fedorovich Bolkhovitinov. Viktor Fedorovich treated him very warmly. rushed to the listener Mikoyan and contributed greatly to the confirmation of his interest in design.

In 1935, Mikoyan was sent to Kharkov for industrial practice. Kharkov at that time was one of the centers of new ideas for aircraft manufacturing. An outstanding specialist, Professor Iosif Grigorievich Neman, worked there. After graduating from the Kharkov Technological Institute in the late 1920s , Neman joined the bureau of the famous designer Konstantin Alekseevich Kalinin.

archived

old, not much helpful

"Foreign News: Russia's top aircraft designers". Time. August 20, 1951. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021.

Potts, Jr., Ramsay D. (May 1955). "The Foundations of Soviet Air Power: A Historical and Managerial Interpretation". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 299: 38–48.

Krebs, Albin (December 10, 1970). "Gen. Mikoyan Dead; A Designer of MIGs". The New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020.

"Academician A. I. Mikoyan". Nature. 229: 580. 1971.