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Death and funeral of Pope Francis
Vatican flag at half-mast in front of the building of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
Date
  • 21 April 2025 (2025-04-21) (death)
  • 26 April 2025 (2025-04-26) (funeral)
Location
Francis' coat of arms

On 21 April 2025 (Easter Monday) at 07:35 CEST (UTC+02:00), Pope Francis died at the age of 88 at his residence, the Domus Sanctae Marthae in Vatican City.[1][2] His death was announced by Cardinal Kevin Farrell, the Camerlengo, in a broadcast by Vatican Media and in a video statement at 09:45, two hours after his death.[3][4][5] Francis had served as pope, the head of the Catholic Church, since his election on 13 March 2013. He was the second pope to die in office in the 21st century, after Pope John Paul II in 2005.

Francis' death followed a five-week stay in hospital a month earlier, where he suffered from a respiratory tract infection and double pneumonia.[6][7] The cause of his death was officially registered as a stroke followed by irreversible cardiac arrest.[8] Francis' Requiem Mass was celebrated on 26 April 2025, five days after his death. The 2025 papal conclave that will determine Francis' successor is expected to convene sometime between 6 and 12 May 2025.[9][needs update]

Background

[edit]
Francis in June 2024

Elected in 2013 at the age of 76, Francis was then reported to be healthy despite having suffered from chronic lung damage, due in part to the lung excision he had as a young man. His doctors had said the lung tissue removed then would not significantly affect his health. The only concern would be decreased respiratory reserve if he had a respiratory infection. In the last few years of his life, he was prone to bouts of influenza and bronchitis in the winter. Knee problems and sciatica had prompted him to frequently use a wheelchair, walker, or cane.[10]

In 2021, Francis' health problems prompted rumours that he might resign,[11] which Francis dismissed.[12] In June 2022, after undergoing treatment to his knee, Francis cancelled planned trips to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan.[13] In an interview with Reuters that month, Francis said that he had not considered resigning but would do so if his health made it impossible for him to run the Church.[14] During his eventual trip to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in February 2023, Francis said that resignation was "not in his agenda at the moment".[15]

In March 2023, Francis was hospitalized in Rome with a respiratory infection.[16] He returned to celebrate the Easter Vigil Mass on Holy Saturday, in April.[17] In June, Francis underwent abdominal surgery after suffering from a hernia.[18] Francis had publicly used a wheelchair since 2022, initially due to persistent knee pain which required an operation.[19][20] He acknowledged that his recurring mobility problems had precipitated the beginning of what Reuters termed "a new, slower phase of his papacy",[21] although he was praised by disabled Catholics for making his "disability part of his visible identity".[22]

Final illness

[edit]

On 14 February 2025, Francis entered Gemelli Hospital in Rome due to bronchitis.[23] His hospital stay was extended due to a polymicrobial infection of his respiratory tract and bilateral pneumonia.[24][25][26] Vatican News described his condition as critical and reported that he was given blood transfusions and high-flow oxygen.[27][28] On 23 February, it was announced that Francis had early-stage kidney failure, though his condition remained "under control".[29][30] On 26 February, he showed slight improvement,[31] but two days later suffered a bronchial spasm, causing him to inhale vomit and require non-invasive mechanical ventilation, with the Vatican stating that his prognosis remained guarded.[32][33] On 3 March, it was reported that he had been removed from mechanical ventilation and was recovering.[34][35] The Vatican disclosed that Francis had suffered two episodes of "acute respiratory insufficiency".[36] After this episode, the third major downturn in the Pope's condition,[37] mechanical ventilation was resumed that afternoon.[38]

On 19 March, it was reported that Francis was no longer using mechanical ventilation at night, with his doctors stating that his lung infection was under control, although not eliminated.[39] He was discharged from hospital on 23 March,[40] immediately after blessing a crowd from his balcony; he was expected to spend at least two months recuperating at his home in Domus Sanctae Marthae in Vatican City,[41] maintaining a reduced work schedule.[42][43] He appeared in public for the first time since the hospitalization on 6 April.[44]

On Easter Sunday, 20 April, Francis met with United States Vice President JD Vance[45][46] to exchange Easter greetings.[47] Francis delegated the traditional Easter Mass to Cardinal Angelo Comastri, but made a public appearance to personally bestow the Urbi et Orbi blessing in Saint Peter's Square.[48] The last political official to meet with Pope Francis before his death was Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenković.[49] His final spoken words were a message of thanks to his nurse for allowing him to appear in the Square.[50]

Death

[edit]
Rosary for the late Pope Francis, Maria Maggiore, April 22, 2025.
Procession with the body of the late Pope Francis

Francis's health began a sudden deterioration at 05:30 CEST on the morning of 21 April (Easter Monday), during which he made a final farewell gesture toward his nurse and lost consciousness; observers did not notice any signs of suffering.[50] He died at 07:35, at his residence in Vatican City.[5][51] He was 88. His death was announced by Cardinal Kevin Farrell, the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, in a statement broadcast on Vatican Media from the chapel of the papal residence at Domus Sanctae Marthae.[52] A death certificate released by the Vatican later that day confirmed that Francis died of a stroke, which led to coma and irreversible cardiac arrest. His death certificate also noted that he was suffering from type 2 diabetes and hypertension.[53][54][55] On 22 April, the Vatican released the first images of Pope Francis lying in state at the Domus Sanctae Marthae chapel, wearing red vestments and his bishop's miter.[56]

Following his death, Francis's spiritual testament, dated 29 June 2022, was released, revealing his wish to be buried at the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, specifically "in the burial niche in the side aisle between the Pauline Chapel (Chapel of the Salus Populi Romani) and the Sforza Chapel of the Basilica."[57] His statement ended: "May the Lord grant a fitting reward to all those who have loved me and who continue to pray for me. The suffering that has marked the final part of my life, I offer to the Lord, for peace in the world and for fraternity among peoples."[57]

Sixty cardinals held an organisational meeting on 22 April.[58] On 23 April at 09:00, the body of Pope Francis was moved from Domus Sanctae Marthae to St. Peter's Basilica and lie in state for public viewing until 07:00 on 25 April.[59][60]

According to Church law, the 2025 papal conclave must convene about 15 to 20 days after the papacy becomes vacant,[61] in this case between 6 and 11 May 2025, but may convene earlier if all cardinal electors have arrived in Rome, according to Pope Benedict XVI's Normas nonnullas of 26 February 2013.[62]

Funeral

[edit]

Proceedings began with the Camerlengo, Kevin Farrell, presiding over the rite of ascertainment of death in the papal chapel.[63] A papal funeral has traditionally been an elaborate affair, but Francis approved plans to simplify the rubrics of the Ordo Exsequiarum Romani Pontificis, the liturgical book detailing the rites of a papal funeral.[5] He opted for a basic wooden coffin lined with zinc and ended the tradition of placing the pope's body on a raised platform for public viewing. According to his wishes, Francis will be buried in the Basilica of St. Mary Major in Rome, specifically, "in the burial niche in the side aisle between the Pauline Chapel (Chapel of the Salus Populi Romani) and the Sforza Chapel of the Basilica,"[64] making him the first pope to be interred outside the Vatican since Pope Leo XIII in 1903.[2]

The funeral took place on 26 April at 10:00 in the form of a Mass of Requiem led by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re.[56].

On 25 April, Francis's coffin was sealed during a liturgical rite which began an hour after the lying in state ended.[65] Controversy broke out after Roger Mahony, the former Archbishop of Los Angeles who was relieved of his office in 2013 due to mishandling of clerical sexual abuse, played a role in the ceremonies as the senior cardinal-priest in Rome, closing the lid of the papal coffin.[66] A text summarising the pope's life (rogitum) was placed in his coffin.[67][68] After the Litany of the Saints, the patriarchs, archbishops, and metropolitans of the Eastern Catholic Churches stood beside the coffin of Pope Francis for the Supplicatio Ecclesiae Orientalium (formerly known as the Officio Defectorum in Byzantine liturgy). After thrice chanting the Paschal troparion and chanting prayers, Patriarch Youssef Absi censed the coffin.[69][70][71]

The Mass of Requiem took place on 26 April at 10:00, led by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re.[56] Roughly 130 foreign delegations were confirmed at the funeral by the Vatican, including several prominent world leaders and heads of state.[72][73] Around 250,000 people were estimated to have attended the funeral Mass at St. Peter's Square, while 140,000 lined up to see the funeral procession in Rome.[74] The funeral Mass also began a nine-day mourning period, known as the novendiales, during which the cardinals will concelebrate Mass in Francis's memory. The Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff released the schedule and the list of cardinals who will officiate the Masses for the novendiales.[75][76]

The Italian government deployed more than 2,500 police officers and 1,500 soldiers to provide security during the funeral. It also deployed a naval vessel off the coast of Rome, and placed fighter jet squadrons on standby.[77] A no-fly zone was imposed over Rome ahead of the funeral.[78]

The designed seating order at the funeral was based on a division in classes by type of dignitary (reigning monarchs, non-royal heads of state, heads of government, etc.). Within each class, the arrangement was organized according to the alphabetical order of the official French names of the dignitaries' home countries, as French is seen as the main language of international diplomacy. An exception was made for the presidents of Argentina (Javier Milei), Francis's native country, and Italy (Sergio Mattarella), who were both given precedence ahead of other dignitaries.[79]

The funeral offered a chance for "brush-by" diplomatic encounters between leaders, including US President Donald Trump and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who met at St. Peter's Basilica ahead of the funeral.[80]


Dignitaries

[edit]

A significant number of international dignitaries confirmed their attendance at the funeral, including over 100 heads of state and government. The following guests attended the funeral:

Countries

[edit]

International organizations

[edit]

Leaders not attending

[edit]

The following figures were noted in media coverage for not attending the funeral.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also as Co-Prince of Andorra along with Urgell Bishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília.
  2. ^ a b Not part of the official delegation.
  3. ^ Kosovo's independence is not recognized by the Holy See. See also International recognition of Kosovo.
  4. ^ The Republic of China (ROC) has official diplomatic relations with the Holy See instead of the People's Republic of China (PRC) under the One China policy. The ROC formerly ruled Mainland China and the territory has since been restricted to Taiwan and the other surrounding islands following the conclusion of the Second Chinese Civil War in 1949. See also Political status of Taiwan.

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ "Dichiarazione del Direttore della Sala Stampa della Santa Sede, Matteo Bruni". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  4. ^ "Pope Francis has died, Vatican says in video statement". Reuters. 21 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  5. ^ a b c Watkins, Devin (21 April 2025). Pope Francis has died on Easter Monday aged 88. Vatican News. Dicasterium pro Communicatione. Archived from the original on 21 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  6. ^ Giuffrida, Angela (22 March 2025). "Pope Francis to be discharged from hospital and convalesce at Vatican". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  7. ^ "Pope Francis returns to Vatican after 5-week hospital stay for life-threatening double pneumonia". PBS News. 23 March 2025. Archived from the original on 21 April 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  8. ^ Giuffrida, Angela; Sherwood, Harriet (21 April 2025). "Pope Francis died from a stroke followed by heart failure, Vatican says". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  9. ^ "Here's How a Conclave Elects a New Pope". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Associated Press. 19 February 2025. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
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  11. ^ Gagliarducci, Andrea (31 August 2021). "Analysis: What's behind rumors that Pope Francis will resign?". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 20 March 2025. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
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  84. ^ a b Per altra banda, s'ha referit a la delegació que representarà el país en el funeral del papa Francesc, la qual estarà encapçalada pel copríncep episcopal, Joan-Enric Vives, per ell mateix com a cap de Govern i per l'ambaixador al Vaticà, Carles Álvarez Marfany. (in Catalan)
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