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Mgreason/Sandbox 22
Location of dams and flooded area in Midland County, Michigan
DateTuesday, May 19, 2020 (2020-05-19)
Time17:46 UTC-5
LocationMidland County, Michigan, United States
Casualties
Killed or Seriously Injured: none
Damages: $200 million
Structures damaged/destroyed: 2,500

The Edenville and Sanford dam failures began at 17:46 p.m. EDT on Tuesday, May 19, 2020, at the Edenville Dam, 21 miles (34 km) north of Midland, Michigan when water from heavy rains breached the dam sending a torrent of water downstream. The Sanford Dam overflowed before also breaching, sending a wall of water 9 feet (2.7 m) tall into the east side of the city of Midland.[1]

History

[edit]

Both the Edenville and Sanford dams were earthen embankment dams with concrete spillways on the Tittabawassee River in Mid Michigan, United States, forming Wixom Lake and Sanford Lake, respectively.[2] The dams were built in 1925-1926 for hydroelectric power by Frank Isaac Wixom.[3] Wixom owned a circus before he built the dams.[4][5] The dams were each equipped with two 2.4 MW turbines capable of generating 4.8 MW of electricity in total.[6]

The dams were privately owned and operated by Boyce Hydro Power (BHP), a company based in Edenville, which also owned two other hydroelectric facilities on the Tittabawassee: the Secord and Smallwood Dams.[7]

During the Great Michigan Flood of 1986, Gladwin County received over 7 inches (17.8 cm) of rain and nearly 12 inches (30.5 cm) fell on Midland County. In the three days prior to the dam failure, Gladwin County recorded nearly 8 inches (20.3 cm) but Midland County got less than 5 inches (12.7 cm), far less than in the flood 34 years prior.[2]

Sanford

[edit]

The question regarding who should pay for the Sanford dam's maintenance arose in 2010 when the dam began "seeping" water, and during August, 6 inches (15.2 cm) of water was drained each day until the lake was 4 feet (1.2 m) lower, leaving docks dry. BHP spent $153K to reinforce the dam structure, but an inspection by the FERC mandated additional repairs costing $83K.[8] Despite the fact that BHP's contract with Detroit Edison pays almost $2.5 million over seven years, company owner Lee Mueller declared that businesses and property owners who benefit from the lake should pay for the repairs. Public reaction was mostly negative arguing that the dam makes money generating and selling electricity, so the dam should pay. Mueller responded that if money for repairs wasn't forthcoming, he would surrender his license and drain the lake.[8]

Edenville

[edit]

In 2013 the FERC notified BHP that the Edenville Dam required extensive work costing $8 million to mitigate damage from a probable maximum flood (PMF).[9] A PMF is the largest flood that could reasonably be expected to occur at a specific location, based on the most severe combination of meteorological and hydrological conditions. It's a theoretical maximum (10,000-year flood), often used in the design of critical infrastructure like dams.[10] The company responded that they didn't have the money and could not obtain it, complaining that Consumers Energy pays them 30% less than comparable companies.[9] The company warned that it might be forced to surrender their license and return the river to its original state or reduce the water level by 8 feet (2.4 m) as a safety buffer.[9]

Safety and lake level disputes

[edit]

In an exercise of a rarely used legal authority, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) terminated BHP's license in 2018, because of its "inability to pass the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)",[11] as well as seven other failures.[12] The Commission was concerned that "the dam may not have the ability to pass enough water, if a severe flood were to hit, among other issues and violations."[13]

Following the Commission's 2018 license revocation, the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE) took oversight of the dam.[14] EGLE determined that the dam was structurally sound.[15] Licenses for the other three dams were terminated in 2021.[16]

Task force

[edit]

In September 2018, volunteers from the Wixom, Sanford, Secord, Smallwood and Wixom lake associations gathered with industry experts "to ensure long-term viability of the four lakes."[17] The group formally became the non-profit Four Lakes Task Force (FLTF), an IRS 501(c)(3) organization. They questioned the actions of dam owner/operator Boyce Hydro Power and whether revenue from hydroelectric power was sufficient to pay for adequate maintenance and management of the dams.[2]

FLTF partnered with the Midland and Gladwin County Governments,[2] became a county-delegated authority and assumed control of the four dams in 2019 for almost $9.5 million.[18][19][20] with title to transfer in early 2022.[17] The State of Michigan appropriated $5 million for the purchase.[21][22] The FLTF planned to use funding from Gladwin and Midland counties together with assessments on property owners to pay for the acquisition.[2]

The FLTF operates under the Four Lakes Assessment District in the State of Michigan,[20] created in May 2019 by Judge Stephen Carras. The FLTF represents approximately 6,000 property owners on all four lakes.[23] In 2019, Michigan's 42nd Circuit Court was involved in determining if only the lakefront owners or all area residents would pay tax to the district.[24]

Before the flood

[edit]

In October 2018, and again in mid-November 2019, the dam's operator lowered the water level, in what it called a safety move. It said it had requested a permit to lower the level from Michigan's EGLE, a permit that was not issued. The operator said it acted “due to concern for the safety of its operators and the downstream community,” and went on to sue EGLE in federal court, alleging "its safety concerns were paramount."[25][26]

In December 2019, the FERC issued a permit to investigate expanding the hydropower plant with a second powerhouse containing one 1.2 MW turbine-generator unit for a total of 6 MW.[27]

The dam's operator said it began to raise the lake's water level in April 2020, under threat of being sued by Michigan's EGLE, and that it reached "normal pond level" in the first week of May 2020. Michigan's Attorney General Dana Nessel confirmed EGLE had directed the operator to raise the water level, stating: "Michigan EGLE directed Boyce to follow the court-ordered lake level requirements," but challenged that the operator had lowered it for safety reasons.[28]

In April 2020, EGLE sued BHP, alleging it had lowered the water level without permission in 2018 and 2019, killing thousands of freshwater mussels.[29][30][31][32]

In October 2022, however, a federal judge accepted as basic facts that Boyce had conducted what the Michigan Attorney General called a "propaganda" campaign trying to blame the State of Michigan for keeping water levels high, when in fact, Boyce had continually touted the structural safety of the Edenville Dam.[33]

Dam failure

[edit]
Copernicus Programme image of the dam after failure, showing the new river channel east of the original spillway.

On 19 May 2020 at 17:46 EDT heavy rainfall pushed inflows far beyond design capacity and a 900-foot section[2] of the east embankment of the Edenville Dam gave way. Immediate, mandatory evacuations were ordered for residents of Edenville and nearby Sanford.[34] Roughly 10 miles (16 km) downstream the impounded water overtopped – but did not breach – the Sanford Dam, forcing the evacuation of much of Midland, another six miles (9.7 km) downstream.[35]

NOAA Satellite image of the flooding downriver including Midland and Saginaw.

Governor Gretchen Whitmer declared a state of emergency that evening and directed state regulators to open an investigation into Boyce Hydro, the dam’s private owner.[36][37][38] More than 10 000 people eventually fled their homes; officials also urged evacuees to observe social‑distancing rules because the failure occurred during the COVID‑19 pandemic.[39]

The Tittabawassee River crested at 35.05 feet (10.68 m) during the night of 20 May, inundating eastern Midland and severely damaging the village of Sanford.[40][41][42] Satellite imagery released two days later showed a new river channel carved around the failed spillway.[43] Although floodwater surrounded parts of the Dow Chemical complex in Midland, the company reported no serious damage to critical infrastructure.[44] No fatalities or serious injuries were recorded.[45]

Fifteen houses in the neighborhood around the Sanford Dam were washed away and six other houses that were pushed off their foundations were razed.[46]

The Midland County Road Commission estimated flood damage to bridges and pavement at about US$17 million.[47]

Aftermath

[edit]

Lawsuits

[edit]

Within days of the disaster three class‑action lawsuits were filed; plaintiffs alleged negligence by both owner BHP and Michigan’s EGLE.[48][49] On 8 September 2023 the Michigan Court of Appeals allowed those actions to proceed, citing a 2020 precedent stemming from the Flint water crisis.[50] BHP declared bankruptcy.[51] In early 2025 a Michigan Court of Appeals judge rejected the request for dismissal by Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel and ordered the case against the state to commence in January 2026. An appeal by the state may be filed until June 2025.[46]

Forensic Report

[edit]

The FERC convened an Independent Forensic Team (IFT) to determine the technical cause of the breach. The team’s final report (4 May 2022) concluded that the failure was “foreseeable and preventable.” It traced the breach to loose sands placed in the 1920s embankment, which became saturated and underwent static liquefaction; the downstream face had also been built steeper than safety criteria allowed.[52] The IFT emphasized that design errors, construction deviations and decades of regulatory oversights collectively doomed the structure long before 2020.[52](pp. S‑4 – S‑5) Media coverage summarized the report as proof that the disaster was avoidable.[53] The rainfall in the watershed of the Tittabawassee River was categorized as a once-in-a-200-year event. The flood was classified as a once-in-500-year event.[2]

Compensation

[edit]

The Detroit District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers notified Midland City and County governments that $1.2 million was provided in FY2025 to study riverine flooding in Midland County. The area has experienced major flood events in 1986, 1996, 2013, 2017, and 2020.[54]

In 2023 the city of Midland received $5.5 million for infrastructure recovery and relief from Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer. Residents haven't been so lucky. Most did not have flood insurance. At a press conference outside the Midland County Courthouse on May 19, 2025, plaintiff's attorney Ven Johnson talked about the state's position:[46]

"Think about the Flint Water Tragedy, because there's your blueprint for how the State of Michigan deals with infrastructure failure. No one went to jail, no one was prosecuted, and it was the civil lawyers who did what they did and exactly what we're doing in this case, to try to bring some semblance of justice that took them 8 1/2 years before the State of Michigan stepped up and began to take responsibility and pay for the damage of the lives that they cost and all the damage that they caused. Not a single dime has been collected by the folks behind me. Not a single dime has been offered by the State of Michigan."[46]

To add insult to injury, every lakefront property owner is facing a special assessment for restoration to the lake and shoreline by the Four Lakes Task Force. Numerous residents who lost their homes are forced to pay an average of $48,000 over 40 years to keep their property. There are approximately 6,000 owners of property on the four lakes who will pay for the restoration. Families with small vacation cottages worth less than $50K "are being asked to foot a bill that's way too high for something they're not responsible for".[46]

The Village of Sanford learned in June 2025 that $700,000 from Federal Emergency Management Agency will finally be disbursed, five years after the flood. Nearly $400,000 will reimburse the community for a new Village Park. Hazard mitigation of $200,000 will pay for the purchase of five parcels and moving those owners away from the floodplain. $100,000 from the Public Assistance Program will convert a dam repair road into a boat launch.[55]

Restoration

[edit]

In March 2022 the state enacted a US$4.8 billion infrastructure package that earmarked $200 million for reconstructing the four dams overseen by the FLTF.[56] Early remediation redirected the Tittabawassee back through the original spillway, causing the temporary Edenville Falls—created in the breach channel—to dry up.[57] Work began on the project using the state grant while county officials finalized local funding.

In May 2023 Dave Kepler, president of the FLTF announced that they expected all the lakes would be restored in 2025.[58] In 2022 the 30 projects in the recovery phase for all four lakes were completed. Debris points were removed including boat lifts and docks, trees, lumber, boats and man-made items. More than one thousand were removed from Sanford Lake and 1,300 from Wixom Lake. Over 10,634 feet (3,241.2 m) shoreline was protected utilizing 48,335 tons of riprap. Much has been done, but issues still must be resolved.[58]

Gladwin and Midland County officials approved a $200 million special property assessment in February 2024 to pay for the rest of the $398 million project of dam repair to restore the lakes. The Heron Cove Association of property owners challenged the assessment and sued in circuit court. Work on the project stopped because of the uncertainty for repayment of bonds and state money was exhausted. The lawsuit was denied in circuit court, appealed at the Midland County Court of Appeals and again denied. The suit was then appealed and rejected by the Michigan Court of Appeals in March 2024.[59] The lawsuit was appealed to the Michigan Supreme Court and a motion was filed by FLTF requesting a May 2025 decision.[16]

The EGLE issued the final permit for the Edenville Dam in March 2025. The FLTF holds permits for the reconstruction of the four dams. After delays, the construction estimate is now $350 million.[16] Four of the five construction phases are nearly complete and if the lawsuit is resolved early enough to resume construction this summer, Smallwood, Secord and Sanford done next year and Edenville in 2027.[16][60]

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jackson, Angie; Spangler, Todd. "'Do not hesitate': Michigan governor urges evacuations, warns Midland could be under 9 feet of water". USA TODAY.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Hayes, Jason. "The 2020 Midland County Dam Failure". mackinac.org. Mackinac Center for Public Policy. Retrieved June 23, 2025.
  3. ^ "History". www.edenvilletwp.org.
  4. ^ Virginia Florey (April 4, 2019). "Midland Remembers: Genius burning: The story of Frank Isaac Wixom, Part I". Midland Daily News. Retrieved May 20, 2020. In 1893, Wixom sold his circus for $25,000. He hadn't forgotten his dream of bringing prosperity back to the lumbering towns like Edenville, Sanford, Averill and Coleman but he needed money to build dams.
  5. ^ "findlakes.com". ww5.findlakes.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2024.
  6. ^ FERC issues preliminary permit for 6-MW EdenviJeromlle Dam Hydroelectric Project in Michigan Archived December 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, December 3, 2019
  7. ^ "Compliance report" (PDF). sanfordlakeassociation.org. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2016. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  8. ^ a b Dodson, Andrew. "Sanford Lake Dam owner says he's not paying for $83,000 repair project". perma.cc. MLive Media Group. Retrieved June 24, 2025.
  9. ^ a b c Bellor, Beth. "Wixom Lake may be drained due to lack of funds for Boyce Hydro dam repairs". perma.cc. Midland Daily News. Retrieved June 24, 2025.
  10. ^ "What is Probable Maximum Flood (PMF)?". landinsight.co. Land Insight. Retrieved June 24, 2025.
  11. ^ -hydro-project-license-termination/ "FERC Denies Stay of Hydvillero Project License Termination". Washington Energy Report. October 30, 2018. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  12. ^ "Federal government orders dam owner to cease operations". mlive. November 22, 2017.
  13. ^ Trylch, Rebecca. "FERC revokes license for Edenville Dam". www.abc12.com. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  14. ^ Wixom Lake drops more than 7 feet Archived May 22, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, abc12 News, Rebecca Trylch, October 29, 2018
  15. ^ Erin Ailworth; John D. Stoll (May 20, 2020). "Failed Michigan Dam Lost License in 2018". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 21, 2020. After its license was revoked by FERC, regulation of the Edenville dam was taken over by EGLE in 2018. Spokesman Nick Assendelft said the agency inspected the dam in October 2018 and found it structurally sound
  16. ^ a b c d Leggate, James. "Michigan EGLE Issues Final Permit for Rebuild of Failed Edenville Dam". enr.com. ENR Midwest. Retrieved June 24, 2025.
  17. ^ a b "About". four-lakes-taskforce-mi.com. Four Lakes Task Force. Retrieved June 23, 2025. Cite error: The named reference "FLTF" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  18. ^ Lyden, David (April 25, 2019). "Wixom Lake Levels Expected to Return to Normal as Task Force Agrees to Buy Dams". 9 and 10 News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020. The Four Lakes Task Force agreed to buy Wixom, Sanford, Secord and Smallwood dams from Boyce Hydro for nearly $9.5 million
  19. ^ Chris Clor (April 24, 2019). "Task Force Agrees to Buy Dams, Restore Wixom Lake in Gladwin Co". 9 and 10 News. Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020. Wednesday the task force announced it agreed to buy the Wixom, Sanford, Secord and Smallwood dams from Boyce for nearly $9.5 million.
  20. ^ a b "Four Lakes Task Force, as Delegated Authority for the Counties of Midland and Gladwin, Michigan" (PDF). County Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020. the Four Lakes Task Force, in its capacity as the County Delegated Authority for the Four Lakes Special Assessment District
  21. ^ Tereasa Nims (March 14, 2019). "Task Force wants Midland, Gladwin counties to help with dam". Midland Daily News. Retrieved May 20, 2020. The state reportedly issued the task force a $5 million grant
  22. ^ Kukulka, Mitchell (January 3, 2020). "Boyce Hydro, Four Lakes Task Force sign dam agreement". Midland Daily News. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  23. ^ "Why donate?". four-lakes-taskforce-mi.com. Four Lakes Task Force. Retrieved July 5, 2025.
  24. ^ Nims, Tereasa (May 6, 2019). "Some lakefront property owners want everyone to pay". Midland Daily News. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  25. ^ David Welch (May 21, 2020). "Michigan Flood Puts Privately Owned Dams in Harsh Spotlight". Bloomberg. Retrieved May 21, 2020. Boyce said it lowered lake-water levels as a safety move in October 2018
  26. ^ Garret Ellison (May 21, 2020). "Failed dam owner fought with state over Wixom Lake levels before flood". Booth Newspapers. Retrieved May 21, 2020. Boyce says it asked EGLE for permission to lower Wixom Lake last fall "due to concern for the safety of its operators and the downstream community." EGLE and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources denied the request. Boyce lowered the lake without approval in mid-November "believing its safety concerns were paramount." Boyce sued the state on April 29 in Grand Rapids federal court
  27. ^ FERC issues preliminary permit for 6-MW Edenville Dam Hydroelectric Project in Michigan Archived December 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Hydro Review, December 3, 2019
  28. ^ Stephanie Parkinson (May 21, 2020). "Dam owner raised lake levels just before dam failures; claims state AG threatened lawsuit". NBC 25 News. Retrieved May 22, 2020. The Michigan Attorney General's office issued this statement: "[...] Michigan EGLE directed Boyce to follow the court-ordered lake level requirements."
  29. ^ JOHN FLESHER (May 20, 2020). "Michigan dam had repeated safety violations before flooding". The Wichita Eagle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020. The company twice lowered Wixom Lake's level without permission after the federal license was revoked, said Nick Assendelft, spokesman for the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes and Energy, which has overseen the Edenville barrier since its federal license was withdrawn [...] A lawsuit filed April 30 says the lengthy drawdowns in 2018 and 2019 killed "thousands, if not millions" of freshwater mussels, many listed as endangered species
  30. ^ Riley Beggin; Mike Wilkinson; Kelly House, Bridge Magazine (May 20, 2020). "Feds revoked dam's license over safety issues. Then Michigan deemed it safe". Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2020. State officials alleged Boyce's dams lowered the lake without permission in 2018 and 2019, and sued the company in April alleging the actions killed "thousands if not millions" of endangered freshwater mussels.
  31. ^ "Michigan dam had repeated safety violations before flooding". Washington Post. Retrieved May 21, 2020. A lawsuit filed April 30 says the lengthy drawdowns in 2018 and 2019 killed "thousands, if not millions" of freshwater mussels, many listed as endangered species.
  32. ^ "Did state pressure to keep Wixom Lake level high contribute to Edenville Dam's failure?".
  33. ^ Thompson, Carol. "Judge sanctions owner of failed central Michigan dam". detroitnews.com. Detroit News. Retrieved June 23, 2025.
  34. ^ "Edenville Dam structure breaks; evacuate immediately". May 19, 2020. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  35. ^ Schafer, Ashely (May 19, 2020). "Sanford Dam failure imminent; Midland residents evacuating". Midland Daily News.
  36. ^ "Residents told to evacuate after Edenville Dam failure in Midland County". May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  37. ^ Schafer, Ashely (May 19, 2020). "Sanford Dam failure imminent; Midland residents evacuating". Midland Daily News. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  38. ^ "'Long Ways to Go' Before Residents Can Return Home After Michigan Dam Failures".
  39. ^ "Michigan dam failures force 10,000 to evacuate and could leave one city under 9 feet of water". CBS News. May 21, 2020.
  40. ^ "Weather Service: Tittabawassee River crests at 35.05 feet". May 20, 2020. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  41. ^ "Midland County communities assess flood damage after dam failures". May 21, 2020. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  42. ^ "Michigan floods: Evacuations after Edenville and Sanford dams breached". BBC News. May 20, 2020.
  43. ^ "NASA Shares Satellite Images Of Historic Flooding In Michigan". International Business Times. May 21, 2020.
  44. ^ "Dow shifts to clean‑up, recovery mode". May 21, 2020. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  45. ^ Gray, Kathleen; Bosman, Julie (May 21, 2020). "As Virus Lingers in Michigan, a New Crisis Arrives: Flooding". The New York Times.
  46. ^ a b c d e Chalk, Dan. "Five years after dam breach, attorney and flood victims demand accountability from State of Michigan". ourmidland.com. Midland Daily News. Retrieved June 22, 2025.
  47. ^ Kennett, John (June 22, 2018). "Flooding caused $14 million in damage to roads, bridges". Midland Daily News. ourmidland.com. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
  48. ^ "After Edenville Dam failure, lawsuits pour in against owners, state regulators". May 26, 2020.
  49. ^ "Lawsuit Filed Against AG Nessel, County Officials for Edenville Dam Failure". May 28, 2020.
  50. ^ "Victims of Michigan dam collapse win key ruling in lawsuits against state". CBS News. September 8, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
  51. ^ "What Really Happened At Edenville and Sanford Dams?". practical.engineering. practical.engineering. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
  52. ^ a b France, Jonn; Alvi, Irfan; Miller, Arthur; Williams, Jennifer; Higinbotham, Steve (May 4, 2022). FINAL REPORT Investigation of Failures of Edenville and Sanford Dams (PDF). Independent Forensic Team. p. S‑2. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  53. ^ "Report says Michigan 2020 dam failures were 'preventable'". Michigan Radio. The Associated Press. May 6, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  54. ^ Sevilla, Dominic. "Tittabawassee Watershed flood survey receives additional $1.2 million". ourmidland.com. Midland Daily News. Retrieved June 22, 2025.
  55. ^ Milne, Max. "Sanford set to receive $700K in FEMA funds, five years after 2020 flood". ourmidland.com. Midland Daily News. Retrieved June 22, 2025.
  56. ^ Bleu, Rayvin; Paxson, James (March 31, 2022). "Part of $4.8B infrastructure plan going to fix Edenville, Sanford Dams". WNEM‑TV. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
  57. ^ "Dam becomes waterfall after heavy rain in Michigan causes floods". news.sky.com. Sky UK. Retrieved June 23, 2025.
  58. ^ a b Nims, Tereasa. "Three years after dam breaches, lakes are expected back by 2025". ourmidland.com. Midland Daily News. Retrieved June 20, 2025.
  59. ^ Jones, Alvin. "Court of Appeals upholds $200 million assessment to repair mid-Michigan dams". michiganpublic.org. Michigan Public. Retrieved June 24, 2025.
  60. ^ Milne, Max. "Midland County approves amendment to Four Lakes resolutions amid rising costs and delays". ourmidland.com. Midland Daily News. Retrieved June 24, 2025.


Category:Dams in Michigan Category:Reservoirs in Michigan Category:Buildings and structures in Midland County, Michigan Category:Earth-filled dams Category:Hydroelectric power plants in Michigan Category:Dams completed in 1925 Category:Dam failures in the United States Category:United States privately owned dams Category:Midland County, Michigan Category:2020 disasters in the United States Category:2020 in Michigan Category:2020 floods in the United States

2020 in Michigan May 20 include Edenville and Sanford dam failures

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