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Reference repairs using cite

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https://tools.wmflabs.org/citation-template-filling/cgi-bin/index.cgi

REF REPAIR TEST 1[1]

REF REPAIR TEST 2[2]

REF REPAIR TEST 3[3]

REF REPAIR TEST 4[4]

REF REPAIR TEST 5[5]

REF REPAIR TEST 6[6]

REF REPAIR TEST 7[7]


To anchor a ref in a Talk entry, put reflist talk inside double curly brackets

Vitamin A and measles

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editing the measles and vitamin A articles

"Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries, affecting 190 million children under five years of age and leading to many adverse health consequences, including death."[8] Vitamin A deficiency is rare in the United States.[9] A meta-analysis of clinical trials conducted in countries where VAD is prevalent concluded that when children were supplemented with vitamin A, there was a 50% reduction in incidence of contracting measles.[8] Vitamin A supplementation is not thought to reduce the risk of death from measles.[9] Children given high doses of vitamin A from supplements or cod liver oil can accumulate to toxic levels and this can lead to hypervitaminosis A and liver damage.[9] In the 2025 Southwest United States measles outbreak, centered in West Texas, some families continued to refuse vaccines and instead opted for giving vitamin A supplements or vitamins A- and D-containing cod liver oil to their children after Robert F. Kennedy Jr., promoted vitamin A as prevention and treatment.[10] Multiple children hospitalized for measles at Covenant Children's Hospital in Lubbock also showed signs of liver damage, a symptom of vitamin A toxicity.[9][10][11]

Vitamin D for Good Article

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Ref 206 could be updated to the version from 2024. Check if it still says the same thing; maybe add some info that could be new.

REFERENCE 206[12]

The 2024 book in question is Feldman and Pike's Vitamin D, which is not available on line, so unless Maynard library can borrow a copy, cannot replace.

Removed paragraph with refs from Excess

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In part, this is based on the observation that endogenous skin production with full body exposure to sunlight or use of tanning beds is comparable to taking an oral dose between 250 μg and 625 μg (10,000 IU and 25,000 IU) per day and maintaining blood concentrations on the order of 100 ng/mL.[13] Exposure to sunlight or use of tanning beds have been confirmed as increasing the risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma.[14][15]

Further reading

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  • Feldman and Pike’s Vitamin D (5th Edition) Volume One: Biochemistry, Physiology and Diagnostics; Editors: Hewison M, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D,Meyer MB, Welsh J. Academic Press (October 2023) ISBN‎ 978-0-32-391386-7
  • Feldman and Pike’s Vitamin D (5th Edition) Volume Two: Diseases and Therapeutics; Editors: Hewison M, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D,Meyer MB, Welsh J. Academic Press (January 2024) ISBN‎ 978-0-32-391338-6
  • Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium Editors: Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB. National Academies Press (US) (2011) ISBN‎ 978-0-30-916394-1 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56070/ doi: 10.17226/13050

EVOLUTION copied?

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The initial vitamin function evolved for control of metabolic genes supporting innate and adaptive immunity. Only later did the VDR system start to function as an important regulator of calcium supply for a calcified skeleton in land-based vertebrates. From amphibians onward, bone management is biodynamic, with bone functioning as internal calcium reservoir under the control of osteoclasts via the combined action of parathyroid hormone and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Thus, the vitamin D story started as inert molecule but gained an essential role for calcium and bone homeostasis in terrestrial animals to cope with the challenge of higher gravity and calcium-poor environment.[188][189][190]

Vitamin D3 is already found early in the evolution of life but essentially as inactive end products of the photochemical reaction of 7-dehydrocholestol with ultraviolet light B. A full vitamin D (refers to vitamin D2 and D3) endocrine system, characterized by a specific VDR (vitamin D receptor, member of the nuclear receptor family), specific vitamin D metabolizing CYP450 enzymes regulated by calciotropic hormones and a dedicated plasma transport-protein is only found in vertebrates. In the earliest vertebrates (lamprey), vitamin D metabolism and VDR may well have originated from a duplication of a common PRX/VDR ancestor gene as part of a xenobiotic detoxification pathway. The vitamin D endocrine system, however, subsequently became an important regulator of calcium supply for an extensive calcified skeleton. Vitamin D is essential for normal calcium and bone homeostasis as shown by rickets in vitamin D-deficient growing amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. From amphibians onward, bone is gradually more dynamic with regulated bone resorption, mainly by combined action of PTH and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on the generation and function of multinucleated osteoclasts. Therefore, bone functions as a large internal calcium reservoir, under the control of osteoclasts. Osteocytes also display a remarkable spectrum of activities, including mechanical sensing and regulating mineral homeostasis, but also have an important role in global nutritional and energy homeostasis. Mineralization from reptiles onward is under the control of well-regulated SIBLING proteins and associated enzymes, nearly all under the control of 1,25(OH)2D3. The vitamin D story thus started as inert molecule but gained an essential role for calcium and bone homeostasis in terrestrial animals to cope with the challenge of higher gravity and calcium-poor environment.

Vit B6 revised UL for EFSA

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In 2023, the Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) released a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin B6. Based on systematic reviews that examined associations between vitamin B6 and peripheral neuropathy, the panel set an upper limit for vitamin B6 of 12 mg/day for all adults, including those who are pregnant or lactating, with lower amounts ranging from 2.2 to 10.7 mg/day for infants and children, depending on age.[16]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods andFood Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL)for vitamin B6. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted by a contractor. The relationshipbetween excess vitamin B6 intakes and the development of peripheral neuropathy is well establishedand is the critical effect on which the UL is based. A lowest-observed-effect-level (LOAEL) could not beestablished based on human data. A reference point (RP) of 50 mg/day is identified by the Panel froma case–control study, supported by data from case reports and vigilance data. An uncertainty factor(UF) of 4 is applied to the RP to account for the inverse relationship between dose and time to onsetof symptoms and the limited data available. The latter covers uncertainties as to the level of intakethat would represent a LOAEL. This leads to a UL of 12.5 mg/day. From a subchronic study in Beagledogs, a LOAEL of 50 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day can be identified. Using an UF of 300, and adefault bw of 70 kg, a UL of 11.7 mg/day can be calculated. From the midpoint of the range of these two ULs and rounding down, a UL of 12 mg/day is established by the Panel for vitamin B6 for adults(including pregnant and lactating women). ULs for infants and children are derived from the ULfor adults using allometric scaling: 2.2–2.5 mg/day (4–11 months), 3.2–4.5 mg/day (1–6 years),6.1–10.7 mg/day (7–17 years). Based on available intake data, EU populations are unlikely to exceedULs, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin B6

Niacin

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FA nomination of vitamin C

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Incorporate into Chemistry or elsewhere

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Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers, i.e., mirror-image isomers, denoted "l" (for "levo") and "d" (for "dextro"). The l-enantiomer occurs in foods and is an essential nutrient for humans and many animal species. The d-enantiomer does not occur in nature, and as a synthesized compound has neglible vitamin function.[citation needed] The term "vitamin C" refers to the l-enantiomer as ascorbic acid and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate (DHA).[17]

Was "Definition"

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Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for certain animals including humans. The term vitamin C encompasses several vitamers that have vitamin C activity in animals. Ascorbate salts such as sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate are used in some dietary supplements. These release ascorbate upon digestion. Ascorbate and ascorbic acid are both naturally present in the body, since the forms interconvert according to pH.

Vitamin C functions as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions in animals (including humans) that mediate a variety of essential biological functions, including wound healing and collagen synthesis. In humans, vitamin C deficiency leads to impaired collagen synthesis, contributing to the more severe symptoms of scurvy. Another biochemical role of vitamin C is to act as an antioxidant (a reducing agent) by donating electrons to various enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. Doing so converts vitamin C to an oxidized state – either as semidehydroascorbic acid or dehydroascorbic acid. These compounds can be restored to a reduced state by glutathione and NADPH-dependent enzymatic mechanisms.

Vitamin E

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Removed from article (REF WAS A PREDATORY JOURNAL):Focusing on tocopherols, the synthesis of its derivatives stems from the reaction between the HGA and the Phytyl-PP which generates 2-Methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone. At this point of the synthesis, 2-Methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone can go through two different pathways. The first path takes the molecule and methylates it at C3. This results in a 2,3-Dimethyl-5-phytylhydroquinone. Then, the cyclization of the hydroxyl group at C1 generates the first derivative, γ-Tocopherol. Following the cyclization, another methylation is done at C5 of the γ-Tocopherol resulting in the production of α-Tocopherol. The second path takes the same 2-Methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone and cyclizes the hydroxyl group at C1 which produces the δ-Tocopherol. Afterward, a round of methylation at C5 results in the last derivative, β-Tocopherol. This whole synthesis occurs similarly for tocotrienol with prenyl-PP, which is generated from a GGDP group, replacing the phytyl-PP.

Folate

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Review neurological section, as it predates my GA revisions

To do for allergy articles already GA

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  • Add anaphylaxis referenced text
  • Improve Infobox: Fish, Shellfish (model on Sesame)
  • ? Delete third paragaph in Allergic response: Milk, Egg, Fish, Shellfish

Vitamin prescriptions US

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https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/TC/Vitamins has a pie-chart of prescription vitamins for 2019 (largest is D (3 forms = 59.2%), then Folate, then B12)


Although prescriptions are not indicative of total consumption of a vitamin widely available as a non-prescription dietary supplement, analysis shows that prescriptions for vitamin E are small compared to Vitamin D and folic acid.[18]

Edit request template

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...and use the {{edit COI}} template. Doing that 'flags' your edit request to attract attention to a bevy of volunteer editors who help with this task. May take weeks before acted on.

Welcome templates

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Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome templates

References

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  1. ^ "Vitamin B-12 (µg)" (PDF). USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  2. ^ Thoreau, Henry David. H. Daniel Peck (ed.). A Year in Thoreau's Journal 1851. New York, NY: Penguin Group (1993). ISBN 978-1-101-17387-9.
  3. ^ Martins JH, Barg H, Warren MJ, Jahn D (March 2002). "Microbial production of vitamin B12". Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 58 (3): 275–85. doi:10.1007/s00253-001-0902-7. PMID 11935176.
  4. ^ Blount BC, Karwowski MP, Shields PG, Morel-Espinosa M, Valentin-Blasini L, Gardner M, et al. (February 2020). "Vitamin E Acetate in Bronchoalveolar-Lavage Fluid Associated with EVALI". N Engl J Med. 382 (8): 697–705. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1916433. PMC 7032996. PMID 31860793.
  5. ^ Legendre, P; Legendre, Louis (2012). Numerical Ecology Volume 24 of Developments in Environmental Modelling. Elsevier. ISBN 978-04-445-3868-0.
  6. ^ Parrott, Terri (October 2022). "Nutritional Diseases of Nonhuman Primates". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  7. ^ "The Truth About Verbal Commitments". HonestGame. 8 August 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  8. ^ a b Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Haykal MR, Regan A, Sidhu J, Smith A, Bhutta ZA (March 2022). "Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3 (3): CD008524. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub4. PMC 8925277. PMID 35294044.
  9. ^ a b c d "Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin A and Carotenoids". ods.od.nih.gov. Retrieved 2025-04-08.
  10. ^ a b Rosenbluth, Teddy (2025-03-25). "For Some Measles Patients, Vitamin A Remedy Supported by RFK Jr. Leaves Them More Ill". The New York Times. Retrieved 2025-03-26.
  11. ^ Davies, David Martin (2025-03-28). "West Texas children treated for vitamin A toxicity as medical disinformation spreads alongside measles outbreak". TPR. Retrieved 2025-03-28.
  12. ^ Laing CJ, Cooke NE (2004). "Section I: Ch. 8: Vitamin D Binding Protein". In Feldman D, Glorieux FH, Pike JW (eds.). Vitamin D. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 117–134. ISBN 978-0-12-252687-9. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  13. ^ Holick MF (March 1995). "Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 61 (3 Suppl): 638S – 645S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.3.638S. PMID 7879731.
  14. ^ Gallagher RP, Lee TK (September 2006). "Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation: a brief review". Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 92 (1): 119–31. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.011. PMID 16580054.
  15. ^ Boniol M, Autier P, Boyle P, Gandini S (July 2012). "Cutaneous melanoma attributable to sunbed use: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 345: e4757. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4757. PMC 3404185. PMID 22833605.
  16. ^ Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, et al. (May 2023). "Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin B6". EFSA J. 21 (5): e08006. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8006. PMC 10189633. PMID 37207271.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference PKIN2020VitC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ "Vitamins Multum Therapeutic Class Comparison, United States, 2022". ClinCalc.com. 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
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