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The maxim "the Party Commands the Gun" (Chinese: 党指挥枪; pinyin: Dǎng zhǐhuī qiāng), also known as the Party Absolute Control over the Armed Forces (Chinese: 党对军队的绝对领导; pinyin: dǎng duì jūnduì de juéduì lǐngdǎo) is a ruling principle of the political system of the People's Republic of China, which means the control of the Party over the military must be complete and unchallenged, and may never be compromised or subverted in any way. This concept has deeply influenced the organization and command structures of the armed forces of China. 

“'”一言最初出自中国共产党领导人毛泽东在1938年写成的《战争和战略问题》一文，原文为“'” yī yán zuìchū chūzì zhōngguó gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎo rén máozédōng zài 1938 nián xiěchéng de “zhànzhēng hé zhànlüè wèntí” yīwén, yuánwén wèi “wǒmen de yuánzé shì dǎng zhǐhuī qiāng, ér jué bù róngxǔ qiāng zhǐhuī dǎng.”The phrase "the party commands the gun" originally came from the article "Problems of War and Strategy" written by Mao Zedong, the leader of the Communist Party of China, in 1938. The original text reads "Our principle is that the political party commands the army and the gun, and we will never allow the gun to command the party."

History

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The phrase originally came from a speech by Mao Zedong, the then leader of the Chinese Communist Party, to the 6th Plenary Session of the 6th Central Committee in 1938, published as the article "Problems of War and Strategy", and later included in the "Little Red Book". The original text reads: "our principle is that the party commands the the gun, and we will never allow the gun to command the party." (“我们的原则是党指挥枪，而决不容许枪指挥党”).[1] This was a corollary to his equally famous dictum, taken from the same speech, that "political power grows out of the barrel of a gun": Mao was convinced that revolution could only be won and preserved through extensive use of violent force, but he was very concerned that that very same military force would become an alternative power center to the Party, and military commanders would take overall political control unless the military was bound extremely tightly to Party control.

This became inextricably connected with the concept of

Unified_power, in which liberal division of and balances of power The state and the party have separate but entangled institutions.

中国共产党坚持党对军队的绝对领导中国共产党坚持党对军队的绝对领导The Communist Party of China upholds the party's absolute leadership over the military[2][3][4]，把军队视为维护政权的工具，即“用枪杆子巩固政权Think of the military as a tool for maintaining power, that is, “consolidating the regime with a gun.””[5]，oppose the "Nationalization of the Armed Forces" (军队国家化)[6], opposition to nationalization of the army[7][8][9]。

History

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中国共产党从早期建立时，在第一个纲领中明确提出“革命军队必须与无产阶级一起推翻资本家的政权”。毛泽东认为，中国共产党无法通过和平方式在革命斗争中取胜，而且在国共第一次合作中，因为忽视了军队的争取，片面地着重于民众运动，从而被武装镇压，所以确立了中国共产党必须建立一支共产党独立领导的革命军队。When the Chinese Communist Party of China was first established, its first program stated that "the revolutionary army must overthrow the capitalist regime together with the proletariat." Mao Zedong believed that the Communist Party of China could not win the revolutionary struggle through peaceful means, and that during the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, it neglected the army and focused one-sidedly on the mass movement, which led to armed suppression. Therefore, he established that the Communist Party of China must establish a revolutionary army led by the Communist Party.[1]

之后在秋收起义严重挫折，人员大量损失，军心涣散。该次起义部队领导者毛泽东在三湾村对剩余人员进行改编（），并且落实“支部建在连上”，从组织上实现了党对基层和士兵的直接掌握。其曾经在1928年11月25日《井冈山的斗争》一文中总结说，中国工农红军之所以艰难奋战而不散，“支部建在连上”是一个重要原因。In the Autumn Harvest Uprising, the Red Army suffered a serious setback, a large number of casualties, and generalized army demoralization. Mao Zedong, the leader of the uprising, reorganized the remaining personnel in Sanwan Village (Sanwan Reorganization -- 三湾改编), and implemented the rule that every army company had to have a party branch, to maintain direct party control over the grassroots of military organization. He credited this system with allowing the Red Army to maintain cohesion despite severe losses in his article "The Struggle in Jinggangshan".[10]

在长征途中，张国焘與毛泽东依靠兵权，曾多次试图爭夺中共中央的領導权，中共中央因北上與南下的分歧分裂為二，後來南下期間損兵折將的張國燾被共產國際命令取消其「第二中央」。毛泽东在1938年11月6日《战争和战略问题》一文中表示：“共产党员不争个人的兵权，但要争党的兵权，要争人民的兵权。我们的原则是党指挥枪，而决不容许枪指挥党。”During the Long March, Zhang Guotao and Mao Zedong relied on military power to try to seize the leadership of the CPC Central Committee many times. The CPC Central Committee split into two due to the differences between going north and going south. Later, Zhang Guotao, who suffered heavy casualties during the southward march, was ordered by the Communist International to abolish his "Second Central Committee". Mao Zedong stated in his article "Problems of War and Strategy" on November 6, 1938: "Communists do not fight for personal military power, but they must fight for the military power of the party and the people. Our principle is that the Chinese Communist Party commands the armed forces and the gun, and never allow the gun to command the party."

中国抗日战争全面爆发后，国共第二次合作，中国国民党领导的国民政府要求中共交出军队、放弃军权，并派遣康泽到八路军任政治部副主任，遭到毛泽东的拒绝。而在党内，王明主张「建立全国统一的国防军”，毛泽东也因此强调指出，红军及一切游击队中，共产党不许可“共产党绝对独立领导”的原则上动摇。据此，中共恢复了部队政治委员制度和政治部的名称。After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the KMT and the CPC cooperated for the second time. The National Government led by the KMT demanded that the CPC surrender its army and give up military power, and sent Kang Ze to the Eighth Route Army as deputy director of the Political Department, but was rejected by Mao Zedong. In the party, Wang Ming advocated "establishing a unified national defense army", so Mao Zedong emphasized that the Communist Party would not allow the "absolute independent leadership of the Communist Party" to waver in the Red Army and all guerrilla warfare. Based on this, the CPC restored the system of political commissars in the army and the name of the Political Department.[10]

法律基础与实现

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1975年和1978年版本的《中华人民共和国宪法》均有中国共产党中央委员会主席统帅全国武装力量之规定，故这两部宪法均明确肯定党领导军队，而排斥军队国家化。现行的《中华人民共和国宪法》制定于1982年，其对军队有以下的规定：

  • 《中华人民共和国宪法》第五条規定：「一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织都必须遵守宪法和法律。一切违反宪法和法律的行为，必须予以追究。任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权」。
  • 《中华人民共和国宪法》第二十九条規定：「中华人民共和国的武装力量属于人民。它的任务是巩固国防，抵抗侵略，保卫祖国，保卫人民的和平劳动，参加国家建设事业，努力为人民服务」。
  • 《中华人民共和国宪法》第九十三条規定：「中华人民共和国中央军事委员会领导全国武装力量」。
  • 《中华人民共和国宪法》第九十四条规定：「中央军事委员会主席对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责」。

而另外有一部分组织条例用以规定该原则：

  • 《中国人民解放军政治工作条例》第一章第四条规定：“中国人民解放军必须置于中国共产党的绝对领导之下，其最高领导权和指挥权属于中国共产党中央委员会和中央军事委员会。”

The 1975 and 1978 versions of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China both stipulate that the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China commands the armed forces of the country. Therefore, both constitutions clearly affirm that the Party leads the army and exclude the nationalization of the army. The current Constitution of the People's Republic of China was formulated in 1982, and it has the following provisions for the army:

Article 5: All state organs and armed force organizations, political parties and social groups, and enterprises and institutions, must abide by the Constitution and laws. All acts that violate the Constitution and laws must be investigated. No organization or individual may have privileges that exceed the Constitution and laws."

Article 29Article 29: The armed forces of the People's Republic of China belong to the people. Its tasks are to consolidate national defense, resist aggression, defend the motherland, defend the people's peaceful labor, participate in national construction, and strive to serve the people.

Article 93: The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China leads the armed forces of the country.

Article 94: The Chairman of the Central Military Commission shall be responsible to the National People's Congress and the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

Another part of the organizational regulations stipulates this principle:

Article 4 of Chapter 1 of the Regulations on Political Work of the Chinese People's Liberation Army states: "The Chinese People's Liberation Army must be placed under the absolute leadership of the Communist Party of China, and its highest leadership and command authority shall belong to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission.[11]

The absolute leadership of the Communist Party of China over the military is guaranteed by a series of fundamental systems, mainly including: the highest leadership and command of the military are concentrated in the Party Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, the military party committee system, the political commissar system, and the political organ system.[12]

  • 军队的最高领导权和指挥权集中于党中央和中央军委The highest leadership and command of the military is concentrated in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party, whose membership is identical to the state institution, the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China.[note 1]：中国人民解放军必须置于中国共产党的绝对领导之下，其最高领导权和指挥权属于中国共产党中央委员会和中央军事委员会。《中华人民共和国宪法》规定，中华人民共和国的武装力量属于人民，中华人民共和国中央军事委员会领导全国武装力量。《中华人民共和国国防法》规定，中华人民共和国的武装力量受中国共产党领导。这就从法律上确立了党领导军队的基本制度，同时又明确了国家对军队的领导。The Chinese People's Liberation Army must be placed under the absolute leadership of the Communist Party of China, and its highest leadership and command power belongs to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the armed forces of the People's Republic of China belong to the people, and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China leads the armed forces of the country. The National Defense Law of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the armed forces of the People's Republic of China are under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. This legally establishes the basic system of the party's leadership over the army, and at the same time clarifies the state's leadership over the army.
  • 军队党委制：中国共产党在中国人民解放军建立各级党的委员会（支部）的制度。中国共产党在中国人民解放军团以上部队和相当于团以上部队的单位设立党的委员会，在营和相当于营的单位设立党的基层委员会，在连和相当于连的单位设立。党的各级委员会（支部）是各该单位统一领导和团结的核心，实行党委（支部）统一的集体领导下的首长分工负责制。
  • Military Party Committee System: The system in which the Communist Party of China establishes Party committees at all levels in the People's Liberation Army. The Communist Party of China establishes Party committees in units above the regiment level and equivalent to the regiment level in the People's Liberation Army委员会, grassroots Party committees in battalion grade units 基层委员会 in battalion grade units, and Party branches 党的支部 in company grade units. Party committees (branches) at all levels are the core of unified leadership and unity of each unit, and implement the system of division of labor and responsibility among leaders under the unified collective leadership of the Party committee (branch).
  • 政治委员制：中国人民解放军在连级以上部队设立政治主官的制度。中国人民解放军在团以上部队设立，营设立，连设立。其他相当等级单位政治主官的设立，由中央军委或者中央军委授权的单位决定。
  • Political commissar system: The system in which the Chinese People's Liberation Army establishes political chief officers in units above the company level. The Chinese People's Liberation Army establishes political commissars政治委员 in units above the regiment level, political directors in battalion grade units (政治教导员), and political instructors (政治指导员)in companies. The establishment of political chiefs in other units of equivalent levels is decided by the Central Military Commission or units authorized by the Central Military Commission.
  • 政治机关制：中国人民解放军在团级以上部队设立政治机关的制度。在全军设立总政治部，在旅级以上部队设立政治部，团设立政治处；其他相当等级单位政治机关的设立，由中央军委或者中央军委授权的单位决定。中国人民解放军中的政治机关是军队政治工作的领导机关，负责管理军队中党的工作，组织进行政治工作。
  • Political organ system: The system of the Chinese People's Liberation Army establishing political organs in units above the regimental level. The CMC Political Work Department is established for the entire army, a Political Department 政治部 is established in units above the brigade level, and a Political Department政治处 is established in the regiment; the establishment of political organs in other units of equivalent levels is decided by the Central Military Commission or units authorized by the Central Military Commission. The political organs in the Chinese People's Liberation Army are the leading organs of the army's political work, responsible for managing the party's work in the army and organizing political work.

Leadership repeating itself=

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In 1989, Deng Xiaoping stated: "Our tradition is that the army listens to the party. It cannot form cliques or small circles, and power cannot be concentrated in a few people. The army must always listen to the central government and the party, and when selecting people, they must also select those who listen to the party. The army cannot fly its own flag.”[15] In 1995, Jiang Zemin spoke at an enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission, pointing out that the party's absolute leadership over the army must be guaranteed. He said: "During the New Democratic Revolution, the political task of our army was to overthrow the 'three mountains' and establish a new China through armed struggle, which is what Comrade Mao Zedong said, 'Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun'. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the political task of our army is to safeguard the unity of the motherland, ensure national security and social stability, and defend and participate in the cause of socialist construction, that is, to consolidate political power and defend the socialist rivers and mountains [the country] with the barrel of a gun."

In 2004, Hu Jintao pointed out at an enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission: "Upholding the Party's absolute leadership over the military is the primary issue in the construction and development of our military. We must always pay attention to this issue and hold on to it, without any ambiguity or wavering at any time or under any circumstances." Xi Jinping thought “建设一支听党指挥、能打胜仗、作风优良的人民军队，是党在新形势下的强军目标”。

Opposing the Nationalization of the Armed Forces

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In March 2011, during a survey of troops stationed in Fujian, Xu Caihou, vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, stressed the need to resolutely resist erroneous political viewpoints such as "depoliticization and de-partyization of the military" and "nationalization of the military." (军队国家化的态度) [16]

On May 15, 2012, the Liberation Army Daily published a commentary article titled "Leaders should set an example of being politically conscious, taking the overall situation into consideration and observing discipline" which pointed out that: "The army has been depoliticized and de-partyized" and "the army has been nationalized" has been heard constantly. We must deeply recognize the conspiracy behind these erroneous remarks, deeply understand the historical origins and status of the party's absolute leadership over the army, and truly be unhesitant, unambiguous and unwavering in this major principled position. We must take the lead in abiding by and implementing the fundamental system, consciously place ourselves under the leadership of the party organization, and ensure that the gun barrel always obeys the party's command.[17]

有评论认为，中华人民共和国宪法虽然未能明确写出“军队国家化”，但其“中央军事委员会主席对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责”之规定从程序上已经规定了军队统帅应由国家机关而非政党选举产生，且其法律条文并未排除全国人大选举中国共产党外其他政党人员或无党派人士统帅军队之可能，故该宪法已具备军队国家化的实质。On May 15, 2012, the Liberation Army Daily published a commentary article entitled "Leaders should set an example of being politically conscious, taking the overall situation into consideration and observing discipline", which pointed out that: For a long time, there have been constant noises of "de-partyization and depoliticization of the army" and "nationalization of the army". We must deeply recognize the conspiracy behind these erroneous remarks, deeply understand the historical origin and status of the party's absolute leadership over the army, and truly be unhesitant, unambiguous and unwavering in this major principled position. We must take the lead in observing and implementing the fundamental system and consciously put ourselves under the leadership of the party organization. Some commentators believe that although the Constitution of the People's Republic of China does not explicitly state "nationalization of the army", its provision that "the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress" has already stipulated from the procedural point of view that the commander-in-chief of the army should be elected by the State Organs rather than by political parties, and its legal provisions do not exclude the possibility that the National People's Congress may elect members of political parties other than the Communist Party of China or non-party members to command the army, so the Constitution already has the essence of nationalization of the army. Under the leadership of the party, ensure that the gun will always obey the party's command.[18]

其他社会主义国家

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[citation needed]

主权国家 政党领袖 政党职务 国家职务 军事职务
历史上的社会主义国家
{{flagicon|苏联}} 苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟 苏联共产党中央委员会总书记 苏联共产党中央政治局委员 前期：苏联部长会议主席
后期：最高苏维埃主席团主席
末期：苏联总统 		前期：苏联国防委员会主席
后期：苏联国防会议主席
{{flagicon|东德}} 德意志民主共和国 德意志统一社会党中央委员会总书记 德意志统一社会党中央政治局委员 德意志民主共和國国务委员会主席 德意志民主共和國国防委员会主席
{{flagicon|罗马尼亚社会主义共和国}} 罗马尼亚社会主义共和国 罗马尼亚共产党中央委员会总书记 罗马尼亚共产党中央政治局委员 罗马尼亚总统 罗马尼亚武装部队总司令
{{flagicon|保加利亚人民共和国}} 保加利亚人民共和国 保加利亚共产党中央委员会总书记 保加利亚共产党中央政治局委员 保加利亚国务委员会主席 保加利亚人民军总司令
{{flagicon|波兰人民共和国}} 波兰人民共和国 波兰统一工人党中央委员会第一书记 波兰统一工人党中央政治局委员 波兰国务委员会主席 波兰人民共和国国防委员会主席
波兰人民军总司令
{{flagicon|捷克斯洛伐克}} 捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国 捷克斯洛伐克共产党中央委员会总书记 捷克斯洛伐克共产党中央政治局委员 捷克斯洛伐克总统 捷克斯洛伐克国防委员会主席
捷克斯洛伐克人民军总司令
{{flagicon|匈牙利人民共和国}} 匈牙利人民共和国 匈牙利社会主义工人党总书记 匈牙利社会主义工人党中央政治局委员 匈牙利总统 匈牙利人民军总司令
{{flagicon|蒙古人民共和国}} 蒙古人民共和国 蒙古人民革命党中央委员会总书记 蒙古人民革命党中央委员会、中央政治局委员 大人民呼拉尔主席团主席 蒙古人民军总司令
现存的社会主义国家
{{flagicon|中国}} 中华人民共和国 中国共产党中央委员会总书记 中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会委员 中华人民共和国主席 中国共产党中央军事委员会主席
中华人民共和国中央军事委员会主席
{{flagicon|越南}} 越南社会主义共和国 越南共产党中央委员会总书记 越南共产党中央政治局委员 越南社会主义共和国主席 越共中央军事党委书记
{{flagicon|朝鲜}} 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 朝鲜劳动党总书记 朝鲜劳动党中央政治局常务委员会委员 朝鲜国务委员长 朝鲜劳动党中央军事委员会委员长
朝鲜民主主义人民共和国武装力量最高司令官
{{flagicon|老挝}} 老挝人民民主共和国 老挝人民革命党中央委员会总书记 老挝人民革命党中央政治局委员 老挝人民民主共和国主席 老挝人民革命党中央国防与治安委员会主席
{{flagicon|古巴}} 古巴共和国 古巴共产党中央委员会第一书记 古巴共产党中央政治局委员 古巴共和国主席 古巴革命武装力量总司令

Notes

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  1. ^ 依照党指挥枪原则，以中共中央军委和中共中央军委主席的领导为优先，例如2012年11月23日，习近平出任中共中央军委主席后首次以军委主席的名义晋升解放军上将，当时的国家军委主席仍然是胡锦涛In accordance with the principle of the Party commanding the gun, the leadership of the CPC Central Military Commission and the CPC Central Military Commission Chairman takes priority. For example, on November 23, 2012, after Xi Jinping assumed the post of Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission, he was promoted to General of the People's Liberation Army for the first time in the name of Chairman of the Military Commission. At that time, Chairman of the National Military Commission was still Hu Jintao[13]。In accordance with the principle of the Party commanding the gun, the leadership of the CPC Central Military Commission and the Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission takes priority. For example, on November 23, 2012, after Xi Jinping assumed the office of Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission, he promoted General of the People's Liberation Army for the first time in the name of Chairman of the Military Commission. At that time, Chairman of the National Military Commission was still Hu Jintao[14]. Send feedback

References

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  1. ^ a b "战争和战略问题（一九三八年十一月六日）". 中文马克思主义文库. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2022-07-01。同文見"《毛泽东：战争和战略问题》". 新华资料. 新华网. 1938-11-06. Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
  2. ^ "黨對軍隊的絕對領導是人民軍隊的建軍之本、強軍之魂". 中華人民共和國國防部. Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  3. ^ "堅持黨對人民軍隊的絕對領導（思想縱橫）--理論". 中國共產黨新聞網. Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
  4. ^ "胡锦涛：大力培育当代革命军人核心价值观". 新华网. 2008-12-30. Archived from the original on 2014-12-01. Retrieved 2018-03-22. 中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席胡锦涛近日在军队一次重要会议上提出，要围绕强化官兵精神支柱，大力培育"忠诚于党、热爱人民、报效国家、献身使命、崇尚荣誉"的当代革命军人核心价值观。
  5. ^ 《江泽民文选》人民出版社2006年，第一卷487页。“中国人民解放军又是执行党的政治任务的武装集团，它以党的宗旨为宗旨，以党的目标为目标。”“用枪杆子巩固政权，捍卫社会主义江山。"The Chinese People's Liberation Army is also an armed group that carries out the party's political tasks. It takes the party's purpose as its purpose and the party's goals as its goals." "Use the barrel of a gun to consolidate regime and defend the socialist country.”
  6. ^ 可大量见诸报端，例如《江泽民文选》第一卷，“必须坚持党对军队绝对领导的根本原则和制度，坚决抵制“军队非党化、非政治化”和“军队国家化”等错误政治观点”The army is regarded as a tool to maintain the regime, that is, "to consolidate the regime with the barrel of a gun"<ref>Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, People's Publishing House, 2006, Vol. 1, p. 487. "
  7. ^ can be seen in many newspapers, such as "Selected Works of Jiang Zemin" Vol. 1, "We must adhere to the fundamental principle and system of the party's absolute leadership over the army, and resolutely resist the erroneous political views such as "de-partyization and depoliticization of the army" and "nationalization of the army"
  8. ^ "中国官方报纸批"军队国家化"". RFI. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  9. ^ "建设一支与履行新世纪新阶段我军历史使命要求相适应的强大的人民海军". 人民网. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  10. ^ a b "党指挥枪：军旗跟着党旗走". 人民网. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  11. ^ 中国人民解放军政治工作条例[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ "中国人民解放军 坚持根本制度保证绝对领导". 2012-08-01. Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2012-10-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Website= ignored (|website= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "中央军委23日在八一大楼举行晋升上将军衔仪式". 新华网 (in Chinese (China)). 中华人民共和国中央人民政府. 2012-11-23. Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  14. ^ "Central Military Commission held a promotion ceremony to the rank of general at the Bayi Building on the 23rd". Xinhuanet (in Chinese (China)). Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. 2012-11-23. Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  15. ^ "改革开放政策稳定，中国大有希望". 人民网. Archived from the original on 2018-08-12. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  16. ^ "徐才厚重要讲话：解放军坚决反对"军队国家化"". 新华网. 2011-03-25. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  17. ^ "解放军报：必须认清"军队国家化"言论背后的阴谋". 凤凰网. 2012-05-15. Archived from the original on 2017-11-30. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  18. ^ "伤逝：宪法、军队国家化及毛泽东思想". 毛泽东网. Archived from the original on 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2018-03-22.

参见

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{{tld|中国共产党的有关信息|制度

Category:Mao Zedong thought Category:History of the Chinese Communist Party Category:中国共产党军队 Category:中华人民共和国军事术语 Category:1938 in China


References

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