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The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups of Europe. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.

By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.

Ethnic groups

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
See also: List of languages by number of native speakers

The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar.[1][2]

Ethnicity Language(s) Primary homeland Subgroups, tribes & castes Religion(s)
Abazins Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abaza Russia (Abazinia) Islam → Sunnism
Aghuls Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Aghul Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunnism[3]
Akhvakhs Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Akhvakh Russia (Dagestan) Islam
Albanians Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian;[note 1] Albanian Sign Language; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign Southeastern Europe Ghegs (including Arbanasi and Kosovars), Tosks (including Arbereshe, Cham Albanians, Arvanites, Lab Albanians), Albanian tribes, along with significant populations in Eastern Thrace, France, the United Kingdom Italy, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Nordic countries, Switzerland, Greece (including Western Thrace), Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia Islam → Sunnism, Sufism → Bektashism; Christianity
Andis Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Andi Russia (Dagestan) Islam
Anglo-Indians Indo-Europeans → Germanic → English United Kingdom Christianity
Anglo-Irish Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English; Francosign → Irish Sign, BANZSL → British Sign; BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign Ireland Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism
Archis Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Archi Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunnism
Armenians Indo-European → Armenian;[note 1] Northwest Caucasian → Circassian;[note 1] Armenian Sign; historically Harsneren; Turkic → Kipchak → Armeno-Kipchak Ukraine (Crimea), Russia (Kuban, North Caucasus) Cherkesogai, Armeno-Tats, Hayhurum, along with significant populations in Russia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Serbia, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine (including Crimea), France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Malta, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Armenian Apostolic Orthodoxy; Christianity → Eastern Catholicism → Armenian Catholicism; Christianity → Eastern Protestantism → Armenian Evangelicalism
Aromanians Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian Southeastern Europe (Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania)[note 2] Significant populations in Greece, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, and North Macedonia, along with diaspora populations Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian Southeastern Europe (Kosovo, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Croatia) Islam → Sunnism
Asturians Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese → Asturian; Indo-European → Romance → Galician and Asturleonese → Eonavian;[note 3] Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Castrapo Spain (Asturias) Eonavians Christianity → Catholicism
Austrians Indo-European → Germanic → Bavarian, German → Austrian German; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Austrian Sign Austria, Italy (South Tyrol) Christianity → Catholicism
Avars Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Avar Russia (Dagestan, Chechnya, Kalmykia) Islam → Sunnism
Azerbaijanis Turkic → Oghuz → Azeri,[note 1] Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Azerbaijani Sign Russia (Dagestan) Karapapakhs, Dagestani Azerbaijanis, along with significant populations in Russia Islam → Shi'ism
Bagvalals Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Bagvalal Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunnism
Balkars Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay–Balkar → Balkar Russia (Kabardino-Balkaria) Islam → Sunnism
Bashkirs Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir Russia (Badzhgard, Tatarstan, Perm Krai, Orenburg) Islam → Sunnism
Basques Aquitanian → Basque[note 4] Basque Country (Spain, France) Navarreans, Alavans, Biscayans, Gipuzkoans, Northern Basques Christianity → Catholicism
Belarusians Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian[note 5] Belarus, Lithuania (Vilnius Region), Polesia (Poland, Ukraine), Russia (Smolensk Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Oryol Oblast), and neighboring regions Significant populations in the United States, Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, and Russia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Belarusian Orthodoxy; Christianity → Eastern Catholicism → Belarusian Greek Catholicism
Bezhta Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Bezhta Russia (Tsuntinsky District) Islam → Sunnism
Black Britons Indo-European → Germanic → English → Multicultural London English United Kingdom Christianity; Rastafari
Bosniaks Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Bosnian Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sandžak (Serbia, Montenegro), and neighboring regions Significant populations in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Albania, Kosovo, Slovenia, North Macedonia, East Thrace, Sweden, Austria, Germany Islam → Sunnism
Botlikhs Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Botlikh Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunnism[4]
Bretons Indo-European → Celtic → Breton;[note 1][note 6][note 7] Indo-European → Romance → Gallo; Francosign → French Sign France (Brittany) Christianity → Catholicism
Bulgarians Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian, Torlakian; Francosign → Bulgarian Sign Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia, and neighboring regions Pomaks, Shopi, Paulicians, Macedonian Bulgarians, Bessarabian Bulgarians, Dobrujan Bulgarians, Thracian Bulgarians, Crimean Bulgarians, Karakachani, along with significant populations in East Thrace, Croatia, Germany, Spain, Romania, North Macedonia, Hungary, Serbia, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Kazakhstan, Ukraine Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Catalans Indo-European → Romance → Catalan; LSCic → Catalan Sign Catalan Countries (Spain, France, Andorra, Italy) Andorrans, Balears, Algherese, Roussillonese Christianity → Catholicism
Chamalals Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Chamalal Russia (Tsumadinsky District) Islam → Sunnism; Animism
Channel Islanders Indo-European → Romance → Norman → Anglo-Norman; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Channel Island English; BANZSL → British Sign British Crown Dependencies (Channel Islands) Jèrriais (including Sercquiais), Guernésiais, Auregnais Christianity
Chechens Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Chechen Russia (Chechnya, Aukh, Orstkhoy-Mokhk), Georgia (Pankisi, Kakheti, Tusheti) Kists, Chechen Kurds, Aukhs (including Veappiis), Orstkhoys, Terloys, Shatoys, Ghendargnoys, Zandkhoys, Chinkhoys, other teips with significant populations in Austria, France Islam → Sunnism; historically Vainakh religion
Chuvash Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash Russia (Chuvashia) Virjal, Anatri Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy; Vattisen Yaly
Circassians Northwest Caucasian → Circassian;[note 1] historically Northwest Caucasian → Ubykh, Chakobsa Russia (Circassia)[note 8] Abzakhs, Adygeans, Besleneys, Bzhedugs, Chemirgoys, Cherkess, Kabardians, Natukhajs, Shapsugs, Ubykhs, Makhosh, Yegeruqways and Hatuqways, with significant populations in East Thrace, Germany, Bulgaria Islam → Sunnism → Hanafism, Sufism → Naqshbandism
Cornish Indo-European → Celtic → Cornish;[note 9] Indo-European → Germanic → English → Cornish English; BANZSL → British Sign United Kingdom (Cornwall) Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism
Corsicans Indo-European → Romance → Corsican[note 7] France (Corsica) Christianity → Catholicism
Cossacks Indo-European → Slavic → Russian, Ukrainian, Balachka Russia (Southern Russia), Ukraine (Eastern Ukraine), and neighboring regions Terek Cossacks, Don Cossacks, Kuban Cossacks, Ural Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Crimean Tatars Turkic → Kipchak → Middle Crimean Tatar, Northern Crimean Tatar, Dobrujan Tatar; Turkic → Oghuz → Balkan Gagauz → Southern Crimean Tatar; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Crimean Romani Ukraine (Crimea) Steppe, Mountain, and Southcoast tribes, Crimean Roma (including Urmacheli, Krimurja, Tayfa), along with Significant populations in Romania Islam → Sunnism
Croats Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian, Chakavian, Kajkavian, Torlakian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slavomolisano; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign[note 1] Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Kosovo, Austria (Burgenland), and neighboring regions; Italy (Campobasso) Bunjevci, Krashovani, Janjevci, Šokci, Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats, Montenegrin Croats, Serbian Croats, Slovenian Croats, Burgenland Croats, Croat Muslims, along with significant populations in Italy (including Molise Croats), the Czech Republic, Germany Christianity → Catholicism
Czechoslovaks Indo-European → Slavic → Czech, Slovak Czech Republic, Slovakia Christianity → Catholicism
Czechs Indo-European → Slavic → Czech; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Czech Sign Czech Republic and neighboring regions Bohemians, Chodové, Chods, along with significant populations in Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, France, Poland, Serbia Christianity → Catholicism[note 10]
Danes Indo-European → Germanic → Danish, East Danish, Jutish; Francosign? → DTSic → Danish Sign Danish Realm (Denmark), Germany (Southern Schleswig) Southern Schleswig Danes Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Dargins Northeast Caucasian → Dargin[note 1] Russia (Dagestan) Kaitags, Southern Dargins (including Kubachis and Itsaris), Chirags, Mehwebs, Tsudaqars, Northern Dargins (including Kadars, Aqushas, and Urakhis) Islam → Sunnism
Dobrujan Tatars Turkic → Kipchak → Dobrujan Tatar; Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Romania (Constanța County) Islam → Sunnism
Dutch Indo-European → Germanic → Low Franconian,[note 1] Dutch Low Saxon;[note 1] Francosign → Dutch Sign Netherlands Northern Dutch (including Hollanders, Zeelanders), Southern Dutch[note 11] (including Dutch Limburgers, North Brabantians, Kleverlanders) Christianity[note 10]
English Indo-European → Germanic → English → England English United Kingdom (England) New Forest commoners, Vectensians, Berwickers Christianity
Erzyas Uralic → Mordvinic → Erzya Russia (Mordovia) Shokshas Christianity → Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism → Lutheranism; Erzyas native religion
Estonians Uralic → Finnic → Northern Estonian, Southern Estonian, Eastern Estonian, Northeastern coastal Estonian; Francosign → RSLic → Estonian Sign Estonia, Setomaa (Estonia and Russia), Latvia (Ludza, Gauja) Setos, Võros, Hiiumaans, Saaremaans, Mulgis, Ludza Estonians, Gauja Estonians, Tartu Estonians, with significant populations in Finland Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism[note 10]
Faroe Islanders Indo-European → Germanic → Faroese, Danish → Gøtudanskt Danish Realm (Faroe Islands) Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Finns Uralic → Finnic → Finnish, Meänkieli; Indo-European → Germanic → Finland Swedish; SSLic → FSLic[note 1] Fennoscandia (Finland, Russia, Sweden, Norway) Forest Finns, Tornedalians, Ingrian Finns, Savonians, Tavastians, Finns proper, Ostrobothnians, Peräpohjalaiset, Finnish Karelians, Finland Swedes, Kainuu, and Murmansk Finns, along with significant populations in Sweden, Switzerland Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Flemings[note 11] Indo-European → Germanic → Zeelandic, West Flemish, Dutch → Flemish; Francosign → Belgian Sign → Flemish Sign Belgium (Flanders, Brussels), France (French Flanders), Netherlands (Zeelandic Flanders) Belgian Flemings, Zeelandic Flemings, French Flemings Christianity → Catholicism
French Indo-European → Romance → Oïl;[note 1] Francosign → French Sign France Bigordans Christianity → Catholicism
Frisians Indo-European → Germanic → Frisian,[note 1] Indo-European → Germanic → Friso-Saxon;[note 1] Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → West Frisian Dutch; Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch and Mainland West Frisian → Stadsfries Dutch Frisia (Netherlands, Germany, historically Denmark) West Frisians (including West Lauwers Frisians, Hindeloopen Frisians, Molkwerum Frisians, Schiermonnikoog Frisians, and Terschelling Frisians), East Frisians, North Frisians, Saterland Frisians, with significant populations in the United States Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism, Lutheranism[note 10][5]
Friulians Indo-European → Romance → Friulian Italy (Friuli) Christianity → Catholicism
Gagauz Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz Moldova (Gagauzia, Taraclia, Basarabeasca), Ukraine (Budjak) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Gajal Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish; Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian Bulgaria (Ludogorie), Turkey (East Thrace) Islam → Sunni Islam
Galicians Indo-European → Romance → Galician, Spanish → Castrapo Spain (Galicia, Galicia irredenta) Couto Mixtans Christianity → Catholicism
Germans Indo-European → Germanic → High German,[note 1] Low German,[note 1] Limburgish; DGSic → German Sign Central and Eastern Europe (especially Germany, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and neighboring regions) Black Sea Germans, Crimea Germans, Volga Germans, Transylvania Saxons, Carpathian Germans (including Zipser Germans), Bavarians, Palatines, Gottscheers, Silesian Germans, Swabians (including Satu Mare Swabians), Danube Swabians (including Banat Swabians), Sudeten Germans, Baltic Germans, Liège Germans, North Schleswig Germans, Olomouc Germans, Bukovina Germans Christianity
German-speaking Swiss Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German, Swiss German; DGSic? → Swiss-German Sign Switzerland (German-speaking Switzerland) Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism
Gibraltarians Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Llanito; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Gibraltarian English; BANZSL → British Sign[6] British Overseas Territories (Gibraltar) Significant populations in the United Kingdom Christianity → Catholicism
Gorals Indo-European → Slavic → Lechitic → Gorolski[note 12] Southern Poland, northern Slovakia, Cieszyn Silesia (Poland, Czech Republic) Sącz Lachs, Silesian Gorals Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism
Gorani Indo-European → Slavic → Torlakian → Gorani Gora (Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Greeks Indo-European → Hellenic;[note 1] Turkic → Kipchak → Urum, Turkish → Karamanli Turkish, Tsalka; Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian; Indo-European → Albanian → Arvanitika; Indo-European → Slavic → Macedo-Bulgarian;[note 1] Francosign → French Sign and American Sign → Greek Sign Greece, Cyprus, Albania (Northern Epirus), Ukraine (Crimea, Pryazovia), Turkey (Istanbul), Italy (Magna Graecia), Bulgaria (Balkan Mountains, Rila, Northeastern Bulgaria), North Macedonia, Russia (North Caucasus), and neighboring regions Asia Minor Greeks (including Pontic Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks (including Karamanlides), Constantinopolites), Greek Muslims (including Vallahades), Sarakatsani (including Karakachani), Souliotes, Azov Greeks (including Mariupol Greeks, Crimean Urums), Italiots (including Grikos and Grecanici), Macedonian Greeks, Tsakonians, Maniots, Karagounides, Phanariots, Caucasus Greeks, Sfakians, Slavophone Greeks, Corfiot Greeks, and sizeable populations of Arvanites, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians who identify as ethnic Greeks (including Helleno-Vlachs), along with significant populations in Albania (including Northern Epirotes (including Himariotes)), Eastern Thrace, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Malta Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Greek Byzantine Catholicism, historically Hellenism, Neoplatonism, Greco-Roman Mysteries
Hinukh Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hinuq Russia (Tsuntinsky and Kizlyarsky districts) Islam → Sunni Islam
Hungarians Uralic → Hungarian; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Hungarian Sign; historically Indo-European → Iranic → Jassic Hungary, Romania (Székely Land, Csángó Land, Bukovina), and neighboring regions Palóc, Matyó, Magyarabs, Hungarian Cumans, Jasz, along with significant populations in Romania (including Szekelys (including Bukovina Szekelys) and Csangos), Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Germany Christianity → Catholicism, Hungarian Unitarianism, Eastern Catholicism → Hungarian Greek Catholicism
Hunzibs Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hunzib Russia (Tsuntinsky District) Islam → Sunni Islam
Ingushes Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Ingush, Chechen → Orstkhoy Russia (Ingushetia, Orstkhoy-Mokhk, Ossetian Prigorodny, Vladikavkaz) Orstkhoys, Dzherakhs, Sholkhis, Feappiis, Khamkhins, Tsorins, Galashians, Nazranians, other shahars Islam → Sunni Islam → Shafi'i; historically Vainakh religion
Irish Indo-European → Celtic → Irish; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English; Francosign → Irish Sign; BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign; historically Indo-European → Germanic → Yola and Fingallian Ireland Irish Catholics, Forth and Bargy people, significant populations in United Kingdom (including Ulster Scots people), Mainland Europe Christianity → Catholicism and Protestantism
Irish Travellers Indo-European → Irish and English → Shelta; Francosign → Irish Sign Ireland Significant populations in the United Kingdom Christianity → Catholicism
Istro-Romanians Indo-European → Romance → Istro-Romanian Croatia (Istria) Christianity → Catholicism
Italians Indo-European → Romance → Italo-Dalmatian,[note 1] Gallo-Italic;[note 1] Indo-European → Slavic → Slavomolisano; Francosign → LISic → Italian Sign;[note 1] historically Indo-European → Romance → Dalmatian Italy, Switzerland (Italian Grisons, Ticino), France (Nice), San Marino, Vatican City, Croatia (Dalmatia, Croatian Istria), Montenegro (Dalmatia), Slovenia (Slovenian Istria, Slovene Littoral), Greece (Corfu) Lombards, Lombards of Sicily, Lombards of Basilicata, Emilians, Tuscans, Romagnols (including Sammarinese), Venetians, Piedmontese, Central Italians, Southern Italians, Extreme Southern Italians (including Sicilians (including Pelagie Islanders (including Lampedusans, Linosans), Pantellerians)) Molise Croats,[7] Dalmatian Italians, Istrian Italians, Niçard Italians, Corfiot Italians, Swiss Italians, Ligurians (including Ligurian Gibraltarians, Genoese, Monégasques), with significant populations in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Romania, Croatia, Crimea, Belgium, Sweden, Gibraltar Christianity → Catholicism
Izhorians Uralic → Finnic → Ingrian Russia (Ingria) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Jews Afroasiatic → Canaanite → Hebrew → Modern Hebrew; various other Jewish languages; historically Indo-European → Romance → Zarphatic, Judaeo-Portuguese; Indo-European → Slavic → Knaanic Europe Ashkenazim (including Galitzianers, Yekkes, Chuts, Unterlander Jews, Oberlander Jews, Litvaks, Udmurt and Tatar Jews), Sephardim (including Eastern Sephardim, Iberian Jews, Gorneyim, Sephardic Bnei Anusim, Xuetes), Astrakhan Jews, Italkim (including San Nicandro Jews and Italian Rite Jews), Byzantine Jews (including Romaniotes, Constantinopolitan Karaites), Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Shaposhniki, Karaimites, Levites (including Kohen), Transcarpathian Jews, along with significant populations in Russia, Belarus, the Czech lands, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, East Thrace, Austria, Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Monaco, the United Kingdom Judaism; Christianity → Xueta Christianity
Kalmyks Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Oirat → Kalmyk Oirat Russia (Kalmykia) Dörbet Kalmyks (including Greater Dörbets, Lesser Dörbets, Buzava), Torgut Kalmyks, Khoshut Kalmyks, Baatud Kalmyks, Khoid Kalmyks, Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Karachays Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Karamanlides Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish → Karamanli Turkish Greece Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Greek Orthodoxy → Turkish Orthodox Church
Karatas Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Karata Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunni Islam
Karelians Uralic → Finnic → Karelian, Ludic, Livvi-Karelian Karelia (Finland, Russia) Tver Karelians, Olonets Karelians Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Kashubians Indo-European → Slavic → Kashubian; historically Indo-European → Slavic → Slovincian Poland (Kashubia) Krubans, Slovincians, and Gochans, along with significant populations in the United States Christianity → Catholicism
Kazakhs Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh; Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Kazakh Sign Kazakhstan Uly juz, Orta juz, Kishi juz, along with significant populations in Russia Islam → Sunni Islam
Komi Uralic → Permic → Komi[note 1] Russia (Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Nenets Autonomous Okrug) Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Yazva, Izhma Komi Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Kumyks Turkic → Kipchak → Kumyk Russia (Kumykia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Kvens Uralic → Finnic → Finnish → Kven Norway (Northern Norway) Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism → Laestadianism
Ladins Indo-European → Romance → Ladin Italy (Ladinia) Christianity → Catholicism
Laks Northeast Caucasian → Lak Russia (Lakia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Latvians Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian, Latgalian; Francosign → Russian Sign → Latvian Sign Latvia, Russia (Zelenogradsky District, Arch-Latvian Selsoviet, Nizhnyaya Bulanka), Lithuania (Klaipėda County), and neighboring regions Latgalians, Kursenieki, Selonians Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Lezgins Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Lezgian Lezgistan (Russia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Liechtensteiners Indo-European → Germanic → Alemmanic German Liechtenstein Christianity → Catholicism
Lipka Tatars Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian, Polish; Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian Belarus, Poland, Lithuania Islam → Sunnism
Lithuanians Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian,[note 1][8] Lithuanian Sign Lithuania, Poland (Podlaskie), Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast), and neighboring regions Samogitians, Aukštaitians, Lietuvninkai, along with significant populations in Poland and the United Kingdom Christianity → Catholicism
Livonians Uralic → Finnic → Livonian Latvia, Estonia Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Luxembourgers Indo-European → Germanic → Moselle Franconian → Luxembourgish Luxembourg, Belgium (Arelerland), and neighboring regions Christianity → Catholicism
Macedonians Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian North Macedonia and neighboring regions Torbeši, Mijaks, along with significant populations in Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, Sweden, Croatia, Austria, France, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Romania, Montenegro, Poland, the United Kingdom Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Maltese Afroasiatic → Arabic → Maltese Malta Gozitans, with significant populations in Greece (including Corfu) Christianity → Catholicism
Manx Indo-European → Celtic → Manx,[note 9] Indo-European → Germanic → English → Manx English Crown Dependencies (Isle of Man) Christianity → Protestantism
Maris Uralic → Mari[note 1] Russia (Mari El, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Perm Krai) Meadow Mari, Hill Mari, Northwestern Mari, Eastern Mari, Mountain Mari Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Mari Native Religion
Mennonites Indo-European → Slavic → Russian; Germanic → German, Dutch, English; Romance → Spanish Europe Russian Mennonites, Old Order Mennonites, Old Colony Mennonites, Amish Mennonites (including Beachy Amish (including Old Beachy Amish), Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Egli Amish, Stuckey Amish) Christianity → Anabaptism → Mennonitism
Mokshas Uralic → Mordvinic → Moksha Russia (Mordovia, Tambov Oblast, Penza Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan) Christianity → Russian Orthodox, Protestantism → Lutheranism; Mokshas native religion
Moldovans Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Moldovan; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Moldova Sign Moldova Significant populations in Romania, Ukraine, Russia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Romanian Orthodoxy
Montenegrins Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Montenegrin Montenegro and neighboring regions Montenegrin tribes, with significant populations in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Luxembourg Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Moravians Indo-European → Slavic → Czech → Moravian Czech Republic (Moravia) Moravian Vlachs, Moravian Slovaks Christianity → Catholicism
Morlachs Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian, Chakavian; historically Romance → Eastern Romance Croatia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism
Muslimani Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian[note 1][note 13] Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, North Macedonia, and neighboring regions Islam
Nenets Uralic → Samoyedic → Nenets[note 1] Russia (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) Forest Nenets, Tundra Nenets Shamanism, Animism
Nogais Turkic → Kipchak → Nogai Russia (North Caucasus) Ak Nogai, Karagash Islam → Sunni Islam
Norwegians Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian; Indo-European → Germanic → Dano-Norwegian → Urban East Norwegian, Bokmål, Riksmål; Francosign → DTSic → Norwegian Sign Norway Kola Norwegians, Svalbarders, along with Significant populations in Finland, the United Kingdom Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Occitans Indo-European → Romance → Occitan,[note 7] Gardiol Occitania (France, Italy, Spain, Monaco)[note 14] Aranese, Auvergnats, Provencals, Languedociens, Gascons, Nicois, Guardiota, Monégasque Occitans Christianity
Orcadians Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Orcadian; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English; BANZSL → British Sign; historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn United Kingdom (Orkney) Christianity → Protestantism → Presbyterianism[11]
Ossetians Indo-European → Iranic → Ossetian[note 1] Ossetia (Russia) Iron, Digor Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Podlashuks Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian or Belarusian → Podlachian Poland (Podlachia) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism
Poles Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, Belarusian → Simple speech; Polish Sign Language Poland, Czech Republic (Trans-Olza), Kresy and neighboring regions Masovians (including Bambers, Kurpies, Łowiczans, Masurians, Międzyrzec Boyars, Poborzans, Podlachians), Greater Polish (including Kaliszans, Kuyavians (including Kuyavian Borowiaks), and Taśtaks), Lesser Polish (including Cracovians, Lasovians, Lublinians, Sącz Lachs, and Sandomierzans), Kociewians, Łęczycans, Polish Uplanders, Sieradzans, Borderlands Poles (including Bug River Poles), Tuchola Borowians, Kocievians, Dolinians [pl], and Warmians, as well as Significant populations in Germany, Iceland, Sweden, France, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Ireland, and Norway Christianity → Catholicism
Poleshuks Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian or Ukrainian → West Polesian Polesia (Belarus, Poland, Russia, Ukraine) Christianity
Portuguese Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese, Barranquenho Portugal Alentejans, Algarveans, Azoreans, Barranquenhos,[12] Beiroes, Madeirans, Mindericos, Minhotos, Olivenzans, Ribatejanos, Transmontanos Christianity → Catholicism
Qaratays Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar → Qataray Russia (Kamsko-Ustyinsky District) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy; Christianity → Protestantism → Baptism
Reisende Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian Norway Christianity
Resians Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene → Resian Italy (Resia) Christianity → Catholicism
Roma Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Romani,[note 1] Para-Romani;[note 1][note 15] Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Boyash Europe, Turkey, North Caucasus[note 16] Kalderash, Iberian Cales (including Spanish Cales, Portuguese Cales, Brazilian Cales), Erromintxela, Finnish Kale, Welsh Kale, Vlax Roma, Romanichal (including Scottish Romanichal Travellers), Lowland Scottish Travellers, Burgenland Roma, Sinti (including Manouches), Belaruska Roma, Litovska Roma, Lotfitka Roma, Ruska Roma, Crimean Roma (including Urmacheli, Krimurja, Tayfa), Gurbeti, Xoraxane Roma (including Turkish Roma, Zargari, and Arlije), Romanisal, Bergitka Roma, Polska Roma, Cascarots, Ursari, Balshade, Romanlar (including Turkish Roma, Sepetçi, Ayjides, Yerli, and Çerge), Wallachian Roma, Servitka Roma, Lovari, Boyash, along with significant populations in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Eastern Thrace, Ukraine, the United Kingdom Christianity, Islam
Romands Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provencal, Frainc-Comtou, French → Swiss French; Francosign → Swiss-French Sign Switzerland (Romandy) Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Calvinism
Romanians Indo-European → Romance → Romanian; Francosign → Romanian Sign Romania, Moldova Northern Dobrujans, Transylvanians, Wallachians (including Oltenians and Muntenians), Moldavians, Southern Bukovinians, along with significant populations in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Romansh Indo-European → Romance → Romansh Switzerland (Grisons) Christianity
Russians Indo-European → Slavic → Russian; Francosign → Russian Sign Russia, Ukraine (Sumy Oblast), and neighboring regions Caucasus Russians, Siberians, Cossacks (including Kuban Cossacks and Nekrasov Cossacks), Pomors, Subbotniks, Old Believers (including Kamenschiks, Lipovans, Semeiskie), Karyms, Gurans, Doukhobors, Goryuns, Molokans (including Subbotnik Molokans), Polekhs, Starozhily, along with significant populations in Bulgaria, Belarus, Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine Christianity → Spiritual Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Old Believerism and Old Ritualism; Christianity and Animism → Eastern Orthodoxy and Animism → Pomor Christianity
Rusyns Indo-European → Slavic → Carpathian Rusyn, Pannonian Rusyn Transcarpathia (Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland),[note 17] Pannonian Plain (Croatia, Serbia), Romania (Bukovina, Maramureș), Lemkovyna (Poland, Slovakia) Pannonian Rusyns, Lemkos, Hutsuls, Boykos, Dolinians [pl], Zamieszańcy [pl], with significant populations in the United States and Romania Christianity → Eastern Catholicism
Sámi Uralic → Sámi;[note 1] historically Uralic → Sámi → Akkala Sámi, Kemi Sámi, Kainuu Sámi Sápmi (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) Inari Sámi, Kildin Sámi, Lule Sámi, Northern Sámi, Pite Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Southern Sámi, Ter Sámi, Ume Sámi, Akkala Sámi Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Sardinians Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian,[note 1] Sassarese, Gallurese Italy (Sardinia) Logudorese, Campidanese, Sassarese, Gallurese Christianity → Catholicism
Scots Indo-European → Germanic → Scots, English → Scottish English; Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic;[note 9] BANZSL → British Sign United Kingdom (Scotland) Ulster Scots, Highlanders, Lowlanders, Berwickers, along with significant populations in Russia Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism
Serbs Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska), Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, Romania, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, North Macedonia Kosovo Serbs, Montenegrin Serbs, Croatian Serbs, Bosnian Serbs, Macedonian Serbs, Romanian Serbs, Hungarian Serbs, Albanian Serbs, Bulgarian Serbs, Slovenian Serbs, Vojvodinian Serbs, Triestine Serbs, Serb Muslims, along with significant populations in Greece, Germany, Austria, France, Slovakia, and Sweden Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Shetlanders Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Shetlandic; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English; BANZSL → British Sign; historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn United Kingdom (Shetland) Christianity → Protestantism → Presbyterianism
Shopi Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian Shopluk (Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Silesians Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian; Indo-European → Germanic → Silesian German Silesia (Poland, Germany, Czech Republic) Cieszyn Vlachs, Moravians Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism
Slovaks Indo-European → Slavic → Slovak; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Slovak Sign Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Austria, and surrounding regions Significant populations in Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria, Serbia, Croatia Christianity → Catholicism
Slovenes Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene Slovenia, Austria (Carinthia), Hungary, Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Croatia (Istria, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Zagreb), and surrounding regions Hungarian Slovenes (including Rába Slovenes), Carinthian Slovenes, Prekmurje Slovenes, Italian Slovenes, Croatian Slovenes along with significant populations in the Croatia, and Italy Christianity → Catholicism
Sorbs Indo-European → Slavic → Sorbian[note 1] Lusatia (Germany, Poland) Upper Sorbs, Lower Sorbs Christianity → Catholicism
Spaniards Indo-European → Romance → Spanish, Extremaduran, Asturleonese,[note 1] Barranquenho, Quinqui jargon; Spanish Sign language; historically Indo-European → Romance → Andalusi Romance, Old Riojan, Navarrese Romance Spain, Portugal (Barrancos) Andalusians, Barranquenhos,[12] Castilians, Leonese, Cantabrians, Extremadurans, Mercheros, Olivenzans Christianity → Catholicism
Swabians Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German → Swabian German Germany (Swabia) Christianity → Catholicism
Swedes Indo-European → Germanic → Swedish, Dalecarlian, Gutnish, Norrlandic, Jamtska, East Danish → Scanian; SSLic → Swedish Sign Sweden, Estonia (Aiboland), Ukraine (Gammalsvenskby) Scanians, Jamtish, Gutnish, Dalecarlians, Estonian Swedes along with significant populations in the United Kingdom, Ukraine Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Timok Valley Vlachs Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Timok Valley Vlach; Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian Serbia (Timok Valley, Belgrade) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Turks Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish, Rumelian Turkish; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Rumelian Romani; Turkish Sign North Caucasus, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe Turkish Turks (includes the Baraks, Manavs, Elbegli, Tahtacı, and other Anatolian Turkoman tribes), Rumelian Turks (including Kosovoan Turks, Dodecanese Turks, Western Thracian Turks, Bulgarian Turks (including in Turkey), Dobrujan Turks, Macedonian Turks, Bosnian Turks, Croatia, Serbian Turks, Montenegrin Turks), Yörüks, Amuca, Turkish Roma, along with significant populations in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Sweden Islam → Sunni Islam, Alevism
Tutejszy Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic,[note 1] Indo-European → Baltic → Eastern Baltic[note 1] Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia Christianity → Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Udis Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Udi Russia, Ukraine Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Udmurts Uralic → Permic → Udmurt Russia (Udmurtia) Besermyan Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ukrainians Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian, Surzhyk, Russian; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Ukrainian Sign Ukraine, Transcarpathia (Slovakia, Poland), Belarus (Beresteishchyna) Cossacks, Litvins, Pinchuks, Afro-Ukrainians, Podolyans, along with significant populations in France, Portugal, Kazakhstan, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Russia (including Kuban), Belarus, Slovakia, Moldova, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Romania Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Catholicism → Ukrainian Greek Catholicism
Ulster Protestants Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Ulster Scots; Indo-European → Germanic → English → Ulster English; BANZSL → British Sign Ulster (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland) Christianity → Protestantism
Valencians Indo-European → Romance → Catalan → Valencian; LSCic → Valencian Sign Spain (Valencian Community, Carche) Christianity → Catholicism[13]
Vaqueiros de Alzada Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese Spain (Asturias, Province of Leon) Christianity and traditional folk religion → Folk Catholicism → Vaqueiro religion
Vepsians Uralic → Finnic → Veps Russia (Former Veps National Volost; Vytegorsky, Babayevsky, Podporozhsky, Lodeynopolsky, Tikhvinsky, and Boksitogorsky districts) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Vilamovians Indo-European → Germanic → Wymysorys[note 18] Poland (Wilamowice) Christianity → Catholicism
Volga Tatars Turkic → Kipchak → Central Tatar, Mishar Tatar[note 19] Russia (Volga Federal District), Finland Astrakhan Tatars, Mishar Tatars (including Finnish Tatars), Kasimov Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Kryashens, Nagaybaks, Nukrat Tatars, Perm Tatars, Teptyars Islam → Sunni Islam
Votians Uralic → Finnic → Votic Russia (Ingria), Estonia (Ida-Viru), Latvia (Bauska) Kreevins, Poluverniki, Kukkuzi Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Walloons Indo-European → Romance → Walloon, Picard, French → Belgian French; Francosign → Belgian Sign → French Belgian Sign Belgium (Wallonia, adjacent regions of Flanders), France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Ardennes), Netherlands (Dutch Limburg), Germany, Luxembourg Significant populations in the Netherlands Christianity → Catholicism
Welsh Indo-European → Celtic → Welsh;[note 9] Indo-European → Germanic → English → Welsh English; BANZSL → British Sign United Kingdom (Wales) Christianity → Protestantism
Yenish Indo-European → Germanic → Yenish Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France Christianity, Judaism
Yugoslavs Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian,[note 1][note 13] Macedonian, Slovene; Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign, Croatian Sign Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Croatia Significant populations in Serbia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism; Islam → Sunni Islam

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
  2. ^ Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of its history (if not its entire history), this ethnic group has lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.
  3. ^ Eonavian is variously classified as a dialect group of Galician, a transitional variety between Galician and Asturian, and as a separate linguistic group.
  4. ^ Due to the widespread presence of both Spanish and French, the majority of Basques only have a passive knowledge of their language.
  5. ^ Unlike the rest of the Soviet republics, who were able to maintain their native language despite the de facto Russianization during the Soviet era, the Russian language has largely replaced Belarusian in everyday use.
  6. ^ Due to a lack of mutual intelligibility with other Breton varieties, the Gwenedeg varieties are considered to be a distinct language from other Breton varieties within a Bretonic language family by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology within their Glottolog database.
  7. ^ a b c Due to France's long history of promoting the French language at the expense of others, the vast majority only speak French.
  8. ^ Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey.
  9. ^ a b c d Due to a long history of English dominance within Great Britain, the Celtic languages within the islands have seen steady decline in use, with some of them eventually going extinct. Although all of them have since seen major language revival movements, English continues to be main language for the majority of this group.
  10. ^ a b c d Largest practiced religion; the majority/plurality of this group are actually non-religious.
  11. ^ a b The Flemings and Dutch, particularly Southern Dutch, have many cultural and linguistic characteristics in common, but due to a combination of religious differences and popular stereotypes within the Netherlands and Flanders based on the cultural extremes of the Northern and Southern Dutch regions, most Flemings will not consider themselves ethnically Dutch and vice versa.
  12. ^ Gorolski is not a distinct language, but rather a group of Lechitic dialects spoken by Gorals that fall into various Lechitic languages.
  13. ^ a b Shtokavian, Chakavian, Kajkavian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slavomolisano are often considered separate languages depending on classification, but Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin are typically considered Shtokavian varieties rather than distinct languages due to high degrees of mutual intelligibility.
  14. ^ Occitania, as defined by the modern Occitan linguistic territory, covers most of the current Southern France, the Alpine valleys of the Western Piedmont, in Italy, Val d'Aran in Spain and Monaco[9][10] an area of approximately 190,000 km2.
  15. ^ Though many Para-Romani languages are not genetically related to each other beyond having a Romani substrate, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Romani diaspora.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference nomadic was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ The Rusyn identity is mostly limited to those residing outside of Carpathian Ruthenia. Within Carpathian Ruthenia itself (especially in the Ukrainian region), the majority of its residents identify themselves as being Ukrainian.
  18. ^ Due to policies of polonization implemented after World War II, the majority of Vilamovians can only speak Polish.
  19. ^ While they are commonly subsumed into one Volga Tatar language, the central dialects belong to Kipchak-Bulgar while the Mishar dialects may belong to Kipchak-Cuman.

References

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  1. ^ Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.
  2. ^ Goran Burenhult, Traditional Peoples Today: Continuity and Change in the Modern World Illustrated History of Humankind, vol. 5 (1994).
  3. ^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples – An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  4. ^ "The Botlikhs". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Institute of the Estonian Language. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  5. ^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples – An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 351. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  6. ^ "Government Publishes Bill to recognise British Sign Language as a language of Gibraltar – 274/2022". Government of Gibraltar. 19 April 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  7. ^ Anita Sujoldžić, "Molise Croatian Idiom" Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 263–274

    Along with the institutional support provided by the Italian government and Croatian institutions based on bilateral agreements between the two states, the Slavic communities also received a new label for their language and a new ethnic identity – Croatian, and there have been increasing tendencies to standardize the spoken idiom on the basis of Standard Croatian. It should be stressed, however, that although they regarded their different language as a source of prestige and self-appreciation, these communities have always considered themselves to be Italians who in addition have Slavic origins and at best accept to be called Italo-Slavic, while the term "Molise Croatian" emerged recently as a general term in scientific and popular literature to describe the Croatian-speaking population living in the Molise.
  8. ^ Subačius, Giedrius (2005). The Lithuanian language: traditions and trends (PDF). The Lithuanian Institute, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. p. 7. ISBN 9955-548-09-6. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  9. ^ There is also a variant of Occitan Monegasque aboriginal (district of the Port à la Condamine and Saint Roman) -called patois- which is called Moneguier. (René ANFOSSO, speaker of Moneguier p. 51 in REVEST Laurenç Nissa e Occitània per Garibaldi. Garibaldian anthology of Oc, publisher Serre, Nice, 212 p.).
  10. ^ "15% of the population of Monaco speaks Niçard variety of Provençal, which strongly French influences from the Monegasque territory. In fact, people speaking Niçard are mainly people over 50, but Provencal increases its status as a literary language (translated from: "A further 15% of the population of Monaco speaks the Niçard variety of Provençal, which greatly influences the French of the Monegasque region. In fact, the Niçard speaking community is comprisedof over 50 years of age, Provençal is increasingly gaining status as a literary language}} "Monaco: "Language Situation", in Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition)}}, 2006, p. 230 [1] Archived 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ^ Jennifer S. H. Brown (1996). "Company Men with a Difference". Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0806128139. It is clear, however, that while the Lowland Scots were not viewed as particularly distinct from the English ethnically or socially, the Orkneymen acquired considerable visibility as a separate group
  12. ^ a b Clements, Joseph; Amaral, Patrícia; Garrett, Jordan (2021). "Social identity and the formation and development of Barranquenho". In Sippola, Eeva; Matras, Yaron; Mazzoli, Maria (eds.). New Perspectives on Mixed Languages: From Core to Fringe. Language Contact and Bilingualism. Vol. 18. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 249. doi:10.1515/9781501511257-008. ISBN 9781501517266. S2CID 236374063.
  13. ^ Nafría, Ismael (2 April 2015). "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". La Vanguardia. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
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