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Lonicera japonica, commonly known as Japanese honeysuckle[1] and golden-and-silver honeysuckle,[2], is a species of honeysuckle native to East Asia, including many parts of China. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant but has become an Invasive species in several countries. The plant is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

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Description

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Abreanng/Lonicera japonica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Genus: Lonicera
Species:
L. japonica
Binomial name
Lonicera japonica
Synonyms[3]
  • Caprifolium chinense S.Watson ex Loudon
  • Caprifolium japonicum (Thunb.) Dum.Cours.
  • Caprifolium roseum Lam.
  • Lonicera brachypoda Siebold
  • Lonicera chinensis P. Watson
  • Lonicera fauriei H. Lév. & Vaniot
  • Lonicera shintenensis Hayata

Lonicera japonica is a twining vine[4] climbing up to 10 meters (33 feet) or more in height. It has opposite, simple oval Leafs measuring 3–8 cm (1.25–3.25 in) in length and 2–3 cm (0.75–1.25 in) in width. Young stems are typically slightly red and may appear fuzzy, while older stems become brown with peeling bark and are often hollow inside.[5]

The flowers are double-tongued, opening white and fading to yellow, and are noted for their sweet vanilla-like fragrance. The fruit,[6]is a black spherical berry, 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter, containing a few seeds.[7] the berries usually appear in the fall.

  • Flower
    Flower
  • Fruit
    Fruit

Chemistry

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Lonicera japonica contains methyl, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, methyl 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinate, protocatechuic acid, methyl chlorogenic acid, and luteolin. Biflavonoids such as 3′-O-methyl loniflavone and loniflavone, along with luteolin and chrysin, are isolated from the leaves.[8] Other phenolic compounds include hyperoside, chlorogenic acid and Caffeic acid.[9]Secoiridoid glycosides, loniceracetalides A and B, and ten known iridoid glycosides can be isolated from the flower buds.[10]The plant also contains saponins loniceroside A, B,[11]and anti-inflammatory loniceroside C.[12]

Subspecies

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There are three subspecies of Lonicera japonica:

Image Subspecies Description Distribution
Lonicera japonica var. chinensis (P.Watson) Baker Corolla purple outside, white inside. Usually diploid 2n=18 China (Anhui, 安徽省 in Chinese) around 800 meters[13]
Lonicera japonica var. japonica Vigorous vine, Corolla white, later yellow-white. Usually diploid 2n=18 Grows on the edge of forest in China, Japan, and Korea[14]
Lonicera japonica var. miyagusukiana Makino Tetraploid with chromosome number of 2n=36 Found in tops of exposed windy limestone cliffs in Ryukyus Islands, Japan[15]

Distribution and habitat

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The species is native to East Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. It thrives in a variety of habitats such as woodlands, forest edges, and disturbed areas. Due to its adaptability, Lonicera japonica has spread widely outside its native range.

Ecology

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The flowers serve as a food source for deer, rabbits, hummingbirds, and other wildlife.

Invasive species

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Lonicera japonica has naturalized in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, New Zealand,much of the United States (including Hawaii),[16][17][18]and various Pacific and Caribbean islands. It is classified as a noxious weed in 46 U.S. states, prohibited in Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Vermont, and banned in Indiana and New Hampshire. It is listed as an unwanted organism on the New Zealand National Pest Plant Accord.[19]

Originally introduced to the U.S. in the early 1800s as an ornamental plant, it is still deliberately planted for erosion control and deer forage but has become invasive.[20] It thrives in disturbed areas like roadsides and floodplains and invades forests mainly when the canopy is open. It spreads through both sexual and vegetative reproduction.[21] forming dense thickets that suppress native plant germination and tree regeneration.[22]

Management.

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Small patches can be removed by hand or with digging tools,[23] but all roots and rhizomes must be removed to prevent resprouting.[24]Larger patches may require repeated mowing and herbicide application. controlled burns are generally ineffective because underground portions survive.[25] Herbivore browsing limits growth but is unlikely to eradicate it.[26]

Biological control

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New Zealand approved the release of ''Limenitis glorifica'' butterflies in 2013 as a biological control;[27] they are host-specific but may feed on related species like Himalayan honeysuckle. ''Oberea shirahatai,'' a honeysuckle-specific beetle, was released in 2018.[28]

Ornamental

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The plant is popular in gardens for its attractive, fragrant flowers and vigorous growth, often used as a ground cover or trained to climb trellises and fences.

Cultivation

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Despite its invasiveness,[29]the species is sold by nurseries as the cultivar ''''Hall’s Prolific'''' (''Lonicera japonica var. halliana''), also known as Hall’s Japanese honeysuckle.[30]It is valued for its fragrant flowers and effectiveness as groundcover. Propagation is by seed, cuttings, layering, and spreading shoots. The variety ''L. japonica var. repens''[31] has earned the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[32]

Toxicity

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All parts of the plant except the flower nectar may be toxic..[33]

Uses

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The flowers are edible and appreciated for their sweet nectar.

Herbel medicine

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In traditional Chinese medicine,[34], Lonicera japonica is known as ''rěn dōng téng'' ((忍冬藤);[35] "winter enduring vine") or ''jīn yín huā'' [36]Chinese: 金銀花 "gold-silver flower"), referring to the flowers that change color from white (silver) to yellow (gold).Alternative names include ''er hua'' (二花) and ''shuang hua'' (雙花), meaning "double-[color] flowers.".[37][38]

Traditional medicine

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Lonicera japonica has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. [36](Chinese: 金銀花 "gold-silver flower")The dried flowers, known as "jin yin hua," are used to treat fevers, inflammation, and infections.,[39]

References

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  1. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 525. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017 – via Korea Forest Service.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference tpl was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Watts, D. C. (2007-05-02). Dictionary of Plant Lore. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080546025.
  5. ^ "Lonicera japonica – UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants". plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  6. ^ "Lonicera japonica – UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants". plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  7. ^ "Flora of Taiwan: Lonicera japonica". Archived from the original on 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2006-06-18.
  8. ^ Kumar, Neeraj; Singh, Bikram; Bhandari, Pamita; Gupta, Ajai P.; Uniyal, Sanjay K.; Kaul, Vijay K. (2005). "Biflavonoids from Lonicera japonica". Phytochemistry. 66 (23): 2740–4. Bibcode:2005PChem..66.2740K. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.10.002. PMID 16293275.
  9. ^ Peng, Youyuan; Liu, Fanghua; Ye, Jiannong (2005). "Determination of Phenolic Acids and Flavones in Lonicera japonica Thumb. By Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection". Electroanalysis. 17 (4): 356. doi:10.1002/elan.200403102.
  10. ^ Kakuda, Rie; Imai, Mio; Yaoita, Yasunori; Machida, Koichi; Kikuchi, Masao (2000). "Secoiridoid glycosides from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica". Phytochemistry. 55 (8): 879–81. Bibcode:2000PChem..55..879K. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00279-X. PMID 11140518.
  11. ^ Ho Son, Kun; Young Jung, Keun; Wook Chang, Hyeun; Pyo Kim, Hyun; Sik Kang, Sam (1994). "Triterpenoid saponins from the aerial parts of Lonicera japonica". Phytochemistry. 35 (4): 1005–8. Bibcode:1994PChem..35.1005H. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90656-3. PMID 7764625.
  12. ^ Kwak, Wie Jong; Han, Chang Kyun; Chang, Hyeun Wook; Kim, Hyun Pyo; Kang, Sam Sik; Son, Kun Ho (2003). "Loniceroside C, an Anti-inflammatory Saponin from Lonicera japonica". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 51 (3): 333–5. doi:10.1248/cpb.51.333. PMID 12612424.
  13. ^ "Lonicera japonica var. chinensis in Flora of China @ efloras.org". eFloras.org Home. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  14. ^ "Lonicera japonica var. japonica in Flora of China @ efloras.org". eFloras.org Home. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
  15. ^ Denda, Tetsuo; Koja, Arisa; Yokota, Masatsugu (2007). "Chromosomal studies of insular endemicLonicera japonicaThunb. var.miyagusukianaMakino (Caprifoliaceae) in the Ryukyu Archipelago of Japan". Caryologia. 60 (4). Informa UK Limited: 331–337. doi:10.1080/00087114.2007.10797956. ISSN 0008-7114.
  16. ^ "JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE". Texas Invasive Species Institute. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  17. ^ "DNR: Terrestrial Invasive Species - Plants". Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  18. ^ "Fact Sheet: Prohibited Invasive Plant Species Rules, Agr 3800". Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  19. ^ "Species list" (PDF). Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research. Retrieved 2019-11-09.
  20. ^ "Lonicera japonica – UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants". plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  21. ^ "Lonicera japonicaJapanese honeysuckle".
  22. ^ "Species: Lonicera japonica". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  23. ^ "Lonicera japonicaJapanese honeysuckle".
  24. ^ "Lonicera japonica – UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants". plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  25. ^ "Lonicera japonica – UF/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants". plants.ifas.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  26. ^ "Species: Lonicera japonica". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  27. ^ "Import and release of Limenitis glorifica" (PDF). www.epa.govt.nz. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
  28. ^ "Japanese honeysuckle stem beetle". Manaaki Whenua. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
  29. ^ "Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)".
  30. ^ "Lonicera japonica 'Halliana'". Plants. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  31. ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Lonicera japonica var. repens". Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  32. ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 61. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  33. ^ "Lonicera japonica (Hall's Honeysuckle, Japanese Honeysuckle) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-09.
  34. ^ Shang, X.; Pan, H.; Li, M.; Miao, X.; Ding, H. (2011). "Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 138 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.016. PMC 7127058. PMID 21864666.
  35. ^ Shang, X.; Pan, H.; Li, M.; Miao, X.; Ding, H. (2011). "Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 138 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.016. PMC 7127058. PMID 21864666.
  36. ^ a b Shang, X.; Pan, H.; Li, M.; Miao, X.; Ding, H. (2011). "Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 138 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.016. PMC 7127058. PMID 21864666.
  37. ^ Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology, John and Tina Chen, Art of Medicine Press, 1st ed. 2001, p. 171
  38. ^ Bensky, Dan; Barolet, Randall. Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulas & Strategies (2nd ed.). Eastland Press. p. 44.
  39. ^ Shang, X.; Pan, H.; Li, M.; Miao, X.; Ding, H. (2011). "Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 138 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.016. PMC 7127058. PMID 21864666.

Cite error: A list-defined reference with the name "tpl" has been invoked, but is not defined in the <references> tag (see the help page). 40. "Species: Lonicera japonica." Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/vine/lonjap/all.html

41. "Japanese Honeysuckle." National Invasive Species Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/plants/japanese-honeysuckle

42. "Japanese Honeysuckle." North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox, North Carolina State University. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/lonicera-japonica/

43. "Lonicera japonica." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicera_japonica.

44, "Lonicera japonica 'Hall's Prolific'." Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/96707/lonicera-japonica-hall-s-prolific/details

45. "Lonicera japonica 'Halliana'." Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=245393

46. "Honeysuckle Extract." Food Additive Status List, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.hfpappexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?id=HONEYSUCKLEEXTRACT&set=FoodSubstances

47. "Lonicera japonica Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of an Important Traditional Chinese Medicine." Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874111005897

48. "Research Progress on Chemical Constituents of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos." Frontiers in Pharmacology, National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4923575/

49. "Lonicera japonica 'Hall's Prolific'." BambooPlants.ca. https://bambooplants.ca/product/lonicera-japonica-halls-prolific/

50. "Application to Release Japanese Honeysuckle Longhorn Beetle." Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/discover-our-research/biodiversity-biosecurity/weed-biocontrol/approvals/japanese-honeysuckle/

56. "Prospects for Biological Control of Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae) in New Zealand." Biological Control, Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1049964416302237

57. "Lonicera japonica." iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/77835-Lonicera-japonica

58. "Lonicera japonica." Go Botany, Native Plant Trust. https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/lonicera/japonica/

59. "Lonicera japonica." Plant Finder, Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?basic=Lonicera+japonica&isprofile=1&taxonid=245393&utm

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