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Tongxin Jishu Shiyan

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TJS (Satellite)
通信技术试验
Tōngxìn Jìshù Shìyàn
Program overview
CountryChina People's Republic of China
OrganizationSAST
CAST
PurposeRendezvous & Inspection (RPO), Missile warning, SIGINT
StatusActive
Program history
Duration2015–Present
First flight12 September 2015
Last flight9 March 2025
Successes16
Failures0
Launch site(s)Xichang Satellite Launch Center
Wenchang Space Launch Site

TJS, Chinese: 通信技术试验; pinyin: Tōngxìn Jìshù Shìyàn; lit. 'communication technology test') is a Chinese military satellite program operating in geostationary orbit (GEO). TJS satellites are manufactured by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST) and launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center (XSLC) in China's southern Sichuan Province. TJS is likely the cover name for multiple geostationary military satellite programs and should not be confused with the similarly named Shiyan satellite program.[1]

Unlike traditional, non-military satellites where the Chinese government announces the satellite's name, mission, platform, launch vehicle, and launch site in advance, with TJS satellites the Chinese government announces airspace closures the day before and makes vague statements on the satellite's purpose after the launch.[2]

Although the true purpose of TJS satellites remains classified, satellite observers speculate these satellites provide early warning and signals intelligence (SIGINT) for the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA).[3][4]

Classes

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Satellites under the Tongxin Jishu Shiyan cover appear to compose three separate classes, all in geostationary orbit and performing a military or intelligence mission. These include the purported Qianshao-3 SIGINT class, the Huoyan-1 early warning class, and an unknown class for TJS-3 and its subsatellite.

Qianshao-3

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TJS-1, TJS-4, and TJS-9 satellites, launched in 2015, 2019, and 2021, maintain geostationary orbit over the Indian Ocean[5] and Micronesia[6][7] and are suspected to comprise the Qianshao-3 SIGINT satellite class (Chinese: 前哨; pinyin: Qiánshào; lit. 'Outpost').[2][8] The Chinese government originally stated these satellites were designed to test Ka-band broadband communication (27–40 GHz) but has not commented on the satellites since they achieved geostationary orbit.[9][10] In January 2017, novel reports of an antenna approximately 32 meters wide reinforced speculation of the satellite's potential SIGINT mission.[2] Other Chinese sources suggest the Qianshao series are space-based infrared early warning satellites.[11][12]

Huoyan-1

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TJS-2, TJS-5, TJS-6 and TJS-7 satellites are, according to official Chinese statements "new generation high capacity experimental communications and broadcasting satellites" testing "high speed and multi-frequency wide-band data transfer."[2][13] Launched in 2017, 2020, and 2021, these satellites are rumored to be of the Huoyan-1 (Chinese: 火眼; pinyin: Huǒyǎn; lit. 'Fire Eyes') program — China's first early-warning satellites in geosynchronous orbit.[1][2][13] Placeholder images used in the launch video depicts the satellites as being roughly analogus to the Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS) of the United States.[14] These purported Huoyan-1 series satellites remain fixed in orbit over the Indian Ocean, South China Sea, and Oceania.[15][16][17]. James Acton, co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace believes these satellites primary purpose is for missile warning based on their orbital slots and inclinations.[18]

TJS-3 satellites

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The third satellite of the Tongxin Jishu Shiyan program, TJS-3, is still largely shrouded in secrecy with observers unable to determine if the satellite performs an early warning or signals intelligence mission.[19] Said to have only had one payload aboard during its 2018 launch, observers detected a secondary object separate from TJS-3 in orbit. The object was originally labeled by the United States Space Force as an apogee kick motor (AKM), a final-impulse motor often discarded by satellites entering their terminal geostationary orbit.[20] The secondary object drew public intrigue when, on January 4 and January 11, 2019 (weeks after launch), the secondary object performed station-keeping maneuvers to maintain a synchronized orbit with the main TJS-3 satellite, uncharacteristic of a discarded AKM.[20] Reinforcing suspicions, on Friday, 18 January 2019, the subsatellite maneuvered eastward over Southeast Asia with the main TJS-3 satellite performing the same maneuver two days later.[20] The two satellites continued to complete a number of synchronized maneuvers.[20]

Later in May 2019, capitalizing on the passing of the day-night terminator which makes satellite tracking by optical telescope impractical, the TJS-3 maneuvered far out of its orbit with its subsatellite taking its place shortly after.[21] According to Jim Cooper, lead for space situational awareness for the space-tracking company COMSPOC, TJS-3 and its subsatellite were likely developing and validating tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) for spoofing other nation's space situational awareness efforts which would mistake the subsatellite for its parent while the latter could "be off doing things that are potentially threatening".[21][22] China has yet to acknowledge any secondary object associated with the TJS-3.[23]

Satellites

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TJS Satellite Series List
No. Satellite Program Function Manufacturer Launch Date COSPAR ID SCN Orbit Launch Site Launcher Status
1 TJS-1 Qianshao-3 1 SIGINT CAST 2015-09-12 2015-046A 40892 GEO XSLC Long March 3B Operational
2 TJS-2 Huoyan-1 01 Missile warning SAST 2017-01-05 2017-001A 41911 GEO XSLC Long March 3B Operational
3 TJS-3 Unknown Missile warning SAST 2018-12-25 2018-110A 43874 GEO XSLC Long March 3C Operational
TJS-3 (subsatellite) Unknown Unknown SAST 2018-12-25 2018-110C 43917 GEO XSLC Long March 3C Operational
4 TJS-4 Qianshao-3 2 SIGINT CAST 2019-10-17 2019-070A 44637 GEO XSLC Long March 3B Operational
5 TJS-5 Huoyan-1 02 Missile warning SAST 2020-01-07 2020-002A 44978 GEO XSLC Long March 3B Operational
6 TJS-6 Huoyan-1 03 Missile warning SAST 2021-02-04 2021-010A 47613 GEO XSLC Long March 3B Operational
7 TJS-7 Huoyan-1 04 Missile warning SAST 2021-08-24 2021-077A 49115 GEO XSLC Long March 3B Operational
8 Shiyan 10 01 Huoyan-1 Missile warning SAST 2021-09-27 2021-087A 49258 Molniya XSLC Long March 3B Operational
9 TJS-9 Qianshao-3 3 SIGINT CAST 2021-12-30 2021-135A 50574 GEO XSLC Long March 3B Operational
10 Shiyan 10-02 Huoyan-1 Missile warning SAST 2022-12-29 2022-178A 54878 Molniya XSLC Long March 3B Operational
11 TJS-10 Missile warning Unknown SAST 2023-11-03 2023-169A 58204 GEO WSLS Long March 7A Operational
12 TJS-11 Qianshao-3 SIGINT CAST 2024-02-23 2024-037A 59020 GEO WSLS Long March 5 Operational
13 TJS-13 Huoyan-1 06 Missile warning SAST 2024-12-03 2024-227A 62188 Molniya XSLC Long March 3B Operational
14 TJS-12 Huoyan-1 05 Missile warning SAST 2024-12-20 2024-246A 62374 GEO XSLC Long March 3B Operational
15 TJS-14 Huoyan-1 07 Missile warning SAST 2025-01-23 2025-017A 62804 GEO XSLC Long March 3B Operational
16 TJS-15 Huoyan-1 08 Missile warning SAST 2025-03-10 2025-045A 63157 GEO XSLC Long March 3B Operational

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (24 December 2018). "TJS-1 is thought to be a large GEO SIGINT, Qianshao-3; TJS-2 is thought to be the Huoyan-1 missile early warning test satellite. TJS-3 uses a less powerful launch vehicle than the first two so may be different again" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  2. ^ a b c d e Clark, Phillip S. (January 2018). Becklake, John (ed.). "China's Shiyan Weixing Satellite Programme: 2004–2017" (PDF). Space Chronicle: A British Interplanetary Society Publication. 71 (1). London: 23. ISBN 978-0-9567382-2-6.
  3. ^ Krebs, Gunter D. (1 August 2022). "TJS 1, 4, 9 (Qianshao-3 1, 2, 3 ?)". Gunter's Space Page.
  4. ^ Krebs, Gunter D. (30 July 2022). "TJS 2, 5, 6 (Huoyan-1 ?)". Gunter's Space Page.
  5. ^ "TJS-1". N2YO.
  6. ^ "TJS-4". N2YO.
  7. ^ "TJS-9". N2YO.
  8. ^ Krebs, Gunter D. (8 January 2022). "TJS 1, 4, 9 (Qianshao-3 1, 2, 3 ?)". Gunter's Space Page.
  9. ^ Yu, Bai (12 September 2015). "China launches communication technology experimental satellite". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017.
  10. ^ "GEO SIGINT - Qianshao / TJSW / Chang Cheng "Great Wall"". Global Security.
  11. ^ "中国导弹预警卫星不输美俄 能在3万公里高空捕捉目标" [China's missile early warning satellite does not lose to the United States and Russia, and can capture targets at an altitude of 30,000 kilometers]. Sina Military (in Chinese). 17 June 2020.
  12. ^ "前哨系列预警卫星" [Outpost series of early warning satellites]. Zhihu Zuanlan (in Chinese).
  13. ^ a b Krebs, Gunter D. (30 July 2022). "TJS 2, 5, 6 (Huoyan-1 ?)". Gunter's Space Page.
  14. ^ "TJS-2 - CZ-3B - Xichang - January 5 2017". NasaSpaceFlight.
  15. ^ "TJS-2". N2YO.
  16. ^ "TJS-5". N2YO.
  17. ^ "TJS-6". N2YO.
  18. ^ @james_acton32 (28 March 2023). "These three satellites are perfectly located to detect a US first strike. TJS-7 would pick up Minuteman III launches from U.S. ICBM fields, while TJS-5 and -6 provide coverage of the Pacific. (9/n)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  19. ^ Krebs, Gunter D. (8 February 2021). "TJS 3 / TJS 3 Subsatellite". Gunter's Space Page.
  20. ^ a b c d Hall, Bob (1 July 2019). TJS 3 Space Activities - Spacecast 15 (Podcast).
  21. ^ a b Clark, Colin (28 October 2021). "US, China, Russia Test New Space War Tactics: Sats Buzzing, Spoofing, Spying". Breaking Defense.
  22. ^ Jones, Andrew (5 November 2021). "An object is now orbiting alongside China's Shijian-21 debris mitigation satellite". SpaceNews.
  23. ^ Clark, Stephen (18 October 2019). "China launches mysterious geostationary satellite". Spaceflight Now.
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