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Tindouf Province

Coordinates: 27°41′N 8°8′W / 27.683°N 8.133°W / 27.683; -8.133
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(Redirected from Tindouf District)
Tindouf Province
ولاية تندوف
Province
Map of Algeria highlighting Tindouf
Map of Algeria highlighting Tindouf
Coordinates: 27°41′N 8°8′W / 27.683°N 8.133°W / 27.683; -8.133
Country Algeria
CapitalTindouf
Area
 • Total
159,000 km2 (61,000 sq mi)
Population
 (2008)[1]
 • Total
c. 160,000 (disputed)
58,193 Algerians
c. 100,000 Sahrawis[a]
Time zoneUTC+01 (CET)
Area Code+213 (0) 49
ISO 3166 codeDZ-37
Districts1
Municipalities2

Tindouf, also written Tinduf (Arabic: ولاية تندوف), is the westernmost province of Algeria, having a population of 58,193 as of the 2008 census (not including the Sahrawi refugees at the Sahrawi refugee camps).[1] Its population in reality could be as high as 160,000 because of the Sahrawi refugee camps. Despite the barren landscape, Tindouf is a resource-rich province, with important quantities of iron ore located in the Gara Djebilet area close to the border with Mauritania. Prior to Algerian independence, the area served as a strongpoint of several tribes of the nomadic Reguibat confederation.

History

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Tindouf, 1880
Musée RASD Polisario

During the Zayyanid period, the Draa region which surrounds the Tindouf province was governed by a sheikh of the Zayyanids.[2]

The town of Tindouf was rebuilt near an isolated Saharan oasis in 1852 by members of the Tajakant tribe,[3][4] but sacked and destroyed by the Reguibat tribe in 1895.[5] It remained deserted until French troops led by colonel Trinquet arrived in the area in 1934 and attached the region to the French Algeria territory.[6]

The province houses army and airforce bases for the Algerian military, and is strategically important due to its proximity to the Moroccan border, and its location at a four-country border crossing. From independence in 1956, the Kingdom of Morocco claimed the Tindouf area and western Algeria as part of Morocco.[7] These claims are based on the allegations that until 1952, Tindouf was part of French Morocco and was administratively attached to Agadir, and promises made by parts of the Algerian underground during that country's war for independence.[8] After Algeria's independence in 1962, Morocco's claim to Tindouf was not accepted by the new Algerian republic. This led to the 1963 Sand war, fought along the Moroccan-Algerian border in the Tindouf region, and also involving Béchar Province and Tlemcen Province, after Morocco claimed the area as its own following Algerian independence.[9]

In a process beginning in 1969 and finalized during the OAU summit in Rabat in 1972,[10] Morocco recognized the border with Algeria, in exchange for joint exploitation of the iron ore in Tindouf.[11] However, parts of Moroccan society and some nationalist political parties still refer to the Tindouf area as historically Moroccan territory, and the Moroccan parliament has still not ratified the border recognition.

From 1974, refugees from the contested Spanish Sahara started arriving to the Tindouf area, following an earlier wave from the 1958 unrest. This turned into a major exodus from 1975 onwards, when Morocco and Mauritania seized control of what was then called Western Sahara, and Algeria retaliated by allowing the Polisario Front, a nationalist Sahrawi movement, to use the area as its main base.[12] Sahrawi refugee camps were established in Tindouf in 1975-6, such as Smara refugee camp and El Aaiun refugee camp. The Polisario remains in the province, running the large refugee camps located south of Tindouf city.

The European Commission refers to the Sahrawi refugees as the "forgotten refugees".[13]

The province was created from Béchar Province in 1984.

Administrative divisions

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Map showing the 2 municipalities

The province contains one daïra (district), Tindouf, which is coextensive with the province. The province and daïra has a population of 58,193 inhabitants.[1] The daira is further divided into two communes or municipalities: Tindouf and Oum El Assel. It is one of only 3 provinces in the country which has only one daïra and along with Bordj Baji Mokhtar Province, Djanet Province, In Guezzam Province also has the fewest communes with just 2.

District Commune Arabic
Tindouf District Tindouf تندوف
Oum El Assel أم العسل


Economy

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The Tindouf region is largely arid and with a desert climate and few oases which have developed into small towns and seasonal camel stations of the Trans Saharan Trade Route. Yet in these forbidding conditions the Sahara desert the province of Tindouf is expereincing large scale developement in the mining and minerals processing. Prospecting for large natural gas reserves, rare earths and renewable energy which till date had not been commercially viable are also under process in line with the Algerian authorities vision to diversify their economic reliance for beyond crude oil.[14][15] The region sits at an important cross road connecting central and coastal Algeria to Morocco, Mauritania and Western Sahara hence facilitating a revival of these ancient trade routes would be very beneficial for this region. Due to its massive mineral wealth Tindouf was also part of short lived French-Moroccan border demarcation dispute back in the late 50's.[16][17][18]

The Algerian government over the years has managed to evince interest and secure private and public investment apart from Government announced infrastructure projects such as road and railway lines into the one of the most inhospitable places in the Sahara desert in the Algerian deep south. There is also an ongoing railway developement project linking Tindouf city to Bechar. The Gara Djeibilet region south of Tindouf city hosts around 3.5 billion tons of proven minor minerals reserves claimed to be largest reserve of iron ore on the planet yet.[19][20][21]

There is also some phosphate and natron salts mining along with traditional pastrolism, agriculture and fishing being practiced in the area by the large number of displaced Saharawi Repulic refugees who are spread around across numerous camp sites south of Tindouf city and near the Mauritanian border and Gara Djeibilet. These are largely aided and funded by international agencies and the Algerian government with focus on improving the Human Developement Index of the region as a whole as the region hosts a large refugee population which is one of the most food and health insecure populations of the world.[22][23][24][25][26]

The region also boasts of a major potential in wind energy as per studies conducted Algeria's electricity demand is growing at a rapid, 5–7% annual rate and will, require significant addition in capacity possibly 8000 MW by 2010. For example in 2007, Algeria's natural gas was the largest source of electricity production as it accounts for almost 98% of total electricity with remaining 1% came from small hydroelectric plants. With this growth in electric demand the Algerian government has realized the importance of renewable energy. It has been realized that the renewable energy projects such as solar, biomass, photovoltaic, geothermal and wind, could be used as tools for the management of reserves and sustainable development of desert communities.[27][28][29][30][31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Sahrawis are not legally recognized as dwellers of the province but rather as illegal or temporary refugees and migrants in Sahrawi refugee camps. Their exact number is unknown.
  1. ^ a b c Office National des Statistiques, Recensement General de la Population et de l’Habitat 2008 Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine Preliminary results of the 2008 population census. Accessed on 2008-07-02.
  2. ^ Histoire es berbères, 4: et des dynasties musulmanes de l'afrique septentrionale. Abd al-Rahman b. Muhammad Ibn Jaldun. Imprimerie du Gouvernement.
  3. ^ Dunn, Ross E. (1977). Resistance in the Desert: Moroccan Responses to French Imperialism 1881-1912. Croom Helm. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-299-07360-2. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  4. ^ Institut des hautes-études marocaines (1930). Hespéris: archives berbères et bulletin de l'Institut des hautes-études marocaines. Emile Larose. p. 46. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  5. ^ Trout, Frank E. (1969). Morocco's Saharan Frontiers. Librairie Droz. p. 155. ISBN 978-2-600-04495-0. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  6. ^ Trout, Frank E. (1969). Morocco's Saharan Frontiers. Librairie Droz. p. 318. ISBN 978-2-600-04495-0. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  7. ^ Cordesman, Anthony H. (2002). A Tragedy of Arms: Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-275-96936-3. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  8. ^ Barakat, Halim Isber (1985). Contemporary North Africa: Issues of Development and Integration. Croom Helm. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-7099-3435-6. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  9. ^ Zoubir, Yahia H.; Fernández, Haizam Amirah (27 March 2008). North Africa: Politics, Region, and the Limits of Transformation. Taylor & Francis. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-415-42920-7. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  10. ^ Gordon Harris (1994). Organization of African Unity. Transaction Publishers. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-85109-124-9. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  11. ^ United Nations Publications (30 May 2004). Reports of Judgments Advisory Opinions and Orders: 2001 Bound Volume. United Nations Publications. p. 213. ISBN 978-92-1-070980-4. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  12. ^ Council on Foreign Relations (1979). Foreign affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  13. ^ "Algeria". 3 October 2013.
  14. ^ "How Algeria is Crafting a Dynamic Economy for Tomorrow". World Bank. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  15. ^ Naili, Latifa Ferial. "Gara Djeibilet: Algeria's Century Project Driving Economic..." AL24 News.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ "MINERALS FIGURE IN SAHARA DISPUTE; French Fight Moroccan Claim to Ore-Rich Buffer Areas Along Mauritanian Line French Seek Mining Funds (Published 1957)". 1957-04-19. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  17. ^ Mellab, Kahina (2025-06-30). "Analysis of the Determinants of Economic Complexity and Economic Diversification in Algeria". 29 (5): 1–24. ISSN 1095-6298. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ "Geopolitical map of Algeria". Map of Algeria (in French). Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  19. ^ 关晓萌. "Railway milestone reached in Sino-Algerian project". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  20. ^ "In the Sahara Desert, Chinese labourers work to build a 575km rail line. Why?". South China Morning Post. 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  21. ^ Anyango, Anita (2025-05-10). "Algeria inaugurates first segment of Western Mining Railway Line". Logistics Business Africa. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  22. ^ شوية, محمد (2024-12-07). "An Italian Agricultural Project In The Sahrawi Refugee Camps Of Tindouf". الشروق أونلاين (in Arabic). Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  23. ^ Varela, Vicky Brown (2022-04-14). "Sahrawi Refugees Are Building Food Security with Fish Farms". Food Tank. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  24. ^ Pimentel, Martin (2023-09-19). "Fishing for Food Security". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  25. ^ Iddir, Nadir (2018-06-15). "Growing food in the Sahara Desert". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2025-08-08.
  26. ^ García, Roberto; Naves, Acacia; Anta, Jose; Ron, Manuel; Molinero, Jorge (2021-08-01). "Drinking water provision and quality at the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf (Algeria) from 2006 to 2016". Science of The Total Environment. 780: 146504. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146504. ISSN 0048-9697.
  27. ^ Himri, Y.; Himri, S.; Stambouli, A. Boudghene (2010-01-01). "Wind power resource in the south-western region of Algeria". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14 (1): 554–556. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.018. ISSN 1364-0321.
  28. ^ Himri, Y.; Boudghene Stambouli, A.; Draoui, B. (2009-04-01). "Prospects of wind farm development in Algeria". Desalination. 239 (1): 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.013. ISSN 0011-9164.
  29. ^ Youcef Ettoumi, Fatiha; Adane, Abd El Hamid; Benzaoui, Mohamed Lassaad; Bouzergui, Nabila (2008-10-01). "Comparative simulation of wind park design and siting in Algeria". Renewable Energy. 33 (10): 2333–2338. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.01.003. ISSN 0960-1481.
  30. ^ Himri, Y.; Himri, S.; Boudghene Stambouli, A. (2009-10-01). "Assessing the wind energy potential projects in Algeria". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 13 (8): 2187–2191. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.03.003. ISSN 1364-0321.
  31. ^ Gonçalvès, Julio; Nutz, Alexis; Séraphin, Pierre; Chekireb, Amine; Kabiri, Lahcen; Deschamps, Pierre (2023). "Dealing with hydrologic data scarcity: the case of the Tindouf basin". Comptes Rendus. Géoscience (in French). 355 (S1): 281–300. doi:10.5802/crgeos.202. ISSN 1778-7025.
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