Jump to content

Sudan–United Arab Emirates relations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sudan – United Arab Emirates relations

Sudan
United Arab Emirates

Sudan–United Arab Emirates relations refer to the current and historical relationship between Sudan and the United Arab Emirates.

Historical relations

[edit]

Sudanese-Emirati relations date back to the early 1970s, when the Republic of Sudan was one of the first countries with which the UAE established diplomatic relations. During the presidency of Jaafar Nimeiri, the two nations signed several agreements in the fields of economy, technical cooperation, and cultural exchange. The UAE provided loans and assistance for vital Sudanese infrastructure projects, including roads, railways, and factories.[1]

In 1981 the UAE signed an agreement with Sudan, allowing their workers to operate in the UAE.[2][3]

Over time, economic and developmental cooperation expanded, with the UAE contributing significantly to the Merowe Dam project. Relations also extended to sectors like air transport, oil, mining, and manufacturing, with Emirati investors entering these fields. Sudan and the UAE continued their collaboration through various agreements, fostering close ties throughout different Sudanese governments.[2][3]

Political relations

[edit]

In 2009, the UAE helped Sudan politically by mediating a border dispute with Chad.[3]

Sudan shifted its foreign policy in 2014 by closing Iranian cultural centers, in alignment with the Gulf nations. [4]

Post Al-Bashir

Following the removal of Sudanese President Omar Al-Bashir in April 2019, the UAE supported his ousting. It favoured a military-led government over a civilian transition, aligning with Sudanese generals like Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Mohamed 'Hemdeti' Hamdan Dagalo.[5][6][7][8]The UAE supported Sudan's transitional military council since April 2019, with Emir Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan expressing backing for Sudan's post-Bashir transition.[9]

Political ties deepened in the 2020s, such as a visit by Sudanese Vice-President Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo to Abu Dhabi in 2022 to offer condolences on the death of Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan and discuss further cooperation.[10] The UAE was also instrumental in Sudan’s recognition of Israel in 2020, leveraging its ties with the military, which weakened civilian governance.[5]

In April 2021, Sudan's Foreign Minister, Dr. Maryam Al-Sadiq Al-Mahdi, met with Abu Dhabi Fund for Development Director-General Mohammed Saif Al Suwaidi to discuss strengthening bilateral cooperation.[11] On 31 August 2021, Sudan and the UAE launched a strategic partnership in government modernization to enhance cooperation and knowledge exchange. Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok and UAE Minister Ohood Al Roumi held bilateral meetings, with the emphasis on Sudan’s return to the international community.[12]

RSF-SAF Conflict

The UAE has positioned itself as neutral during the ongoing Sudanese conflict between the Sudanese army and the Rapid Support Forces, denying accusations of arming the RSF, despite a leaked UN report suggesting otherwise. The UAE consistently calls for a de-escalation and diplomatic resolution to the conflict.

Diplomatic tensions between Sudan and the UAE escalated in September 2024 when the Sudanese military denied accusations of bombing the UAE ambassador's residence in Khartoum, instead blaming the RSF. The UAE condemned the attack as a violation of diplomatic immunity, prompting the Sudanese military to accuse the UAE of supporting the RSF.[13] That same month, a UAE delegation led by Lana Nusseibeh visited Chad to assess refugee conditions and meet Sudanese civil society leaders.[14]

In December 2024, the US labeled both warring parties in Sudan as perpetrators of war crimes. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan also offered to mediate the dispute between Sudan and the UAE, emphasizing Turkey's support for Sudan's sovereignty and territorial integrity.[15]

On 6 March 2025, Sudan filed a case against the UAE at the International Court of Justice, accusing the UAE of complicity in genocide by supporting the Rapid Support Forces, which are alleged to have committed atrocities against the Masalit people in Darfur.[16][17] The UAE rejected these allegations, calling the case a publicity stunt.[18][19][20][21]

Economic relations

[edit]

Trade growth in the 2000s

[edit]

In 2003, a free-trade zone was established, and UAE investments in Sudan's agriculture sector were seen as crucial for food security.[3]

In 2008, The UAE was the second-largest investor in Sudan, with $7 billion in investments. Bilateral trade increased by over 30% annually, with Dubai accounting for 90% of trade. Sudan’s rapid economic growth, driven by oil and foreign investment, saw a real GDP growth of 12.8% in 2007.[22]In 2009, the UAE also helped balance Sudan’s budget with a $100 million loan.[2]

2010s

[edit]

In 2019, The UAE and Saudi Arabia encouraged Sudan's alignment with their interests, offering financial incentives, including a $1 billion deposit in Sudan's central bank, to reduce Sudan’s reliance on Iran. As a result, Sudan’s military support for the Gulf states solidified its strategic role in the region.[9]The UAE also pledged US$3 billion to Sudan’s military-led government.[8] However, the UAE halved aid to press Sudan into recognizing Israel and continued to support military dominance, to the detriment of Sudan’s economic stability.[5][6][8]

RSF-SAF Civil War (2020s)

[edit]

In 2020, Sudan exported $1.86 billion in goods to the UAE, while UAE exports to Sudan totaled $1.14 billion.[7]

On 13 August 2022, Sudan signed a $6 billion deal with a UAE-led consortium, including AD Ports Group and Invictus Investment, to develop the Abu Amama port and an economic zone on the Red Sea. The project, backed by Abu Dhabi’s ADQ sovereign wealth fund, includes an industrial zone, an international airport, and a 400,000-acre agricultural area.[7]

The RSF has funded its operations through a network of businesses, including gold smuggling, with much of the gold previously exported to the UAE now redirected to Egypt.[23][24]Gold is central to Sudan-UAE trade, with Sudan’s official gold exports reaching $1.5 billion in 2024, nearly all going to the UAE. Smuggling routes controlled by the RSF channel an equivalent amount illegally through Chad, Libya, Ethiopia, and Egypt.[25][26]

In October 2024, the UAE-based company Tradive General Trading LLC, allegedly controlled by Algoney Hamdan Daglo Musa, a senior RSF leader’s brother, has been sanctioned by the U.S. for importing vehicles and retrofitting them for the RSF.[27]

As Sudan is facing severe food insecurity, with about 25 million people experiencing acute shortages, the UAE has expressed interest in increasing its investments in Sudan.[15]

Military relations

[edit]

In 2016, Sudan and the UAE signed a Memorandum of Understanding on security cooperation during the International Exhibition for National Security and Resilience in Abu Dhabi.[4]

The UAE has been accused of supporting the RSF, a paramilitary group engaged in violent conflict with the Sudanese army since 2023, which has led to widespread displacement and deaths.[18] The RSF has been involved in brutal combat with the Sudanese army, especially in the Darfur region and Khartoum, where it has committed significant atrocities.[23][24][6] Russia’s Wagner Group is also involved in Sudan's gold trade.[25]

The use of UAE-supplied drones in Sudan’s urban centers, such as Khartoum, has led to significant civilian casualties. Reports indicate that both the Sudanese military and RSF have deployed drones in populated areas, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis.[28] Sudan's ambassador to the UN, in June 2024, claimed that UAE support contributed to the prolonging of the war, which has caused a severe humanitarian crisis in Sudan. The UAE denied these claims, focusing on efforts to de-escalate the conflict.[13]

Amnesty International reported in November 2024 that UAE-made Nimr Ajban armored personnel carriers equipped with French Galix defense systems were used by the RSF, potentially violating the U.N. arms embargo on Sudan. The Sudanese army captured some of these vehicles, intensifying scrutiny on UAE’s military exports. France’s Lacroix Defense denied direct involvement, stating that its systems were sold to the UAE under strict export licenses.[27]

Cultural relations

[edit]

The UAE has cultural ties with Sudan, particularly through shared Arab and Islamic heritage, and a large Sudanese expatriate community.[15][7]The UAE has also made significant contributions to humanitarian aid in Sudan, including sending over 100 flights carrying aid to the region.[23][29]

Humanitarian aid

[edit]

Between 1998 and early 2009, a total of nearly Dh51.3million in humanitarian aid was given by the Red Crescent to Sudan.[2]The UAE has also initiated health projects such as Noor Dubai, which provided eye care to the Sudanese, and a mobile hospital that treated 6,500 patients in southern Sudan in 2009.[2]

The UAE pledged $100 million at the Paris Donors Conference in April 2024, with $70 million allocated to international humanitarian organizations and $30 million supporting Sudanese refugees in neighboring countries.In September 2024, it also announced $10.25 million in new funding for Sudanese refugee women, prioritizing healthcare, psychosocial support, and gender-based violence programs.[14]

Diplomatic missions

[edit]

The Sudanese Embassy is situated in Abu Dhabi, UAE.[30]

The Emirati Embassy is situated in Khartoum, Sudan.[31]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "UAE Embassy in Khartoum - Bilateral Relations". www.mofa.gov.ae. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  2. ^ a b c d e Shaheen, Kareem. "UAE has a long history of support for Sudan". The National. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  3. ^ a b c d "UAE has a long history of support for Sudan". farmlandgrab.org. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  4. ^ a b SudanTribune (2016-03-23). "Sudan, UAE discuss joint military cooperation". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  5. ^ a b c Dorsey, James. (2021). Sudan and the UAE: Pulling Sudanese strings. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355842572_Sudan_and_the_UAE_Pulling_Sudanese_strings
  6. ^ a b c Dorsey, James M. (2021-11-02). "Sudan And The UAE: Pulling Sudanese Strings – Analysis". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  7. ^ a b c d "Sudan signs $6 billion UAE deal for new Red Sea port". Africanews. 2022-12-14. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  8. ^ a b c Dorsey, Dr James M. (2021-11-03). "Sudan and the UAE: Pulling Sudanese strings". Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
  9. ^ a b "The Gulf's Interests in Sudan's Political Transition". ISPI. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  10. ^ "Sudanese-Emirati Relations: A Report".
  11. ^ Joseph, Shilpa Annie (2021-04-14). "UAE, Sudan explore ways to strengthen economic cooperation - GCC Business News". www.gccbusinessnews.com. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  12. ^ "Strategic Partnership Between UAE, Sudan in Government Modernization". english.aawsat.com. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  13. ^ a b "Sudan military denies targeting UAE diplomatic post in Khartoum". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-03-10.
  14. ^ a b "UAE announces new humanitarian projects, $10.25 million for Sudan". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
  15. ^ a b c "Turkiye's Erdogan offers to mediate in Sudan-UAE disputes". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-03-10.
  16. ^ "Top lawmaker blocking US arms sales to UAE over role in Sudan war". POLITICO. 2025-03-07. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  17. ^ "Sudan files case to UN court alleging UAE is breaching genocide convention by funding rebels". AP News. 2025-03-06. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
  18. ^ a b Staff, Al Jazeera. "UAE denies Sudan's accusations of 'complicity in genocide' at the ICJ". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-03-10.
  19. ^ Eltahir, Nafisa (6 March 2025). "Sudan launches case against United Arab Emirates at World Court". Reuters. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
  20. ^ "Sudan's humanitarian crisis won't be sidelined". The Guardian. 2024-10-14. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  21. ^ Malik, Nesrine (2025-01-13). "We ignore Sudan at our peril. This campaign of mass murder and rape will have global consequences". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  22. ^ "UAE Economic relations with Sudan | Al Bawaba". www.albawaba.com. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  23. ^ a b c "UAE denies sending weapons to Sudan's RSF: Report". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2025-03-10.
  24. ^ a b "The Gulf in Africa: Examining Possible Motivations Behind UAE Involvement in the Sudanese Civil War". Prospect Journal. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  25. ^ a b Dubai, Charlie Campbell / (2024-11-29). "The Dark Side of Gifting Gold". TIME. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  26. ^ Tilsley, Paul (2025-01-11). "Biden admin slammed for waiting to declare genocide in Sudan". Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  27. ^ a b "French weapons system found in Sudan is likely violation of U.N. arms embargo, says Amnesty". AP News. 2024-11-14. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
  28. ^ Townsend, Mark (2025-03-10). "Drone attacks killing hundreds of civilians across Africa, says report". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
  29. ^ "UAE pledges $200 million to support Sudan amid ongoing humanitarian crisis". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2025-02-14. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
  30. ^ "Embassy of Sudan in Abu Dhabi, UAE". embassies.info. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
  31. ^ "Embassy of UAE in Khartoum, Sudan". embassies.info. Retrieved 2025-03-12.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sudan–United_Arab_Emirates_relations&oldid=1280785805"