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Spanish Army Air Defence Command

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Coat of arms of the Spanish Army Air Defence Command.

The Spanish Army Air Defence Command (Spanish: Mando de Artillería Antiaérea, MAAA) is a command of the Spanish Army, based in Madrid; composed of anti-air artillery units under a same command, formed, trained and equipped to contribute, into a joint or joint/combined frame, to the air space control and defense. Those units may act either in the national territory or as a reinforcement to allied organization based on the joint and Army specific doctrine.[1]

The MAAA is composed of a General Quarter and a set of anti-aircraft artillery units and units of combat support.

The units belonging to the MAAA are:

The 94th Anti-air Artillery Regiment, which fields NASAMS surface-to-air missile systems falls under operational control of the Canarias General Command.

The 72nd Anti-Air Artillery Regiment was disbanded in December 2015.

Equipment in service

[edit]

These are the air-defence systems in service with the Spanish Army.

Air surveillance and command centers

[edit]

Mostly used with very short, short and medium range systems.

Model Origin Image Type Quantity Notes
Command centers
COAAS-M

Centro de Operaciones de Artillería Semiautomático Medio

Italy

Spain

Air defence command and control Unclear [2][3]

Composed of:

  • CIO (Information and Operations Center) which plans the deployment of the air defence units
  • CPL (personnel and logistics center) which plans the sustainment of the deployed units
  • FDC (fire directorate center)
  • Radar: RAC 3-D
  • IT of firing points (intelligent terminals) which are semi-automated (the SkyDor or Mistral[4]
  • TPO (observation post terminals) providing information about air raids in areas not covered by radars

COAAS-M shelter on a URO VAMTAC.

It can receive and distribute air detection information from and to all air defence systems.

COAAS-L

Centro de Operaciones de Artillería Semiautomático Ligero

Italy

Spain

— Air defence command and control Unclear [5]

Can be integrated to the COAAS-L through a PR4-G radio.

The COAAS-L can be connected to 2 Raven radars. The system uses a radar console CONRAD.

Sensors
Thales Nederland Raven – COAAS-L

Centro de Operaciones de Artillería Semiautomático Ligero

Netherlands

Spain

X-band, FMCW (frequency modulated continuous wave), air surveillance radar Unclear [6][7][8]

Radar that can be used on its own or with the COAAS-L system. The data transferred to the COAAS-L through a PR4-G radio.

Range 20km, low and very low altitude surveillance.[5]

Used primarily with Mistral air defence systems and with 35/90 air defence canons.[9]

RAC 3D [fr] – COAAS-M

Centro de Operaciones de Artillería Semiautomático Medio

France

Italy

Spain

C-band (UHF) 3D radar, air surveillance radar (medium low and very low altitude) Unclear [6][7]

Radar associated to the COAAS-M system that supports the air defence systems. Range of 100 km.[10]

Vehicle used by the Iveco-Pegaso M320 8×8 [fr].

Used primarily with Mistral air defence systems and with 35/90 air defence canons.[9]

Its replacement is being considered.[10]

LPD-20  Switzerland

Spain

Early warnning radar, low / very low altitude — [11]

Air defence weapons

[edit]

MIM-104 Patriot PAC-2 system

[edit]

The fire units currently in service were purchased to the German Air Force between 2004 and 2014.

Model Origin Image Type Quantity Notes
Fire units
MIM-104 Patriot PAC-2 United States

Germany

Medium to long range air defence fire unit 3 Purchases of the fire units:
  • 1 purchased second-hand from Germany in 2004[12]
  • 2 purchased second-hand from Germany, received in June 2015[12]
Fire units composition
M901 United States

Germany

Launching station (TEL)

Transporter erector launcher

18 [13]

Spain operates 6 launchers per fire unit. Each can carry up to 4 PAC-2 missiles.

AN/MSQ-104 ECS

Engagement Control Station

United States

Germany

Command and control center 3 [14]

1 per fire unit.

AN/MPQ-53 United States

Germany

PESA fire-control radar

Passive electronically scanned array"

3 [14]

1 radar system per PAC-2 fire unit- The system is made of a radar, an IFF and an ECCM and track-via-missile.

OE-349 Antenna Mast Group United States

Germany

Transmission station

(UHF communications array)

6 [14]

2 directional transmission systems per fire units. Transmitting data from the ECS to the launchers.

Patriot PAC-2 generators United States

Germany

Electrical power plant for radar 8 [14]

2 generators on one truck per fire unit.

Missiles
PAC-2 Plus missiles United States SAM missile - anti-aircraft / anti-ballistic - long range

Surface-to-air

Unknown [14]
Vehicles
MAN KAT1 8×8

LKW 15t mil gl KAT I A1 (8×8)

Germany Military trucks 21 [14]

Used with the radar and the TEL.

MAN KAT1 6×6

LKW 10t mil gl KAT I A1 (6×6)

Germany Military trucks 13 [14]

Used with the ECS, the transmission system and the generator trucks.

MAN KAT1 8×8 munition reloading truck

LKW 15t mil gl KAT I A1 (8×8)

Germany Munition reloading trucks Unknown A truck equipped with a crane to reload the munitions on the launchers.

MIM-23B Hawk

[edit]
Model Origin Image Type Quantity Notes
Batteries
MIM-23B Hawk United States

Medium-range, semi-active radar homing, SAM

Surface-to-air missile

2 [15][16]

Orders:

  • 4 batteries purchased in 1965 (24 launchers).
  • 2 batteries purchased second-hand from the US Army in 2001 (12 launchers).

Modernisation in 1984 with the PIP III (Product Improvement Plan 3).

Donations to Ukraine as of July 2025:

  • 1 battery in November 2022.[17]
  • 1 battery in October 2023.[18]
  • 1 battery supplied in July 2024.[19]
  • 1 battery in September 2024.[20]
Fire units composition
MIM-23 Hawk launcher United States Missile launcher 14 24 launchers purchased in 1965, 12 additional in 2001, and 22 donated to Ukraine as of July 2025.[15]
  • 4 launchers in November 2022.[17]
  • 6 launchers in October 2023.[18]
  • 6 launchers supplied in July 2024.[19]
  • 6 launchers in September 2024.[20]
Battery Command Post United States Digital command and control post 2 [21]

1 unified digital command post for the battery.

2 remain in service (4 + 2 purchased).

2025: Indra to modernise it with a modern IFF system.[22]

AN/MPQ-50 United States C-band (IEEE), pulse acquisition, air surveillance radar 2 [21]

Radar used for long range medium to high altitude surveillance. 1 radar per battery.

2 remain in service (4 + 2 purchased).

AN/MPQ-61 United States Fire-control radar 4 [21]

Radar used to illuminate the targets. 2 radars per battery.

Upgraded to PIP III variant, addition of a Low-Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement (LASHE) system.

4 remain in service (8 + 4 purchased).

AN/MPQ-62 United States Continuous wave radar 2 [21]

Radar used for low altitude threat detection. 1 radar per battery.

2 remain in service (4 + 2 purchased).

Missiles
MIM-23B Hawk United States Medium-range, semi-active radar homing, SAM

Surface-to-air missile

Unknown [23]

NASAMS 2

[edit]

The system has been in service since 2003, and a modernisation contract was signed in 2025.

Model Origin Image Type Quantity Notes
Fire units
NASAMS 2

"National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System"

Norway

United States

Short to medium range air defence fire unit 4 [24]

4 fire units ordered in 2003.

Modernisation to the standard NASAMS 2+ ordered in 2025 (€410 million), planned to enter service in 2027.[25][26][27]

Note: 1 fire unit purchased by the air force to replace the Spada 2000 assigned to the Air Deployment Support Squadron.[28][29]

Fire units composition
LCHR M-1 0-1

(Also known as Mk-I launcher)

Norway NASAMS missile launcher 8

(4 additional planned)

[30]

2 launchers per fire unit.[31]

To be modernised to the Mk-II launcher standard, and a third launcher to be added by fire unit.[31]

Note: 3 additional for the air force for the fire unit purchased by the air force.[29]

Kongsberg FDC

Fire Distribution Center

Norway

(illustration)

Command center 4 [32]

To be modernised with the shift to the standard NASAMS 2+.[29]

Note: 1 additional purchased by the air force.[29]

AN/MPQ-64M1 Sentinel United States Fire-control, AESA, 3D, X-band radar 4 [33][34]

Range of 75 km (47 mi) and can track up to 80 targets.

Being modernised to the standard F1 with the modernisation to the standard NASAMS 2+.[29]

Note: 1 additional ordered for the air force.[29]

Rheinmetall MSP500 or MSP600 Germany

(illustration)

Passive electro-optical and infrared sensor 0

(4 on order)

[31]

Being added with the modernisation.

Communication nodes Norway — Nodal communications systems 0

(3 on order)

[29]

Added to the NASAMS 2+ systems, 3 ordered for the Army.

Note: 1 additional ordered for the air force.[29]

Missiles
AIM-120 C5 AMRAAM United States

Norway

Radar guided missile Unknown [31][35]

6 missiles per launcher.

AIM-120 C8 AMRAAM United States

Norway

Radar guided missile 0

(on order)

[31]

Additional missiles for NASAMS and for the air force.[31][36]

AIM-120ER AMRAAM United States

Norway

Radar guided missile 0

(potential purchase)

[31]

Being considered for longer range and speed.

Vehicles
Iveco-Pegaso M.250.37W & WM Italy

Spain

— 6×6 transport truck Unknown

(current fleet)

[31][35]

Transporting the missile launchers and the fire control units.[33]

— — — 6×6 and 8×8 transport truck Unknown

(future fleet)

[31]

Future trucks to transport elements of the NASAMS system and to transport the munitions.

Uro VAMTAC ST5 Spain — 4×4 armoured vehicle Unknown

(future fleet)

[31]

Armoured vehicle to transport personnels.

MBDA Mistral

[edit]
Model Origin Image Type Quantity Notes
MBDA Mistral France V/SHORAD 168 [37][38]

Mistral missile launchers.

Orders:

  • 1988, 640 missiles Mistral 1, and 168 launchers
  • 2021, 91 Mistral 3 from French stockpile[39]
  • 2023, > 522 Mistral 3 (newly built)[39]

2025: Indra to modernise it with a modern IFF system.[22]

MBDA Mistral - URO Vamtac France

Spain

Mobile V/SHORAD systems Unknown

(10 on order)

[38]

Used to protect the NASAMS fire units. Installed on the URO Vamtac.[40]

2025: Indra to modernise it with a modern IFF system.[22]

Simulator
SMPB Mistral - simulator

Simulador Portátil todo tiempo para Misil Mistral

Spain MANPAD simulator 5 [41][42]

System supplied by Adaptive Systems.

Oerlikon GDF-007

[edit]
Model Origin Image Type Calibre Quantity Notes
Fire unit
Cañón AAA 35/90 GDF-007  Switzerland

Spain

SHORAD

Short range air-defence

35×228mm 45 [14]

Purchased in the 1970s, with the SuperFledermaus FCS (fire control system). T

In the years 2000s, the FCS was retired and replaced by a Spanish system the canons were modernised.

Some of the canons were refurbished to launch Aspide missiles (reusing the same chassis and actuators to rotate the turret and to manage the angle.

Each fire unit currently in service is uses:[14]

  • 1 FCS (the SkyGuard or the SkyDor)
  • 2 GDF-007 guns
Fire control systems
SkyGuard  Switzerland FCS

Fire control system

— 18 [43][44][14]

Used with two effectors:

The Aspide launchers were retired.

SkyDor  Switzerland

Spain

(Same sensor on a ship)

FCS

Fire control system

— 27 [45][46]

Developed by Oerlikon Contraves with Izar (now known as Navantia) between 2000 and 2007.[47][21]

It is made of:

  • 1 FDC (fire direction center), a command post with 2 operators
  • 1 SU (sensor unit) made of a radar, an optronic sensor system, and oprical guidance

Ths FDC reuses the SkyGuard and the sensor unit uses the Dorna system from Navantia.[14]

Modernisations:

  • 2022:
  • 2024: Indra to modernise it with a modern IFF system with a IFF5/S system.[48]
  • 2025: corrective maintenance.[21]
LPD-20  Switzerland

Spain

Early warnning radar, low / very low altitude — — [49]
Canon
Oerlikon GDF-007

Cañón AAA 35/90 GDF-007

 Switzerland

Spain

Anti-air autocannon 35×228mm 92 [46][50]

GDF-002 acquired in the 1970s, modernised in several phases to the GDF-005 and then GDF-007 standard in the 2000s by SAPA in collaboration with Rheinmetall Air Defence.[46]

The modern variant was modified:[46]

  • Auto loader with more rounds
  • New cockpit
  • A generator added
  • 3D target tracking microprocessor connected to a Gun King optronic sight and a laser rangefinder.
  • Fires the AHEAD timed airburst ammunitions
Ammunitions
Rheinmetall Air Defence AHEAD

Advanced hit efficiency and destruction

 Switzerland — Anti-air airburst ammunition 35×228mm — [51][52]

Vairants:

  • PMD062, original round with 152 sub-projectiles (anti-aircraft, anti-missile)
  • PMD330, configured for C-RAM with 407 sub-projectiles
  • PMD428, configured for C-UAS with 675 sub-projectiles
Vehicles
Iveco-Pegaso M320 6×6 [fr] Italy

Spain

Tactical transport truck — — [53]

Towing and transporting the equipment for the fire units.

Equipment on order

[edit]

Air defence weapons

[edit]

MIM 104 Patriot PAC-3 +

[edit]

The new fire units were ordered in July 2024.[46]

Model Origin Type Quantity Notes
Fire units
MIM-104 Patriot PAC-3+ United States Medium to long range air defence fire unit 0

(+ 4 on order)

[46][54]

Order in July 2024

Fire units composition
M903 United States Launching station (TEL)

Transporter erector launcher

0

(+ 24 on order)

[46][54]

6 launchers per fire unit, capable to launch up to 4 PAC-2 GEM-T, or 12 PAC-3 MSE missiles.

AN/MSQ-132 ECS

Engagement Control Station

United States Tactical command and control 0

(+ 4 on order)

[46][54]

New command-and control station, 1 per PAC-3+ fire unit.

ICS

information coordination central

United States Strategic command and control 0

(+ 2 on order)

[46][54]

Coordination centers between the fire units.

AN/MPQ-65 United States AESA, GaN, fire-control radar

Active electronically scanned array

0

(+ 4 on order)

[46][54]

1 radar system per PAC-3+ fire unit- The system is made of a radar, an IFF and an ECCM and track-via-missile.

OE-349 Antenna Mast Group United States

Spain

Transmission station

(UHF communications array)

0

(+ 8 on order)

[46][54]

2 directional transmission systems per fire units. Transmitting data from the ECS to the launchers.

Vincorion Patriot generators Germany Electrical power plant for radar 0

(+ 8 on order)

[46][55][54]
Missiles
PAC-2 GEM-T

Patriot Advanced Capability-2 -Guidance Enhanced Missile

United States

Germany

Spain

SAM missile - anti-aircraft / anti-ballistic - long range

Surface-to-air

Unknnown

(+ 200 on order)

Order in January 2024.[56]

1,000 missiles ordered in common with Germany, the Netherlands and Romania, to be manufactured in Europe, assembled in Germany in an agreement between Raytheon and MBDA Deutschland, Sener will also produce some parts.[57]

PAC-3 MSE

Patriot Advanced Capability-3 - Missile Segment Enhancement

United States

Spain

SAM missile - anti-aircraft / anti-ballistic - medium range

Surface-to-air

0

(+ 51 on order)[54]

[46][54]

Agreement signed in July 2024 for the purchase of the PAC-3 MSE missile.

Lockheed Martin collaborates with Sener and Oesía-Tecnobit [es] on the production of the missile.[58]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Instrucción núm. 59/2005, de 4 de abril, del Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ejército sobre Normas de Organización y Funcionamiento del Ejército de Tierra, published in Spanish Ministry of Defense Official Publication (Boletín Oficial de Defensa, BOD) #80 of April 26th of 2005
  2. ^ "Page 25 - Tendencias Radar en el Centro de Operaciones de Artillería Semiautomático Medio" (PDF). 2016.
  3. ^ "Integration with COAAAS-M of RAAA 74 (Seville)". 24 September 2020.
  4. ^ Gutiérrez, Roberto (2022-05-03). "La Artillería Antiaérea española". Ejércitos (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  5. ^ a b "Page 29 - Tendencias Radar en el Centro de Operaciones de Artillería Semiautomático Medio" (PDF).
  6. ^ a b "Indra - AIR Defence ARTILLERY OPERATIONS CENTRE" (PDF).
  7. ^ a b JEME - Ejercito de Tierra. "Contenido - Ejército de tierra". ejercito.defensa.gob.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  8. ^ Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Christian Wolff. "RAVEN - Radartutorial". www.radartutorial.eu. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
  9. ^ a b Defensa.com (2014-05-14). "El Grupo de Artillería Antiaérea I/71 se enfrenta a dos F-18 durante unas maniobras - Noticias Defensa España". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  10. ^ a b "Page 19 - Tendencias Radar en el Centro de Operaciones de Artillería Semiautomático Medio" (PDF).
  11. ^ https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/materiales/otros/RADAR-LPD-20.html
  12. ^ a b "Spain formalizes the purchase of the PAC-3 MSE missile with Lockheed Martin for its Patriot batteries: this will improve our air defense capability". La Razón (in Spanish). 2024-07-19. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  13. ^ "Spain Partners with U.S. to Produce PAC-3 Missile Parts in Patriot System Supply Chain. news". global.tendernews.com. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "¿Puede España defender nuestro espacio aéreo de ataques exteriores? Estos son los misiles que tienen nuestras Fuerzas Armadas". La Razón (in Spanish). 2021-11-26. Retrieved 2025-07-21. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ a b "MIM-23 Hawk: these are the missiles of the Spanish Army that will be sent to Ukraine". Defense and Aviation. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  16. ^ JEME - Ejercito de Tierra. "Sistema misil Hawk - Ejército de tierra". ejercito.defensa.gob.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2024-11-10. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  17. ^ a b "Four Hawk missile launchers to Ukraine". 3 November 2022.
  18. ^ a b "Spain Announces Additional Hawk Air Defense Systems for Ukraine – The Defense Post". Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  19. ^ a b "Spain to deliver new Hawk air defense system to Ukraine – Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance". Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  20. ^ a b Post, Kyiv. "Spain to Immediately Deliver Additional HAWK Air Defense Systems to Ukraine". www.kyivpost.com. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  21. ^ a b c d e f "Spain to send 6 Hawk air defense missile systems, much needed ammunition as part of aid package to Ukraine". New Voice. Retrieved 2025-07-25. Cite error: The named reference ":5" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  22. ^ a b c "Indra to modernise Spanish Army's air defence system with advanced IFF technology". 2024-09-26. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  23. ^ "The challenge of defending European airspace | Air- and missile-defence capability gaps". IISS. Archived from the original on 2025-04-23. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  24. ^ "NASAMS Air Defence System – brochure". www.kongsberg.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  25. ^ "Spain to modernise air defence capabilities with new NASAMS acquisitions". www.kongsberg.com. 2024-12-19. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
  26. ^ Defensa.com (2025-05-28). "SMS y Kongsberg reafirman su colaboración en misiles en españolas - Noticias Defensa España". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-05-28.
  27. ^ SMS (2025-03-31). "SMS to collaborate with KONGSBERG on the modernisation of the NASAMS missile system". SMS. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
  28. ^ "Defensa tramita la compra de una nueva batería del sistema de misiles Nasams para el Ejército del Aire". La Razón (in Spanish). 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h "Una gran revolución: así va a modernizar España los lanzadores del sistema antiaéreo Nasams para el Ejército de Tierra". La Razón (in Spanish). 2025-04-01. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
  30. ^ 20minutos (2023-01-13). "NASAMS: así es la batería antimisiles que España desplegará en Letonia como parte de su estrategia en la guerra de Ucrania". www.20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-07-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Defensa.com (2025-01-25). "Así avanzan las capacidades Artillería Antiaérea del Ejército de Tierra - Noticias Defensa España". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-07-20.
  32. ^ "Fire Distribution Center (FDC) – NASAMS/ NSM™ CDS - KONGSBERG". www.kongsberg.com. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
  33. ^ a b "Cooperación de las Fuerzas Armadas españolas en el dispositivo de seguridad y protección de los Juegos Olímpicos de París 2024 - EMAD". emad.defensa.gob.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2024-07-24. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
  34. ^ "Raytheon MPQ-64F1 Improved Sentinel Radar – NASAMS – Kongsberg Defence an Aerospace". www.kongsberg.com. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
  35. ^ a b "The missiles that Spain will deploy in Lithuania during the next NATO summit in Vilnius". Defense and Aviation. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
  36. ^ "Spain upgrades and acquires more NASAMS systems". Default. 2024-04-24. Archived from the original on 14 February 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
  37. ^ "¿Puede España defender nuestro espacio aéreo de ataques exteriores? Estos son los misiles que tienen nuestras Fuerzas Armadas". La Razón (in Spanish). 2021-11-26. Retrieved 2025-07-21.
  38. ^ a b JEME - Ejercito de Tierra. "Sistema misil Mistral - Ejército de tierra". ejercito.defensa.gob.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2024-07-24. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  39. ^ a b FAM. "MISTRAL 3, el misil antiaéreo que el Ministerio de Defensa adquirirá a MBDA España" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-07-23.
  40. ^ "Una gran revolución: así va a modernizar España los lanzadores del sistema antiaéreo Nasams para el Ejército de Tierra". La Razón (in Spanish). 2025-04-01. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
  41. ^ Defensa.com (2019-05-15). "Adaptive Systems presentará en FEINDEF su simulador para misil Mistral-noticia defensa.com - Noticias Defensa FEINDEF 2019". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  42. ^ "Spanish Army acquires the new version of Mistral simulator from Adaptive". Adaptive Systems S.A. 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  43. ^ Gutiérrez, Roberto (2022-05-03). "La Artillería Antiaérea española". Ejércitos (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  44. ^ JEME - Ejercito de Tierra. "Dirección de tiro Skyguard - Ejército de tierra". ejercito.defensa.gob.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2024-10-04. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  45. ^ JEME - Ejercito de Tierra. "Skydor Fire-Control System - Army". ejercito.defensa.gob.es. Archived from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m InfoDefensa, Revista Defensa. "El Ejército de Tierra encarga a Sapa extender la vida de los cañones antiaéreos 35/90, a la espera de un sustituto". Infodefensa - Noticias de defensa, industria, seguridad, armamento, ejércitos y tecnología de la defensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-07-31. Cite error: The named reference ":1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  47. ^ Defensa.com (2025-03-19). "16,5 millones de euros para las direcciones de tiro Skydor - Noticias Defensa España". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  48. ^ "Indra to modernise Spanish Army's air defence system with advanced IFF technology". 2024-09-26. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  49. ^ https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/materiales/otros/RADAR-LPD-20.html
  50. ^ "Cañón AAA 35/90 GDF-007".
  51. ^ "Cañón AAA 35/90 GDF-007".
  52. ^ InfoDefensa, Revista Defensa. "El Ejército de Tierra encarga a Sapa extender la vida de los cañones antiaéreos 35/90, a la espera de un sustituto". Infodefensa - Noticias de defensa, industria, seguridad, armamento, ejércitos y tecnología de la defensa (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  53. ^ "Skydor Fire-Control System".
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i "US approves Spain's $2.8 billion Patriot purchase | Shephard". www.shephardmedia.com. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  55. ^ "VINCORION Lands $67 Million Contract for Patriot Maintenance". Vincorion. 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  56. ^ Gosselin-Malo, Elisabeth (2024-01-03). "European nations team up to buy Patriot missiles in $5.5 billion deal". Defense News. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  57. ^ "Raytheon Awards Contract to Spain's Sener for Patriot GEM-T Missile Component Production". www.defensemirror.com. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
  58. ^ "Lockheed Martin expands industrial cooperation in Spain with PAC-3 MSE agreement". 2025-05-14. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
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