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Senate by-elections in Poland

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In Poland, in case of a premature expration of a Senatorial term, by-elections are held to fill the vacancy.[1] Several by-elections have been held in Polish history following the Senate's reestablishment following the fall of Communism in Poland.

Electoral system

[edit]

The Polish Senate is composed of one hundred Senators, all elected in single-seat constituencies, in contrast to several-seat electoral districts that are used to elect the Sejm. Unlike the Sejm, for which there are no by-elections, Senate by-elections are held if a Senator's term expires prematurely. A Senate term may expire prematurely in the case of:[1]

  • death of the Senator
  • loss of electability privilege or not possessing it at election day
  • revocation of mandate by State Tribunal
  • resignation from the mandate
  • occupation of a position which is incompatible with the office of Senator
  • assumption of the office of President of Poland, member of the European Parliament or any other office incompatible with the office of Senator

List of by-elections

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1st term Senate (1989-1991)

[edit]

Even during the first term of the newly-reestablished Senate, the possibility of a Senatorial term prematurely expiring was taken into consideration. Article 16 of the electoral ordinance to the Senate declared that by-elections must be held in the event of a Senatorial term ending early.[2]

Piotrków Constituency

[edit]

By-elections were held in the Piotrków Voivodeship on 8 October 1989 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Grzegorz Białkowski [pl]'s term, who died of a heart attack.[3][4] Białkowski, despite being elected, died before being sworn in.[5]

CandidateVotes%
Piotr Andrzejewski [pl]43,08065.07
Kazimierz Falak10,71116.18
Zygmunt Janowski7,57211.44
Stanisław Kersz2,0233.06
Mirosław Kaliszczak1,8192.75
Against all9961.50
Total66,201100.00
Registered voters/turnout464,767–
Source: National Electoral Commission[6]

Opole Constituency

[edit]

By-elections were held in the Opole Voivodeship on 4 February 1990, with a runoff on 18 February 1990, to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Edmund Osmańczyk's term, who died on 4 October 1989.[7]

CandidateFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Dorota Simonides76,59235.66258,13567.07
Henryk Kroll84,60139.39124,49832.35
Józef Pietrzykowski [pl]33,95115.81
Jerzy Bobrowski [pl]17,2658.04
Against all2,3871.112,2130.58
Total214,796100.00384,846100.00
Registered voters/turnout705,462–705,702–
Source: National Electoral Commission[8][9]

Lublin Constituency

[edit]

By-elections were held in the Lublin Voivodeship on 27 May 1990, with a runoff on 10 June 1990, to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Adam Stanowski [pl]'s term, who died on 7 February 1990.[10]

CandidateFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Jerzy Kłoczowski91,84840.5147,32050.93
Roman Wierzbicki [pl]79,54035.0844,70548.11
Janusz Jurek [pl]28,44712.55
Marian Fuszara19,4878.59
Against all7,4073.278910.96
Total226,729100.0092,916100.00
Registered voters/turnout728,740–728,823–
Source: National Electoral Commission[11][12]

3rd term Senate (1993-1997)

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Chełm Constituency

[edit]

By-elections were held in Chełm Voivodeship on 19 June 1994 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Tomasz Adamczuk's term, who died.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Piotr Miszczuk [pl]Democratic Left Alliance16,38427.79
Elżbieta Rysak [pl]Polish People's Party13,24422.46
Jerzy Masłowski [pl]Center-Right Agreement10,89418.47
Janusz KorzcyńskiIndependent9,94616.87
Maria ChodyńskaSovereignist Agreement "Chełmszczyzna"8,49914.41
Total58,967100.00
Valid votes58,96793.77
Invalid/blank votes3,9156.23
Total votes62,882100.00
Registered voters/turnout178,80635.17
Democratic Left Alliance gain from Polish People's Party
Source: National Electoral Commission[13]

Elbląg Constituency

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By-elections were held in Elbląg Voivodeship on 19 June 1994 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Romuald Jankowski's term, who died.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Stanisław Kochanowski [pl]Polish People's Party24,33724.32
Edmund Krasowski [pl]Independent22,48722.47
Wacław BieleckiSolidarity11,24711.24
Andrzej NowosielskiElbląg Land Electoral Committee9,4769.47
Sylwester KalinowskiIndependent8,9508.94
Janina KrukowskaIndependent8,9168.91
Krzysztof NiewdźwiedzkiLabour Union8,4348.43
Krzysztof WójcikConfederation of Independent Poland6,2116.21
Total100,058100.00
Valid votes100,05893.22
Invalid/blank votes7,2776.78
Total votes107,335100.00
Registered voters/turnout339,01231.66
Polish People's Party hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[13]

Szczecin Constituency

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By-elections were held in Szczecin Voivodeship on 1 October 1995 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Bodo Engling [pl]'s term, who resigned.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Artur Balazs [pl]Szczecin Convention34,15949.26
Bogusław LiberadzkiDemocratic Left Alliance23,07133.27
Lech Pruchno-Wróblewski [pl]Szczecin Voivodeship Electoral Committee9,13513.17
Piotr Baumgart [pl]Szczecin Region Electoral Electoral Committee "Conscience"2,9864.31
Total69,351100.00
Valid votes69,35197.80
Invalid/blank votes1,5572.20
Total votes70,908100.00
Registered voters/turnout714,4189.93
Christian-Peasant Party gain from Democratic Left Alliance
Source: National Electoral Commission[14]

Wrocław Constituency

[edit]

By-elections were held in Szczecin Voivodeship on 1 October 1995 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Henryk Rot [pl]'s term, who died.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Kazimierz DziałochaDemocratic Left Alliance13,86926.07
Bolesław Winiarski [pl]Sovereignist-Patriotic Coalition "Our Poland"13,54525.46
Franciszek Połosmi [pl]Freedom Union11,26121.17
Zbigniew ŚlązakReal Politics Union5,44810.24
Edward Czapiewski [pl]Independent4,1247.75
Krystyna NowickaLabour Union2,8025.27
Leszek Bubel [pl]Forum for Fighting Lawlessness1,1412.14
Janusz Zagórski [pl]New Civilization Forum "Pyramid"1,0121.90
Total53,202100.00
Valid votes53,20298.66
Invalid/blank votes7201.34
Total votes53,922100.00
Registered voters/turnout832,4926.48
Democratic Left Alliance hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[14]

4th term Senate (1997-2001)

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Katowice Constituency

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By-elections were held in Katowice Voivodeship on 25 June 2000 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of August Chełkowski's term, who had died.[15]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Adam Graczyński [pl]Democratic Left Alliance39,31042.98
Wacław MarszewskiSolidarity Electoral Action36,48839.89
Jacek Soska [pl]Polish People's Party7,5678.27
Elżbieta PostulskaKPEiR—KPN Ojczyzna4,5424.97
Andrzej Roczniok [pl]Real Politics Union3,5583.89
Total91,465100.00
Valid votes91,46597.49
Invalid/blank votes2,3572.51
Total votes93,822100.00
Registered voters/turnout2,955,9013.17
Democratic Left Alliance gain from Solidarity Electoral Action
Source: National Electoral Commission[16]

Szczecin Constituency

[edit]

By-elections were held in Katowice Voivodeship on 25 June 2000 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Marian Jurczyk's term, whose mandate was invalidated by a verdict of the Warsaw Court of Appeals [pl], which accused him of making false lustration statements on 3 April.[17][18] On 12 April, the Senate debated and voted, with 42 for, 20 against, and 12 abstentions, to recognize the revocation of Jurczyk's mandate.[19][20]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Zbigniew ZychowiczDemocratic Left Alliance26,03453.93
Marek Tałasiewicz [pl]Szczecin Electoral Convention16,88734.98
Stefan Oleszczuk [pl]Real Politics Union2,0994.35
Maciej Kopeć [pl]Electoral Committee Fatherland2,0574.26
Zenon IwanszkiewiczIndependent1,1952.48
Total48,272100.00
Valid votes48,27296.97
Invalid/blank votes1,5083.03
Total votes49,780100.00
Registered voters/turnout747,7656.66
Democratic Left Alliance gain from Independent
Source: National Electoral Commission[16]

Wrocław Constituency

[edit]

By-elections were held in Wrocław Voivodeship on 25 June 2000 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Bogdan Zdrojewski's term, who resigned to maintain his position as mayor of Wrocław following a Constitutional Tribunal verdict that ruled that Senatorial and mayoral mandates could not be held simultaneously.[21][22]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Marian Noga [pl]Democratic Left Alliance18,12237.13
Adolf Juzewnko [pl]Independent15,06030.86
Antoni Stryjewski [pl]Friends of the Polish Family9,90220.29
Henryk CzekierdaPolish People's Party2,7025.54
Emil Antoniszyn [pl]National Party of Retirees and Pensioners1,2762.61
Czesław KosikSelf-Defence of the Republic of Poland1,0492.15
Stanisław Helski [pl]Independent6911.42
Total48,802100.00
Valid votes48,80299.21
Invalid/blank votes3910.79
Total votes49,193100.00
Registered voters/turnout862,8525.70
Democratic Left Alliance gain from Independent
Source: National Electoral Commission[16]

Chełm Constituency

[edit]

By-elections were held in Chełm Voivodeship on 21 January 2001 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Marian Cichosz [pl]'s term, who resigned.[23]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Adam Rychliczek [pl]Polish People's Party8,22940.65
Ryszarda MardońDemocratic Left Alliance6,76533.41
Wiesław KociubaIndependent3,37216.66
Henryk LewczukMovement for the Reconstruction of Poland1,8809.29
Total20,246100.00
Valid votes20,24698.61
Invalid/blank votes2861.39
Total votes20,532100.00
Registered voters/turnout188,35410.90
Polish People's Party hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[24]

Wrocław Constituency

[edit]

By-elections were held in Wrocław Voivodeship on 21 January 2001 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Leon Kieres' term, who resigned.[25]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Bogusław LitwiniecDemocratic Left Alliance18,01546.42
Marek MuszyńskiSolidarity Electoral Action17,73745.70
Leopold GomułkiewiczCoalition for Poland3,0577.88
Total38,809100.00
Valid votes38,80999.00
Invalid/blank votes3911.00
Total votes39,200100.00
Registered voters/turnout870,0864.51
Democratic Left Alliance gain from Independent
Source: National Electoral Commission[24]

5th term Senate (2001-2005)

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Constituency 2 (Wałbrzych)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 2 (Wałbrzych) on 27 April 2003 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Henryk Gołębiewski's term, who was selected Marshal of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship.[26]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Mirosław Lubiński [pl]Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union7,96038.14
Tomasz Feliks Wójcik [pl]League of Polish Families7,08633.96
Wacław Dziendziel [pl]Polish People's Party4,68522.45
Ryszard DudekIndependent1,1375.45
Total20,868100.00
Valid votes20,86898.30
Invalid/blank votes3601.70
Total votes21,228100.00
Registered voters/turnout569,0533.73
Democratic Left Alliance hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[27]

Constituency 23 (Białystok)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 23 (Białystok) on 12 October 2003 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Adam Jamróz [pl]'s term, who was chosen as a member of the Constitutional Tribunal.[28] Jurgiel became the second Senator of Law and Justice after Anna Kurska, with who he formed the Law and Justice Senatorial club.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Krzysztof JurgielLaw and Justice18,19835.29
Marek Kaczyński [pl]League of Polish Families10,63520.62
Krzysztof Bil-JaruzelskiDemocratic Left Alliance – Labour Union10,51620.39
Mieczysław BagińskiPolish People's Party4,3048.35
Sławomir ZgrzywaCivic Platform3,0505.91
Tadeusz KlimowiczReal Politics Union2,1214.11
Andrzej SorokaDemocratic People's Party [pl]1,6043.11
Artur MilewskiIndependent7361.43
Mariusz Olszewski [pl]Alternative Labour Party4030.78
Total51,567100.00
Valid votes51,56797.60
Invalid/blank votes1,2682.40
Total votes52,835100.00
Registered voters/turnout937,2195.64
Law and Justice gain from Democratic Left Alliance
Source: National Electoral Commission[29]

Constituency 3 (Wrocław)

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Constituency 1 (Legnica)

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Constituency 22 (Rzeszów)

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Constituency 26 (Bielsko-Biała)

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Constituency 30 (Katowice)

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Constituency 31 (Sosnowiec)

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Constituency 29 (Rybnik)

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Constituency 36 (Konin)

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By-elections were held in Constituency 36 (Konin) on 16 January 2005 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Ryszard Sławiński [pl]'s term, who was chosen as a member of the National Broadcasting Council.[30]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Elżbieta Streker-Dembińska [pl]Democratic Left Alliance3,90921.20
Jerzy WojtaszekLeague of Polish Families3,20717.39
Piotr Florek [pl]Civic Platform3,02616.41
Bożena Antczak-PołatyńskaPolish People's Party2,34412.71
Jan ZastawnySelf-Defence of the Republic of Poland1,94710.56
Wiesława Kowalska"Self-governance"1,7049.24
Ewa Zaleska [pl]Suwerenność-Praca-Sprawiedliwość [pl]1,2836.96
Izabela WilkFreedom Union1,0195.53
Total18,439100.00
Valid votes18,43997.89
Invalid/blank votes3972.11
Total votes18,836100.00
Registered voters/turnout593,6023.17
Democratic Left Alliance hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[31]

6th term Senate (2005-2007)

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Constituency 33 (Elbląg)

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By-elections were held in Constituency 33 (Elbląg) on 28 January 2007 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Elżbieta Gelert's term, who was elected one of the city councillors of Elbląg in the 2006 local elections.[32]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Władysław Mańkut [pl]Left and Democrats4,02631.49
Antoni CzyżykCivic Platform3,50327.40
Jolanta Szulc [pl]Polish People's Party2,85222.31
Lech KraśniańskiSelf-Defence of the Republic of Poland1,2229.56
Irena TarnackaLeague of Polish Families1,1839.25
Total12,786100.00
Valid votes12,78698.88
Invalid/blank votes1451.12
Total votes12,931100.00
Registered voters/turnout504,3212.56
Left and Democrats gain from Civic Platform
Source: National Electoral Commission[33]

7th term Senate (2007-2011)

[edit]

In 2010, five by-elections were held, three of which alongside the 2010 Polish presidential election as a result of the deaths of Senators Janina Fetlińska, Stanisław Zając and Krystyna Bochenek in the Smolensk air disaster.

Constituency 21 (Krosno)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 21 (Krosno) on 22 June 2008 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Andrzej Mazurkiewicz's term, as he died as a result of a ruptured aneurysm on 21 March 2008.[34][35]

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Stanisław ZającLaw and Justice40,99348.38+9.17[a]
Maciej LewickiCivic Platform22,45726.50−3.1
Marek JurekRight Wing of the Republic10,75112.69+8.92
Andrzej LepperSelf-Defence of the Republic of Poland3,4354.05−0.23
Wacław PosadzkiDemocratic Left Alliance2,7033.19−6.18[b]
Jan Kułaj [pl]Democratic Party – demokraci.pl1,7742.09−
Tadeusz Kaleniecki [pl]Polish Left9931.17−
Stanisław Sagan [pl]Alliance of Democrats3860.46−
Zygmunt WrzodakNational Congress of Poland [pl]3840.45−
Krzysztof RutkowskiIndependent3570.42−
Mirosław OrzechowskiLeague of Polish Families3080.36−3.96
Jerzy WróbelPolish Labour Party1940.23−
Total84,735100.00–
Valid votes84,73599.07
Invalid/blank votes7940.93
Total votes85,529100.00
Registered voters/turnout701,49912.19
Law and Justice hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[36]

Constituency 15 (Płock)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 15 (Płock) on 20 June 2010 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Janina Fetlińska's term, as she died in the Smolensk air disaster.[37] It was held concurrently to the 2010 Polish presidential election.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Michał Boszko [pl]Polish People's Party132,42642.72
Marek MartynowskiLaw and Justice127,44641.11
Tomasz KałużyńskiPoland Plus50,11116.17
Total309,983100.00
Valid votes309,98393.99
Invalid/blank votes19,8236.01
Total votes329,806100.00
Registered voters/turnout674,92048.87
Polish People's Party gain from Law and Justice
Source: National Electoral Commission[38]

Constituency 21 (Krosno)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 21 (Krosno) on 20 June 2010 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Stanisław Zając's term, as he died in the Smolensk air disaster.[39] It was held concurrently to the 2010 Polish presidential election. PiS-endorsed independent[40] Alicja Zając, the widow of the late incumbent, was elected with no opposition, though 18% of ballots cast were invalid. They were the second Senatorial by-elections held that term in Constituency 21.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Alicja ZającLaw and Justice269,928100.00
Total269,928100.00
Valid votes269,92881.57
Invalid/blank votes60,99218.43
Total votes330,920100.00
Registered voters/turnout709,19046.66
Law and Justice hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[38]

Constituency 30 (Katowice)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 30 (Katowice) on 20 June 2010 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Krystyna Bochenek's term, as she died in the Smolensk air disaster.[41] It was held concurrently to the 2010 Polish presidential election.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Leszek Marian Piechota [pl]Civic Platform244,89959.84
Zbigniew ZdónekPolish Labour Party82,78820.23
Adam Stach [pl]Polish People's Party81,56119.93
Total409,248100.00
Valid votes409,24894.07
Invalid/blank votes25,8125.93
Total votes435,060100.00
Registered voters/turnout817,36553.23
Civic Platform hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[38]

Constituency 37 (Piła)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 37 (Piła) on 6 February 2011 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Piotr Głowski [pl]'s term, who was elected mayor of Piła in the 2010 local elections.[42]

Henryk Stokłosa, long-time Senator from Piła Voivodeship, who began his career in the Senate at the 1989 Polish parliamentary election as the only non-Solidarity-endorsed candidate, was running again after being unseated in 2005 Polish parliamentary election. Following the election loss, Stokłosa was arrested for corruption,[43] but released on bail in December 2008.[44] Following the resignation of Piotr Głowski from the post of Senator to become mayor of Piła, Stokłosa declared his start in the upcoming by-elections,[45] and was the first to register.[46] Besides him, three more parties registered candidates: PO nominated Maria Janyska, SLD nominated Zbigniew Ajchler [pl] and PSL nominated Leszek Łochowicz. PiS also tried to nominate a candidate but failed to gather enough signatures.[47] In the lead up to election day, Stokłosa was considered a favorite, accusing the government of being in a conspiracy to deprive him of his wealth, and criticizing mainsteam politicians for "taking advantage" of the Smolensk air disaster.[48] He ended up as the victor, winning 39.9% of the vote, being 10.34% ahead of Janyska in second place.

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Henryk Stokłosa [pl]Independent15,05739.90−[c]
Maria JanyskaCivic Platform11,15629.56+0.28[d]
Zbigniew Ajchler [pl]Democratic Left Alliance6,52517.29−5.15
Leszek ŁochowiczPolish People's Party5,00013.25−7.49
Total37,738100.00–
Valid votes37,73898.24
Invalid/blank votes6781.76
Total votes38,416100.00
Registered voters/turnout609,0786.31
Independent gain from Civic Platform
Source: National Electoral Commission[49]

According to sociologist Rafał Drozdowski [pl], the low turnout of only 6.31% contributed to Stokłosa's victory.[50] After the election, Marshal of the Senate Bogdan Borusewicz stated that if Stokłosa was found guilty, he would be stripped of his Senatorial mandate.[51] He retired from national politics and didn't run again in the regular 2011 parliamentary election, engaging instead in local politics.[52]

8th term Senate (2011-2015)

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Constituency 73 (Rybnik)

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By-elections were held in Constituency 73 (Rybnik) on 21 April 2013 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Antoni Motyczka [pl]'s term, who died.[53]

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Bolesław PiechaLaw and Justice7,76928.48+6.30
Józef Makosz [pl]Independent5,34519.59+4.72
Mirosław DużyCivic Platform4,91318.01−16.10
Paweł PolokAutonomy for Silesia3,57813.12−8.80
Grażyna KohutPolish People's Party2,2808.36−
Janusz Korwin-MikkeCongress of the New Right2,1607.92−
Krzysztof SajewiczDemocratic Left Alliance7752.84−
Piotr Masłowski [pl]Independent4591.68−
Total27,279100.00–
Valid votes27,27999.18
Invalid/blank votes2260.82
Total votes27,505100.00
Registered voters/turnout246,79511.14
Law and Justice gain from Civic Platform
Source: National Electoral Commission[54]

Constituency 55 (Mielec)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 55 (Mielec) on 8 September 2013 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Władysław Ortyl [pl]'s term, who was selected Marshal of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship.[55]

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Zdzisław PupaLaw and Justice35,64060.84+11.67
Mariusz KawaCivic Platform—Polish People's Party12,49521.33−15.20
Kazimierz Ziobro [pl]Solidarity Poland6,49411.09−
Ewa Kantor [pl]Independent1,6172.76−
Ireneusz DzieszkoRight-Wing of Podkarpacie1,3182.25−
Andrzej MarciniecPoland Comes First7721.32−
Józef HabratSelf-Defence of the Republic of Poland2470.42−
Total58,583100.00–
Valid votes58,58398.37
Invalid/blank votes9711.63
Total votes59,554100.00
Registered voters/turnout375,98515.84
Law and Justice hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[56]

Constituency 47 (Mińsk Mazowiecki)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 47 (Mińsk Mazowiecki) on 7 September 2014 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Henryk Górski [pl]'s term, who died on 19 May 2014.[57]

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Maria KocLaw and Justice9,83258.35+19.53
Dariusz JaszczukCivic Platform4,85528.81+3.06
Krzysztof BosakNational Movement1,0826.42−
Zbigniew StąsiekDemocratic Left Alliance6663.95−
Czesław LitwińczukDemocratic Party – demokraci.pl2261.34−
Józef GorayskiDirect Democracy1881.12−
Total16,849100.00–
Valid votes16,84998.71
Invalid/blank votes2201.29
Total votes17,069100.00
Registered voters/turnout257,8096.62
Law and Justice hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[58][59]

Constituency 73 (Rybnik)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 73 (Rybnik) on 7 September 2014 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Bolesław Piecha's term, who was elected to the European Parliament.[60]

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Izabela KlocLaw and Justice11,14648.56+20.08
Marek KrząkałaCivic Platform9,66542.11+24.10
Maciej UrbańczykCongress of the New Right1,2185.31−1.60
Piotr Chmielowski [pl]Democratic Left Alliance9224.02+2.47
Total22,951100.00–
Valid votes22,95198.94
Invalid/blank votes2461.06
Total votes23,197100.00
Registered voters/turnout245,8299.44
Law and Justice hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[58]

Constituency 82 (Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 82 (Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski) on 7 September 2014 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Beata Gosiewska's term, who was elected to the European Parliament.[61]

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Jarosław RusieckiLaw and Justice10,09837.04−0.48
Kazimierz Kotowski [pl]Polish People's Party9,73735.71+13.06
Zbigniew PaceltCivic Platform3,81714.00−
Kazimierz Jesionek [pl]Democratic Left Alliance1,9507.15−9.83
Czesław LitwińczukCongress of the New Right1,3384.91−
Józef GorayskiDirect Democracy3251.19−
Total27,265100.00–
Valid votes27,26598.28
Invalid/blank votes4761.72
Total votes27,741100.00
Registered voters/turnout349,6607.93
Law and Justice hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[58]

Constituency 75 (Tychy)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 75 (Tychy) on 8 February 2015 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Elżbieta Bieńkowska's term, who was chosen as a member of the European Commission.[62]

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Czesław Ryszka [pl]Law and Justice8,54156.57−
Michał GramatykaCivic Platform4,45229.49−15.75
Dariusz Dyrda [pl]Silesian – Not Partisan2,10413.94−18.41
Total15,097100.00–
Valid votes15,09798.85
Invalid/blank votes1751.15
Total votes15,272100.00
Registered voters/turnout207,9327.34
Law and Justice gain from Civic Platform
Source: National Electoral Commission[63]

9th term Senate (2015-2019)

[edit]

Constituency 59 (Białystok I)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 59 (Białystok I) on 6 March 2016 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Bohdan Paszkowski's term, who was selected Voivode of Podlasie.[64]

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Anna Maria AndersLaw and Justice30,66147.26−2.39
Mieczysław BagińskiPolish People's Party26,61841.03+13.36
Jerzy ZąbkiewiczIndependent4,1776.44−
Szczepan BarszczewskiConfederation for the Renewal of the Republic of Liberty and Hope1,9923.07−
Sławomir GromadzkiOrdinary Citizen7641.18−
Andrzej ChmielewskiSelf-Defence of the Republic of Poland6691.03−
Total64,881100.00–
Valid votes64,88199.41
Invalid/blank votes3840.59
Total votes65,265100.00
Registered voters/turnout381,38217.11
Law and Justice hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[65]

11th term Senate (2023-incumbent)

[edit]

Constituency 13 (Włocławek)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 13 (Włocławek) on 21 July 2024 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Krzysztof Kukucki [pl]'s term, who was elected mayor of Włocławek in the 2024 local elections.[66] The election sparked controversy in the ruling coalition as the incumbent mayor of Włocławek defeated by Kukucki, Marek Wojtkowski, belonged to the Civic Platform, and Kukucki to the New Left. The Senate Pact debated whether Kukucki's replacement should be a member of a party different from his own. Ultimately, the New Left was allowed to field its own candidate, Stanisław Pawlak [pl], without opposition from the rest of the governing coalition.[67] Pawlak won the election with 46.3% of valid votes.

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Stanisław Pawlak [pl]New Left9,88846.30+0.25
Jarosław ChmielewskiRighteous and Effective7,62135.69−0.93
Tomasz SikorowskiConfederation New Hope3,84618.01+8.30
Total21,355100.00–
Valid votes21,35598.96
Invalid/blank votes2241.04
Total votes21,579100.00
Registered voters/turnout271,4547.95
New Left hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[68]

Constituency 33 (Kraków IV)

[edit]

By-elections were held in Constituency 33 (Kraków IV) on 16 March 2025 to fill a vacancy left by the premature expiration of Bogdan Klich's term, who resigned from office to assume a diplomatic post.[69][70] The Confederation's candidate, Adam Berkowicz, was the father of Konrad Berkowicz.[71] Monika Piątkowska of the Civic Coalition won the election, successfully holding the seat for her party. At the same time, her margin was lower than Klich's by 20 percentage points despite the seat being a stronghold of the Civic Coalition. Political observers called the outcome a "bittersweet victory" for the Civic Coalition, and attributed the underwhelming margin to competition from the Together Party, the refusal of Poland 2050, a coalition partner of Civic Coaliton, to endorse Piątkowska, as well as the fact that Piątkowska is not well-known in Kraków, and was nominated by the party leadership contrary to the wishes of the party's local branch.[72]

CandidatePartyVotes%+/–
Monika PiątkowskaCivic Coalition[e]25,02250.14−20.76
Mateusz Małodziński [pl]For Kraków15,67531.41+2.31
Adam BerkowiczConfederation5,22310.47−
Ewa SładekTogether Party3,9827.98−
Total49,902100.00–
Valid votes49,90299.47
Invalid/blank votes2650.53
Total votes50,167100.00
Registered voters/turnout303,67816.52
Civic Coalition hold
Source: National Electoral Commission[74]

Analysis

[edit]

Turnout in Senate by-elections tends to be low, frequently falling under 7%. Between 1989 and 2014, the average turnout of Senate by-elections was 13.94%. Turnout tends to be higher when by-elections are held alongside regular elections,[75] and turnout for by-elections only neared 50% (reaching 47%, 49%, 53% in three constituencies respectively) when held alongside the 2010 Presidential election.[76] In contrast to the apathy expressed in by-elections by the populace, political parties show high interest in them. By-elections tend to show trends in political support, however are often flawed as a political barometer. Costs of by-elections vary within the range of half to two million PLN.[76]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Only results of Andrzej Mazurkiewicz in 2007
  2. ^ Only results of Wacław Posadzki in 2007
  3. ^ New; 17.13% in last election he contested (2005)
  4. ^ Only results of Piotr Głowski in 2007
  5. ^ Endorsed by PSL, NL and SDPL[73]

References

[edit]
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