Romulea columnae
| Romulea columnae | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | Romulea |
| Species: | R. columnae
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| Binomial name | |
| Romulea columnae | |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
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Synonyms
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Romulea columnae, the sand crocus, is a herbaceous perennial in the family Iridaceae. It is a small plant, with thin narrow leaves, and small scape which has small pink, pale purple or violet pointed flowers with darker veining and a gold or yellow throat. It is native to a wide area ranging from western Europe to the Mediterranean.
Description
[edit]
Romulea columnae grows from a small corm.[3][4] It has one or two basal leaves,[5] and several (up to 3,[4]) cauline (stem) leaves,[3] They are narrow, wiry and curled,[3][4][5] and they can grow up to 10 cm (4 in) long.[4][5][6] Plants from the Romulea genus are related to members of the crocus genus and look very similar but have several differences, including that Romulea plants do not have a white grove in the centre of their leaves.[7] Also, crocus flowers are stemless and grow directly from the corm, while Romulea plants hold their flowers on a green scape of various lengths. Romulea columnae has a short scape,[3] of up to 3–20 cm (1–8 in) long.[4][5][7] In the UK, it is only between 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tall.[4][5]
It blooms early in the year, from February onwards,[3] or between March and May.[4][5] It has one to three flowers per corm,[3][5] most common is a solitary flower,[5] which is small and only reaching between 10 and 12 mm across.[4] The flowers are funnel-shaped,[3] and have 6 pointed (at the tip) petals,[4][5] which are equally-sized.[5] They are pink,[5] pale purple,[4][5][6] or violet.[3] They are greenish-yellow,[5] yellow,[4] or golden-yellow at the centre or throat.[3] They have purple,[4][6] or violet veins or a dark midvein and a pair of lighter lateral veins.[5] It has a green spathe which is thin and spindly.[4] It has three stamens, topped by yellow,[5] or bright yellow anthers,[4] and the style is shorter than the stamens.[6]
It reproduces mostly by seed.[4]
Taxonomy
[edit]
It is commonly known as sand crocus[3][5] and occasionally as dune crocus.[8] In Malta, it is known as the Lesser sand crocus due to another endemic Romulea species.[9]
The Latin specific epithet columnae refers to column.[10]
It was published and described by 2 Italian botanists, Francesco Antonio Sebastiani and Ernesto Mauri in 'Fl. Roman. Prodr.' vol.18 in 1818.[11][12][13]
Romulea columnae was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003,[12] and it is an accepted name by the RHS.[14]
There are 4,[1] or 2 known subspecies (grandiscapa and rollii);[2]
- Romulea columnae subsp. assumptionis (Font Quer) O.Bolòs, Vigo, Masalles & Ninot, in Fl. Man. Paísos Catalans: 1215 (1990)[15]
- Romulea columnae subsp. columnae[16]
- Romulea columnae subsp. grandiscapa (Webb) G.Kunkel, Monogr. Biol. Canar. 3: 25 (1972)[7][17] from the Canary Islands,[18] with a flower that is purple with a yellow throat.[19]
- Romulea columnae subsp. rollii (Parl.) Marais, Kew Bull. 30: 707 (1975 publ. 1976).[20][21]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]
Romulea columnae is native to various temperate areas of western Asia,[14] Africa and Europe.[12][13][1]
Range
[edit]Within Africa, it is found in Macaronesia, (within the Madeira Islands, Canarias[13][1]), Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.[12] It is found in the Asian countries of Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and western Turkey.[12] Within Europe,[7][3] it is found in south west England, Greece (including Crete), Italy (including the isles of Sardinia and Sicily), France (including the island of Corsica), Spain (including the Balearic Islands) and Portugal.[12]
It has naturalized in the Azores.[12]
Habitat
[edit]It is found growing on free draining sandy soils that make up coastal cliffs slopes,[10] and coastal grasslands.[5][22] It can grow on sandy grounds near the sea,[4] including on golf courses,[8] such as Dawlish Warren course in Devon,[23] which is classified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).[24]
Cultivation
[edit]
In temperate gardens, it is best to grow the plant inside a temperature controlled Alpine house. It can be grown in containers filled with well-drained, loam-based compost. The plant is allowed to dry in summer after the flowers have faded and the leaves become yellow.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Romulea columnae Sebast. & Mauri | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ a b "Romulea columnae Sebast. & Mauri". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Romulea columnae Purple – RarePlants". www.rareplants.co.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Jones, Keith. "Seasonal Wild Flowers - Sand Crocus". www.seasonalwildflowers.com. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "UK Wildflowers - Iridaceae - Romulea Columnae". www.uksouthwest.net. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d John Traherne Moggridge Contributions to the Flora of Mentone and to a Winter Flora of the Riviera, including the coast from Marseilles to Genoa (1874), p. 93, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d "An unexpected treat: Romulea columnae". The Biking Gardener. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
- ^ a b Bryn Green Countryside Conservation: Land Ecology, Planning and Management (1996), p. 234, at Google Books
- ^ Mifsud, Stephen (23 August 2002). "Romulea columnae (Lesser sand crocus) : MaltaWildPlants.com - the online Flora of the Maltese Islands". www.maltawildplants.com. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
- ^ a b Dr. Peter Jarvis The Pelagic Dictionary of Natural History of the British Isles (2020), p. 686, at Google Books
- ^ "Romulea columnae Sebast. & Mauri, Fl. Roman. 18". ipni.org. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Taxon: Romulea columnae Sebast. & Mauri". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ a b c "Romulea columnae Sebast. & Mauri, Fl. Roman. Prodr.: 18 (1818)". wcsp.science.kew.org. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ a b "Romulea columnae, sand crocus". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ "Romulea columnae subsp. assumptionis (Font Quer) O.Bolòs, Vigo, Masalles & Ninot | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ "Romulea columnae subsp. columnae | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
- ^ "Romulea columnae subsp. grandiscapa (Webb) G.Kunkel is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ "Romulea columnae subsp. grandiscapa". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
- ^ "Pacific Bulb Society | European And Mediterranean Romuleas". www.pacificbulbsociety.org. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ "Romulea columnae subsp. rollii (Parl.) Marais is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ "13 records retrieved". wcsp.science.kew.org. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ Nick C. Davidson and Nature Conservancy Council Nature conservation and estuaries in Great Britain (1991), p. 108, at Google Books
- ^ "Ecology – Warren Golf Club". Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ Robert Stephen Taylor (Editor) A Practical Guide to Ecological Management of the Golf Course (1995), p. 13, at Google Books
Other sources
[edit]- Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
- Davis, P. H., ed. 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
- Hansen, A. & P. Sunding. 1993. Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17.
- Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds. 2004. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres
- Jahandiez, E. & R. Maire. 1931-1941. Catalogue des plantes du Maroc.
- Meikle, R. D. 1977-1985. Flora of Cyprus.
- Mouterde, P. 1966-. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie.
- Silva, L. et al. 2005. Listagem da fauna e flora terrestres dos Açores. Lista des plantas vasculares (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta).
- Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
- Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan. 1966-. Flora palaestina.