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Pouteria sapota

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the fruit also known as red mamey. For the yellow mamey, see Mammea americana.

Mamey sapote
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Sapotaceae
Genus: Pouteria
Species:
P. sapota
Binomial name
Pouteria sapota
Synonyms[2]

See text

Sapote, mamey, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy520 kJ (120 kcal)
32.1 g
Sugars20.14 g
Dietary fiber5.4 g
0.46 g
1.45 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
1%
0.013 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
9%
0.116 mg
Niacin (B3)
9%
1.432 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
8%
0.397 mg
Vitamin B6
42%
0.72 mg
Folate (B9)
2%
7 μg
Vitamin C
26%
23 mg
Vitamin E
14%
2.11 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
18 mg
Iron
4%
0.78 mg
Magnesium
3%
11 mg
Manganese
9%
0.204 mg
Phosphorus
2%
26 mg
Potassium
15%
454 mg
Sodium
0%
7 mg
Zinc
2%
0.19 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[3] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[4]

Pouteria sapota, the mamey sapote, is a species of tree native to Mexico and Central America. The tree is also cultivated in the Caribbean. Its fruit is eaten in many Latin American countries. The fruit is made into foods such as milkshakes and ice cream.

Some of its names in Latin American countries, such as mamey colorado (Cuba), zapote colorado (Costa Rica) and zapote rojo (South America), refer to the reddish colour of its flesh to distinguish it from the unrelated but similar-looking Mammea americana, whose fruit is usually called "yellow mamey" (Spanish: mamey amarillo).[citation needed]

Description

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Mamey sapote is a large and highly ornamental evergreen tree that can reach a height of 15 to 45 m (49 to 148 ft) at maturity.[5]

The fruit, technically a berry,[6] is about 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 in) long and 8 to 12 cm (3 to 4.5 in) wide and has flesh ranging in color from pink to orange to red. The brown skin has a texture somewhat between sandpaper and the fuzz on a peach.[7] The fruit's texture is creamy and soft, and the flavor is a mix of sweet potato, pumpkin, honey, prune, peach, apricot, cantaloupe, cherry, and almond.[8][9][10] A mamey sapote is ripe when the flesh is vibrant salmon in color when a fleck of the skin is removed.[11] The flesh should give slightly, as with an overripe avocado. The leaves are pointed at both ends, 4 to 12 inches in length, and grow in clusters at the ends of branches.[12]

The mamey sapote is related to other sapotes such as sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), abiu (P. caimito), and canistel (P. campechiana), but unrelated to the black sapote (Diospyros digyna)[13] and white sapote (Casimiroa edulis).[14][15][16]

  • Leaves on tree
    Leaves on tree
  • Fruit on branch
    Fruit on branch
  • Fruit flesh and kernel
    Fruit flesh and kernel
  • Mamey at a Tepoztlan market
    Mamey at a Tepoztlan market
  • Tree bark
    Tree bark
  • Branch with young fruit
    Branch with young fruit

Distribution

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The native range probably extends from the southern Mexican states of Veracruz, Tabasco, and Chiapas through Nicaragua, Belize, and northern Honduras.[17] This is uncertain, however, because the tree was already widely cultivated in the tropical Americas prior to European colonization.[18] Today, it is cultivated in most Mexican states, many Caribbean islands, and tropical continental America from Florida to Brazil. The first record of cultivation in south Florida dates to the 1880s.[19] It has also been introduced to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam.[20]

Cultivation

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It prefers smooth sandy, deep, clay and fertile soils, with pH of 5.5 to 6.5. The species does not tolerate low temperatures, prolonged periods of drought, or soils with bad drainage or where the water table is very high.[18]

It is mainly propagated by grafting, which ensures the new plant has the same characteristics as the parent, especially its fruit, as it does not grow true to seed. It is also considerably faster than growing trees by seed, producing fruit in 3–5 years; trees grown from seed require 7 years of growth before fruiting.[21] Seeds lose viability within a month of harvest, so should be sown immediately.[18]

Pouteria sapota trees are quite productive fruiters. A typical mature tree may produce 200-500 fruits per year, while vigorous established trees may produce more than twice this amount.[19] The 2017 production average for Mexican growers was 12.4 tons/hectare.[22]

In Florida, the fruit is harvested from May to July with some cultivars available all year.[23][24]

Pests and diseases

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Pouteria sapota is not often troubled by significant insect damage. The Cuban May beetle (Phyllophaga bruneri) and the sugarcane rootstalk borer (Diaprepes abbreviatus), along with various species of scale and spider mites are known to attack the plant, but rarely is the infestation significant.[18]

Oviposition by fruit flies onto the fruit can cause damage to the pulp. The most important species in this respect is Anastrepha serpentine, known as the sapote fly, specializing in Sapotaceae plants.

Uses

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The fruit is eaten raw or made into milkshakes, smoothies, ice cream, and fruit bars. It can be used to produce marmalade and jelly.[25] Some beauty products use oil pressed from the seed,[26] otherwise known as sapayul oil.[27]

Nutrition

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Mamey agua fresca served in Mérida, Yucatán

The fruit is an excellent source of vitamins B6 and C, and is a good source of riboflavin, niacin, vitamin E, manganese, potassium, and dietary fiber. Research has identified several new carotenoids from the ripe fruit.[28][29]

Synonyms

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  • Achras mammosa Bonpl. ex Miq. nom. illeg.
  • Achras zapota var. major Jacq.
  • Bassia jussaei Griseb.
  • Bassia jussiaei Tussac
  • Calocarpum huastecanum Gilly
  • Calocarpum mammosum var. bonplandii (Kunth) Pierre
  • Calocarpum mammosum var. candollei (Pierre) Pierre
  • Calocarpum mammosum var. ovoideum (Pierre) Pierre
  • Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr.
  • Calospermum mammosum var. bonplandii (Kunth) Pierre
  • Calospermum mammosum var. candollei Pierre
  • Calospermum mammosum var. ovoidea Pierre
  • Calospermum parvum Pierre
  • Lucuma bonplandiiv Kunth
  • Sapota mammosa Mill.
  • Sideroxylon sapota Jacq.
  • Sideroxylum sapota Jacq.[2]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2021). "Pouteria sapota". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T150102002A150108560. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T150102002A150108560.en. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b "The Plant List".
  3. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  4. ^ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
  5. ^ Morton, Julia 1987. Sapote. p. 398–402. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. at Center for New Crops & Plant Products, at Purdue University
  6. ^ Mamey Sapote - CooksInfo.com
  7. ^ The Tropical Fruit Growers present - Mamey Sapote
  8. ^ "Mamey Sapote Exotic Tropical Fruit - Cape Tribulation". Archived from the original on 2016-11-13. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  9. ^ Mamey – A Tropical Miami Fruit That Should Become Mainstream - Forbes
  10. ^ "Mamey Sapote - LocalHarvest". Archived from the original on 2018-02-22. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  11. ^ Fruit of the Month: Mamey Sapote
  12. ^ Introducing the mamey | Alain Dubernard | Restaurant Business
  13. ^ Good Enough To Eat: Soft fruits: The names and tastes vary - Seattle Post-Intelligencer
  14. ^ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 139. ISBN 978-1561643721.
  15. ^ Florida Crop/Pest Management Profile: Mamey Sapote and Sapodilla
  16. ^ MAMEY SAPOTE (Pouteria sapote) - fruitipedia
  17. ^ Ricker. 2001. Manejo y evaluación económica de una especie arbórea de la selva tropical: El Mamey (Pouteria sapota). En: B. Rendón Aguilar, S. Rebollar Domínguez, J. Caballero Nieto y M. A. Martínez Alfaro (eds). Plantas, Cultura y Sociedad. Estudio sobre la relación entre seres humanos y plantas en los albores del siglo XXI. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. México. pp. 287-307.
  18. ^ a b c d Cordero J. y Boshier D.H. 2003. Árboles de Centroamérica un Manual para extensionistas. Oxford Forestry Institute (OFI). Centro Agronómico, Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE). Pp. 1079.
  19. ^ a b "FC30/MG331: Mamey Sapote Growing in the Florida Home Landscape". Ask IFAS - Powered by EDIS. 2024-11-18. Retrieved 2025-04-02.
  20. ^ Oyen, L. P. A. 1991. Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore & Stearn. Páginas 259-262 en E. W. M. Verheij y R. E. Coronel, eds., Plant Resources of South-East Asia 2: Edible Fruits and Nuts, Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen, Países Bajos.
  21. ^ CULTIVATION OF MAMEY SAPOTE AND GREEN SAPOTE - The Rare Fruit Council of Australia
  22. ^ "Vista de Producción y comercialización del mamey Alpoyeca, Guerrero: opinión de productores". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-04-02.
  23. ^ "Mamey Sapote - Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services". Archived from the original on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  24. ^ Mamey Sapote - Melissa's Produce
  25. ^ Jamieson, G. S.; McKinney, R. S. (1931). "Sapote (mammy apple) seed and oil". Oil & Fat Industries. 8 (7): 255–256. doi:10.1007/BF02574575. S2CID 101373525.
  26. ^ Molly Chadwick (11 January 2011). "Emerald Forest® Botanical Hair Care With Rainforest Sapayul Commits to More Natural Products With Introduction of Paraben Free Shampoos And Conditioners". Encinitas, CA: PRWEB. Archived from the original on January 24, 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2014. Sapayul oil comes from the seeds of sapote, a fruit indigenous to the Central American rainforests and an ancient Mayan secret for beautiful, soft, and shiny hair.
  27. ^ Anita Grant (14 December 2006). "Organic Sapote Seed Oil (inci: Pouteria Sapota, Zapote, Mamey Sapote, Zapayul, Sapayul)". anitagrant.com's photostream. Flickr. Retrieved 25 August 2011. Organic Sapote Seed Oil (inci: Pouteria Sapota, Zapote, Mamey Sapote, Zapayul, Sapayul)
    The seed is used on the Caribbean island of Grenada as a flavoring for cakes.
  28. ^ Murillo E, McLean R, Britton G, Agócs A, Nagy V, Deli J (2011). "Sapotexanthin, an A-provitamin carotenoid from red mamey (Pouteria sapota)". J Nat Prod. 74 (2): 283–5. doi:10.1021/np1006982. PMID 21214217.
  29. ^ Gulyás-Fekete G, Murillo E, Kurtán T, Papp T, Illyés TZ, Drahos L, Visy J, Agócs A, Turcsi E, Deli J (2013). "Cryptocapsinepoxide-Type Carotenoids from Red Mamey, Pouteria sapota" (PDF). J Nat Prod. 76 (4): 607–14. doi:10.1021/np3007827. PMID 23451823.
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