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Posongchong Formation

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Posongchong Formation
Stratigraphic range: Pragian
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesPojiao Formation
OverliesMeitan Formation
Location
RegionYunnan
CountryChina

The Posongchong Formation is an early Devonian formation from China. It preserves a wide range of plant and fish fossils, many being only known from this formation.[1]

Paleobiota

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Plants

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Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Plants
Genus Species Higher taxon Notes Images
Adoketophyton A. subverticillatum, A. parvulum,[1] A. pingyipuensis[2] Lycophyta? Formerly placed within Zosterophyllum
Reconstruction of Adoketophyton
Amplectosporangium A. jiangyouense, A. unilaterale, A. unilaterale forma minor[2] incertae sedis A. unilaterale was formerly placed within Oricilla[1]
Baragwanathia B. sp. Drepanophycales Only known from leafy stems, cannot be placed in a species[1]
B. longifolia fossil
Catenalis C. digitata[1] Tracheophyta incertae sedis Intermediate between algae and vascular plants[3]
Celatheca[4] C. beckii Lyginopteridales? One of the earliest known seed plants[1]
Cervicornus[5] C. wenshanensis Sphenopsida?[1] Sporangia unknown, may be synonymous with Estinnophyton
Demersatheca D. contigua Zosterophylls[6] Only known from fertile axes[1]
Dibracophyton[7] D. acrovatum Barinophytopsida incertae sedis[1] Relatively unusual with dichotomous branching “leaves”
Discalis D. longistipa Zosterophyllales[8] Bears spines on its main axes, somewhat resembles Sawdonia[1]
Distichophytum D. sp. Zosterophyllales Only known from a fragmentary specimen[1]
D. ovatum reconstruction
Estinnophyton[9] E. yunnanense Sphenopsida? Possibly a stem-sphenopsid[1]
Eophyllophyton[10] E. bellum Eophyllophytopsida (Euphyllophytes)[1] Oldest plant with megaphyllous leaves
Eophyllophyton fossil
Guangnania G. cuneata Zosterophyllopsida?[11] Unclear whether it truly is a zosterophyll, somewhat similar to Yunia[1]
Gumuia[12] G. zyzzata Zosterophyllales One of the most well-known Posongchong plants[1]
Halleophyton[13] H. zhichangense Drepanophycales Another possible species also known from the formation[1]
Hedeia[14] H. sinica Progymnospermopsida? Resembles both seed plants and trimerophytes[1]
Hicklingia cf. Hicklingia sp. Zosterophyllales Resembles the type species of the genus, but bears a few differences from it[1]
Hueberia H. zhichangensis[15] Drepanophycales?[16] Also resembles Leclercqia, however lack of anatomy means its position is unclear.[1]
Huia[17] H. recurvata Rhyniopsida? Likely related to Renalia[1]
Ornicephalum[2] O. sichuanense Zosterophyllopsida Formerly classed within Zosterophyllum
Pauthecophyton P. gracile Trimerophyta[18] Related to Psilophyton[1]
Polythecophyton P. demissum Progymnospermopsida? Likely related to Hedeia and Aneurophytales[1][19]
Psilophyton P. primitivum[14] Trimerophyta One of the most widespread basal vascular plants[1]
P. crenulatum fossil
Ramoferis R. amalia Zosterophyllales Closely resembles Zosterophyllum[20][1]
Riccardiothallus R. devonicus Aneuraceae Earliest simple thalloid liverwort known[21]
Stachyophyton[22] S. yunnanense Tracheophyta incertae sedis Divergent from other plants due to its leaf-like branches and other features[1]
Stachyophyton fossil
Wenshania W. zhichangensis Zosterophyllales Closely resembles Zosterophyllum[23][1]
Yunia[24] Y. dichotoma, Y. guangnania[1] Zosterophyllopsida? Possibly closer to euphyllophytes than zosterophylls?
Y. dichotoma reconstruction
Zhenglia Z. radiata Protolepidodendrales?[25] May preserve the earliest lycophyte ligulae[1]
Zosterophyllum Z. australianum, Z. ramosum, Z. minifertillum, Z. tenerum[1] Zosterophyllales Known from numerous other localities
Reconstruction of Zosterophyllum sp.

Animals

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Animals
Genus Species Higher taxon Notes Images
Arquatichthys A. porosus Dipnomorpha Only known from scales and skull material[26]
Brevipetalichthys B. gracilis Petalichthyida
Euporosteus E. yunnanensis Actinistia Earliest known anatomically modern coelacanth[27]
Gantarostrataspis[28] G. gengi Gantarostrataspidae (Galeaspida) Bears an unusual sensory system
Gumuaspis[28] G. rostrata Huananaspidae Resembles Laxaspis
Huananaspis[29] H. wudinensis Huananaspidae Also known from the Nagaoling Formation[30]
Lungmenshanaspis L. yunnanensis Huananaspidae (Galeaspida) From a different locality to the “main” Posongchong Formation, yet correlates with it in age[31]
Reconstruction of both Lungmenshanaspis species
Macrothyraspis M. longicornis, M. longilanceus Macrothyraspidae (Galeaspida) Bears unusually long cornual and rostral processes[32]
Osteolepiformes indet. Unapplicable Osteolepiformes Cannot be placed within a genus[31]
Qingmenaspis[33] Q. microculus Galeaspida incertae sedis Bears similar unornamented regions to osteostracan “lateral fields”
Qingmenodus Q. yui Onychodontidae The first onychodont to preserve the otoccipital region of the skull[34]
Skull material (A-D) and life reconstruction (E)
Rhegmaspis R. xiphoidea Gantarostrataspidae (Galeaspida) Likely quite active as shown by its streamlined head shield[35]
Reconstruction of various galeaspids (Rhegmaspis at the top)
Sanqiaspis S. rostrata, S. zhaotongensis Sanqiaspididae (Galeaspida) Species also known from Vietnam[36]
Tungsenia T. paradoxa Tetrapodomorpha Most basal and earliest known tetrapodomorph[37]
Tungsenia reconstruction
Wenshanaspis W. zhichangensis[38] Zhaotongaspididae (Galeaspida)[39] Differentiated by its cornual processes
Yiminaspis Y. shenme Wuttagoonaspidae Suggests a Chinese origin of the family[40]
Yiminaspis reconstruction
Zhaotongaspis Z. janvieri Zhaotongaspididae (Galeaspida) Bears the highest quantity of branchial fossae known in agnathans[41]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Hao, Shou gang; Xue, Jin zhuang (2013). The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan: a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and early diversification of vascular plants. Beijing: Science press. ISBN 978-7-03-036616-0.
  2. ^ a b c Edwards, Dianne; Li, Cheng-Sen (November 2018). "Diversity in affinities of plants with lateral sporangia from the Lower Devonian of Sichuan Province, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 258: 98–111. Bibcode:2018RPaPa.258...98E. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.07.002.
  3. ^ Shougang, Hao; Beck, Charles B. (1 April 1991). "Catenalis digitata , gen. et sp.nov., a plant from the Lower Devonian (Siegenian) of Yunnan, China". Canadian Journal of Botany. 69 (4): 873–882. Bibcode:1991CaJB...69..873S. doi:10.1139/b91-113.
  4. ^ Hao, Shougang; Gensel, Patricia G. (1995). "A New Genus and Species, Celatheca beckii, from the Siegenian (Early Devonian) of Southeastern Yunnan, China" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 156 (6): 896–909. Bibcode:1995IJPlS.156..896H. doi:10.1086/297312. JSTOR 2475120.
  5. ^ Li, Cheng-Sen; Hueber, Francis M. (April 2000). "Cervicornus wenshanensis, gen. et sp. nov, a Pragian (Early Devonian) plant with forked leaves from Yunnan, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 109 (2): 113–119. Bibcode:2000RPaPa.109..113L. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(99)00046-9. PMID 10767437.
  6. ^ Wang, Yao; Xu, Hong-He; Wang, Yi (June 2020). "Morphology, nomenclature and potential paleophytogeographic implication of Demersatheca contigua (Zosterophyllopsida) from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan and Guangxi, southwestern China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 277: 104209. Bibcode:2020RPaPa.27704209W. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2020.104209.
  7. ^ Hao, Shou-Gang; Xue, Jin-Zhuang; Zhu, Xiao; Wang, De-Ming (February 2012). "A new genus of Early Devonian plants with novel strobilar structures and vegetative appendages from the Posongchong Formation of Yunnan, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 171: 73–82. Bibcode:2012RPaPa.171...73H. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2011.11.005.
  8. ^ Shou-Gang, Hao (January 1989). "A new zosterophyll from the Lower Denovian (Siegenian) of Yunnan, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 57 (3–4): 155–171. Bibcode:1989RPaPa..57..155S. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(89)90018-3.
  9. ^ Hao, Shou-Gang; Wang, De-Ming; Wang, Qi (October 2004). "A new species of Estinnophyton from the Lower Devonian Posongchong Formation, Yunnan, China; its phylogenetic and palaeophytogeographical significance". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 146 (2): 201–216. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00327.x.
  10. ^ Shou-gang, Hao (1988). "A New Lower Devonian Genus from Yunnan, with Notes on the Origin of Leaves". Acta Botanica Sinica. 30 (4).
  11. ^ Wang, De-Ming; Hao, Shou-Gang (October 2002). "Guangnania cuneata gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan Province, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 122 (1–2): 13–27. Bibcode:2002RPaPa.122...13W. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(02)00089-1.
  12. ^ Shou-gang, Hao (1989). "Gumuia zyzzata A New Plant from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China". Acta Botanica Sinica. 31 (12).
  13. ^ Li, Cheng-Sen; Edwards, D. (October 1997). "A new microphyllous plant from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan Province, China". American Journal of Botany. 84 (10): 1441–1448. Bibcode:1997AmJB...84.1441L. doi:10.2307/2446142. JSTOR 2446142. PMID 21708551.
  14. ^ a b Hao, Shougang; Gensel, Patricia G. (April 1998). "Some new plant finds from the Posongchong Formation of Yunnan, and consideration of a phytogeographic similarity between South China and Australia during the Early Devonian". Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 41 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:1998ScChD..41....1H. doi:10.1007/BF02932414.
  15. ^ Yang, Nan; Li, Cheng-Sen; Edwards, Dianne (December 2009). "Hueberia zhichangensis gen. et sp. nov, an early Devonian (Pragian) plant from Yunnan, China". Palynology. 33 (1): 113–124. doi:10.1080/01916122.2009.9989668.
  16. ^ Xue, Jin-Zhuang (1 March 2013). "New material of Hueberia zhichangensis Yang, Li & Edwards, a basal lycopsid from the Early Devonian of Yunnan, China". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 267 (3): 331–339. Bibcode:2013NJGPA.267..331X. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0318.
  17. ^ Bao-yin, Geng (1985). "Huia Recurvata --- A New Plant from Lower Devonian of Southeastern Yunnan China". Acta Botanica Sinica. 27 (4).
  18. ^ Xue, Jin-Zhuang; Hao, Shou-Gang; Zhu, Xiao; Wang, De-Ming (September 2012). "A new basal euphyllophyte, Pauthecophyton gen. nov., from the Lower Devonian (Pragian) of Yunnan, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 183: 9–20. Bibcode:2012RPaPa.183....9X. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.07.009.
  19. ^ Shou-gang, Hao; Gensel, Patricia G.; De-ming, Wang (August 2001). "Polythecophyton demissum, gen. et sp. nov., a new plant from the Lower Devonian (Pragian) of Yunnan, China and its phytogeographic significance". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 116 (1–2): 55–71. Bibcode:2001RPaPa.116...55S. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(01)00062-8.
  20. ^ Hao, Shougang; Xue, Jinzhuang (August 2011). "A New Zosterophyll Plant, Ramoferis gen. nov., from the Posongchong Formation of Lower Devonian (Pragian) of Southeastern Yunnan, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 85 (4): 765–776. Bibcode:2011AcGlS..85..765H. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00482.x.
  21. ^ Guo, Cai-Qing; Edwards, Dianne; Wu, Peng-Cheng; Duckett, Jeffrey G.; Hueber, Francis M.; Li, Cheng-Sen (June 2012). "Riccardiothallus devonicus gen. et sp. nov., the earliest simple thalloid liverwort from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 176–177: 35–40. Bibcode:2012RPaPa.176...35G. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.03.012.
  22. ^ Bao-yin, Geng (1983). "Stachyophyton gen. Nov. Discovers from Lower Devonian of Yunnan and Its Significance". Acta Botanica Sinica. 25 (6).
  23. ^ Zhu, Wei-Qing; Kenrick, Paul (April 1999). "A Zosterophyllum-like plant from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan Province, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 105 (1–2): 111–118. Bibcode:1999RPaPa.105..111Z. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(98)00070-0.
  24. ^ Shou-Gang, Hao; Beck, Charles B. (July 1991). "Yunia dichotoma, a lower devonian plant from Yunnan, China". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 68 (3–4): 181–195. Bibcode:1991RPaPa..68..181S. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90022-U. hdl:2027.42/29227.
  25. ^ Shougang, Hao; Deming, Wang; Qi, Wang; Jinzhuang, Xue (February 2006). "A New Lycopsid, Zhenglia radiata gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Devonian Posongchong Formation of Southeastern Yunnan, China, and Its Evolutionary Significance". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 80 (1): 11–19. Bibcode:2006AcGlS..80...11H. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00789.x.
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  27. ^ Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo; Lu, Jing; Qiao, Tuo; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liantao (10 April 2012). "Earliest known coelacanth skull extends the range of anatomically modern coelacanths to the Early Devonian". Nature Communications. 3 (1): 772. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3..772Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms1764. PMID 22491320.
  28. ^ a b Junqing, Wang; Nianzhong, Wang (1992). "EARLY DEVONIAN GALEASPID AGNATHA FROM SOUTHEAST OF YUNNAN, CHINA". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 30 (3).
  29. ^ Yuhai, Liu (1973). "川滇泥盆纪的多鳃鱼和大瓣鱼化石" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (in Mandarin). 11 (2): 132–143.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  32. ^ Wang, Junqing; Gai, Zhikun; Zhu, Min (2005). "A NEW SPECIES OF MACROTHYRASPIS (GALEASPIDA, AGNATHA) FROM WENSHAN, YUNNAN, CHINA". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 43 (4).
  33. ^ Jiang, Pan; Shitao, Wang (1981). "New discoveries of polybranchiaspids from Yunnan province, China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 19 (2).
  34. ^ Lu, Jing; Zhu, Min (22 January 2010). "An onychodont fish (Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii) from the Early Devonian of China, and the evolution of the Onychodontiformes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1679): 293–299. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0708. PMC 2842670. PMID 19515665.
  35. ^ Gai, Zhi-Kun; Zhu, Min; Jia, Lian-Tao; Zhao, Wen-Jin (2015). "A streamlined jawless fish (Galeapida)[sic] from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China and its taxonomic and paleoecological implications". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 53 (2).
  36. ^ Gai, Zhi-Kun; Jiang, Wen-Yu; Zhao, Wen-Jin; Li, Qiang; Shi, Xiao-Dong; Zhu, Min (March 2022). "Redescription of the Sanqiaspidae (Galeaspida) from the Lower Devonian of South China and its biostratigraphic significance". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 102 (1): 173–191. Bibcode:2022PdPe..102..173G. doi:10.1007/s12549-021-00486-z.
  37. ^ Lu, Jing; Zhu, Min; Long, John A.; Zhao, Wenjin; Senden, Tim J.; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo (23 October 2012). "The earliest known stem-tetrapod from the Lower Devonian of China". Nature Communications. 3 (1): 1160. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3.1160L. doi:10.1038/ncomms2170. PMID 23093197.
  38. ^ Zhao, Wenjin; Zhu, Min; Jia, Liantao (2002). "New discovery of galeaspids from Early Devonian of Wenshan, southeastern Yunnan, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 40 (2): 97–113.
  39. ^ Zhu, Min; Gai, Zhikun (April 2007). "Phylogenetic relationships of galeaspids (Agnatha)". Frontiers of Biology in China. 2 (2): 151–169. doi:10.1007/s11515-007-0022-6.
  40. ^ Dupret, Vincent (2008). "A New Wuttagoonaspid (Placodermi, Arthrodira) from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan (South China): Origin, Dispersal, and Paleobiogeographic Significance" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (1): 12–20. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[12:ANWPAF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 30126329.
  41. ^ Jiuqing, Wang; Min, Zhu (1994). "ZHAOTONGASPIS JANVIERI GEN. ET SP. NOV., A GALEASPID FROM EARLY DEVONIAN OF ZHAOTONG， NORTHEASTERN YUNNAN". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 32 (4).
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