Partisan conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_(22_November_2015).gif){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Partisan conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam were a period of political violence in Vietnam that lasted from the 1945 until the 1949 when the August Revolution successfully, Viet Minh start suppressed nationalist and religious factions.
Background
[edit]Before 1945, the Indochinese Communist Party and other nationalist parties, although ideologically different, shared a common educational background, often cooperated, and were sometimes related by blood or marriage. From 1924 to 1927, in southern China, diverse anti-French colonial Vietnamese groups interacted with each other, as well as with Chinese, Korean, and other groups. From 1941 to 1944 in southern China, the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (Viet Quoc) and the Vietnam Revolutionary League (Viet Cach) joined Viet Minh against the Japanese, sometimes denouncing each other to the Chinese, but did not kidnap or assassinate each other. It was the competition for membership, aid and patronage from the Chinese, rather than ideological differences, that led to increased tensions between the exiled organizations.
The Indochinese Communist Party also cooperated with the Trotskyists in Cochinchina from 1933 to 1937.[1] But in 1945, the Viet Minh had carried out assassinations of Trotskyist leaders.
After the end of World War II, the Empire of Japan surrendered and the Allied Powers made the decision to divide Indochina in half—at the 16th parallel—to allow Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek to receive the Japanese surrender in the North, while Lord Louis Mountbatten would receive the surrender in the South.
Conflicts
[edit]Viet Quoc
[edit]After the Viet Minh seized Hanoi on August 19, 1945, Le Khang led a group of Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng from Hanoi to Vĩnh Yên on the Lào Cai – Hanoi railway. On August 29, 1945, thousands of Viet Minh supporters from three neighboring districts approached the VNQDĐ base in Vinh Yen and called on them to join the parade through the town. But Viet Quoc refused, they shot VNQDĐ members. VNQDĐ returned, killed and captured about 150 people.[2]
On September 18, 1945, Hoàng Văn Đức, leader of the Democratic Party of Vietnam, and representatives of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam government from Hanoi came to Vinh Yen to negotiate. The negotiations failed, Lê Khang attacked Phúc Yên but unsuccessful. Government forces launched a counter-offensive in Vinh Yen but failed to capture the town. After that, both sides ceased fire for several months. The Nationalists did not compete with the Viet Minh for influence in the countryside, except for occupying Tam Long farm in Vinh Yen. In early December 1945, the Viet Minh attacked Tam Long but were repelled.[3]
In June 1946, when the Chinese forces withdrew to Yunnan, the Viet Minh militia isolated the towns controlled by Viet Quoc. On June 18, 1946, the Viet Minh attacked Phú Thọ and Việt Trì. The Vietnamese National Revolutionary Army in Phu Tho withdrew after 4 days.
In June 1946, in Hanoi, members of the Viet Quoc met to discuss whether to acknowledge the leadership of the Viet Minh, retreat to the border, or organize a coup to overthrow the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Meanwhile, Trương Tử Anh, the leader of the Vietnam Nationalist Front, an ally of the Viet Quoc, was planning a coup that could begin with attacks on French soldiers to cause chaos. The French also intended to parade around Hoàn Kiếm Lake to celebrate Bastille Day (July 14, 1789), causing the security forces of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to worry that this event could become a target of parties opposing the Viet Minh.
On the night of July 11, the Northern Public Security force received information that the Viet Quoc force had finished printing leaflets and appeals, some of which had been sent to the provinces. Early in the morning of July 12, the Viet Quoc headquarters in Hanoi would withdraw into secrecy to carry out the final stage of a coup to overthrow the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Ho Chi Minh assigned Võ Nguyên Giáp and Tran Quoc Hoan, who later became Minister of Public Security, the task of neutralizing demonstrations organized by the Vietnam Nationalist Party and the Vietnam Revolutionary Alliance to end the propaganda activities of these parties among the people. Vo Nguyen Giap said: "We had to punish the saboteurs... But at all costs we had to avoid provocation and ensure that no major conflicts occurred". After the "Ôn Như Hầu case", the coup attempt failed. Trương Tử Anh arrested and executed,[4] Nhất Linh, Vũ Hồng Khanh, and Nguyễn Hải Thần fled to China.
Dissolution of Đại Việt Populist Revolutionary Party
[edit]In 1946, DVPRP members was attacked by the government in Hanoi. DVPRP leader Ly Dong A had to leave Hanoi to Ninh Binh province. Ly Dong A was again pursued and had to flee to Hoà Bình province and to the Diem area. Many members in other places who were persecuted also fled to Hoa Binh. In 1947, Việt Minh forces in Hoà Bình had killed Lý Đông A, DVPRP dissolve.
Cochinchina
[edit]The Hòa Hảo's alliance with the Việt Minh was short-lived and the NUF dissolved in July 1946, while Sổ became estranged from his military leaders.[5] It was immediately evident that the Hòa Hảo's demands for religious autonomy and political sovereignty were irreconcilable with Việt Minh ambitions. Soon after, Sổ was preaching with growing zeal against the Việt Minh, whom he saw as posing an even greater threat to the religious movement than the French. The conflict with the Việt Minh devolved into a holy war. Sổ preached that every Hòa Hảo who killed ten Việt Minh would have a direct path to heaven.[6] The Communists attacked the Hòa Hảo positions between 23 March and 6 April 1947, forcing the Hòa Hảo military to retreat to Long Xuyên.[7] On 18 April 1947,[8][9] Sổ was invited to a Việt Minh stronghold in the Plain of Reeds for a conciliation meeting. He refused the Communists' demands and made for home, but he was halted while sailing through Long Xuyên on the Đốc Vàng Hạ River, most of his company was slain, and he was arrested[7] by the southern Việt Minh leader Nguyễn Bình. Sổ was killed, and to prevent the Hoahaoists from recovering his remains and erecting a martyr's shrine, the Việt Minh quartered Sổ's body and scattered his remains across the country;[10][11] his remains were never found.[12] Another sect is Caodaism also were active in political and military struggles against both French colonial forces and communist Việt Minh.
Élysée Accords
[edit]After the On Nhu Hau case, political and religious opposition sections the moved into exile.
When the French proposed the "Bao Dai Solution" for Vietnam, nationalist political organizations has supported Bao Dai's return to power. In 8 July 1949, Élysée Accords signed, gave the State of Vietnam greater independence from France within the French Union.[13]
Aftermath
[edit]In de facto, the Viet Minh has completely force the nationalist moved into-exile. With successful of On Nhu Hau case, the coup attempt of DVQDD failed, many organizations disbanded and dissolved.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ David G. Marr, Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946), page 405 - 406, California: University of California Press, 2013.
- ^ David G. Marr, Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946), page 414, California: University of California Press, 2013.
- ^ David G. Marr, Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946), page 414-415, California: University of California Press, 2013.
- ^ Penniman, Howard R. Elections in South Vietnam. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1972, tr. 166.
- ^ Elliott 2003, p. 73.
- ^ Haseman 1976, p. 378.
- ^ a b Tai 2013, pp. 143–144.
- ^ Bourdeaux 2018, p. 588.
- ^ Kiernan 2017, p. 386.
- ^ Moyar 2009, p. 21.
- ^ Fall 1955, p. 247.
- ^ Buttinger 1967, pp. 409–411.
- ^ Duiker, William (1994-07-01). U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-6581-7.