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Parliamentary republics with an executive president

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A parliamentary republic with an executive president, is a form of parliamentary democracy where the head of state is also the head of government (chief executive) at the same time and derives his democratic legitimacy from his ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of the legislature, to which he is held accountable. This is in contrast to a presidential system, which features a president who is not fully accountable to the legislature, and cannot be replaced by a simple majority vote. In contrast to other parliamentary systems where the head of government is, distinct from a head of state (bikephality), this system is characterized by a combined head of state and head of government (monokephality) in the form of an executive president who is usually (but not always) elected by the legislature. Under both systems, they must maintain the confidence of the legislature to remain in office. In effect, "presidents" in this system function the same as prime ministers do in other parliamentary systems, but also possess powers traditionally exerted by a head of state e.g. signing and promulgating laws passed by the respective parliaments, granting pardons etc.

National level

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Jurisdiction Title Election Removal Term limits Position in cabinet Power to shape cabinet Promulgation of laws Granting pardons Emergency / War Other provisions
 Botswana President The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat (ex-officio) If a vote of no confidence is successful and he does not resign, it triggers the dissolution of the legislature and new elections are called (section 92 of the Constitution). ? ? ? ? ? ?
 Guyana President The president and the legislature are elected directly by the people via double simultaneous vote The president is constitutionally obligated to dissolve parliament after a successful no-confidence motion against the government ((article 106(6)) and new elections are called within 3 months (article 61)).[1] ? ? ? ? ? ?
 Kiribati President The president is elected by plurality voting after candidates for the presidency are nominated by the newly elected legislature If a vote of no confidence against the president is successful, he is removed from office and the legislature stands dissolved (triggering a new election for it) in the interim a body known as the "Council of State" (comprising the chief justice, the president of the public service commission and speaker of the legislature) fulfills the functions of the presidency.[2] ? ? ? ? ? ?
 Marshall Islands President[3] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
 Nauru President[4] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
 South Africa President[5] The president is elected by the National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, from among its members. The president may be removed either by a motion of no-confidence or an impeachment trial. 2 terms (10 years in total) ? ? Yes ? Yes (see section 37 of constitution) The president is required to be a member of the National Assembly at the time of the election. Upon election, the president immediately resigns their seat for the duration of the presidential term.
 Suriname President ? According to constitution of Suriname the parliament is the highest college of state and the government is accountable it (Constitution Chapter XIII, Art. 117, paragraph 2). The parliament can also remove the president by majority vote (article 74a, 82 of the constitution).[6] ? ? ? ? ? ?


Sub-national level

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 Austria Title Election Removal Term limits Position in cabinet Power to shape cabinet Promulgation of laws Granting pardons Emergency / War Other provisions
 Burgenland Landeshauptmann
 Carinthia Landeshauptmann
 Lower Austria Landeshauptmann
 Salzburg Landeshauptmann
 Styria Landeshauptmann
 Tyrol Landeshauptmann
 Upper Austria Landeshauptmann
 Vienna Bürgermeister
 Vorarlberg Landeshauptmann


 Germany Title Election Removal Term limits Position in cabinet Power to shape cabinet Promulgation of laws Granting pardons Emergency / War Other provisions
 Baden-Württemberg[7] Minister-president Majority of members of parliament Constructive vote of no confidence No guideline competence limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval, the state parliament may recall individual cabinet ministers with a two-thirds majority) Yes
 Bavaria[8] Minister-president Simple majority of members of parliament None, but if the Minister-president does not resign although he has lost the confidence of parliament, he can be indicted before the state constitutional court No guideline competence limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval) Yes Yes
 Berlin[9] Governing Mayor Simple majority of members of parliament Vote of no confidence (if the state parliament does not elect a new Governing Mayor within 21 days, the former officeholder is reinvested automatically) No guideline competence full No (whole cabinet)
 Brandenburg[10] Minister-President Majority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot) Constructive vote of no confidence No guideline competence full Yes
 Bremen[11] President of the Senate Simple majority of members of parliament Constructive vote of no confidence No ceremonial precedence none (the parliament elects and dismisses all cabinet members) No (whole cabinet) may not be a member of the state parliament
 Hamburg[12] First Mayor Majority of members of parliament Constructive vote of no confidence No guideline competence limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval) No (whole cabinet) may not be a member of the state parliament
 Hesse[13] Minister-president Majority of members of parliament Vote of no confidence No guideline competence limited (dismissal of cabinet members subject to parliamentary approval) Yes members of noble houses, which have reigned in Germany before 1918, are ineligible for office
 Lower Saxony[14] Minister-president Majority of members of parliament or plurality, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 21 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon Constructive vote of no confidence No guideline competence limited (cabinet appointments subject to parliamentary approval) Yes
 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern[15] Minister-president Majority of members of parliament or plurality, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 28 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon Constructive vote of no confidence No guideline competence full Yes
 North Rhine-Westphalia[16] Minister-President Majority of members of parliament (first ballot), simple majority (second and third ballot), runoff (fourth ballot) Constructive vote of no confidence No guideline competence full Yes has to be a member of the state parliament
 Rhineland-Palatinate[17] Minister-president Majority of members of parliament Vote of no confidence No guideline competence full Yes
 Saarland[18] Minister-president Majority of members of parliament Vote of no confidence No guideline competence limited (cabinet appointments and dismissals subject to parliamentary approval) No (whole cabinet)
 Saxony[19] Minister-president Majority of members of parliament (first ballot), simple majority (following ballots) Constructive vote of no confidence No guideline competence full Together with president of parliament Yes
 Saxony-Anhalt[20] Minister-president Majority of members of parliament or simple majority, if the state parliament does not elect a minister-president in 14 days and does not dissolve itself thereupon Constructive vote of no confidence No guideline competence full Yes
 Schleswig-Holstein[21] Minister-president Majority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot) Constructive vote of no confidence No guideline competence full Yes
 Thuringia[22] Minister-president Majority of members of parliament (first and second ballot), plurality (third ballot) Constructive vote of no confidence No guideline competence full Yes

References

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  1. ^ Constitution (2012). "CONSTITUTION OF THE CO-OPERATIVE REPUBLIC OF GUYANA ACT" (PDF). Parliament of Guyana.
  2. ^ "Kiribati's Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1995" (PDF). www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  3. ^ "Marshall Islands 1979 (rev. 1995)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  4. ^ "Nauru 1968 (rev. 2015)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  5. ^ "South Africa's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2012" (PDF). www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  6. ^ "Grondwet Suriname 1987 (Suriname 1987 Constitution)". www.dna.sr. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
  7. ^ "Verfassung des Landes Baden-Württemberg vom 11. November 1953 (GBl. S. 173)" (PDF). Lpb-bw.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  8. ^ "Bayerische Verfassung" (PDF). Uni-augsburg.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  9. ^ "Verfassung von Berlin Vom 23. November 1995" (PDF). Datenschutz.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  10. ^ "Verfassung des Landes Brandenburg". Bravors.brandenburg.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  11. ^ "Landesverfassung der Freien Hansestadt Bremen" (PDF). Bremische-buergerschaft.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  12. ^ "Landesrecht - Justiz - Portal Hamburg". Landesrecht-hamburg.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  13. ^ "Verfassung des Landes Hessen" (PDF). Starweb.hessen.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  14. ^ "VORIS Artikel 29 Verf ND - Landesnorm Niedersachsen - - Regierungsbildung - Niedersächsische Verfassung vom 19. Mai 1993 - gültig ab: 01.06.1993". Nds-voris.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  15. ^ "Verfassung Des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" (PDF). Landtag-mv.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  16. ^ "Verfssung der North Rhine-Westphalia" (PDF). Krefeld.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  17. ^ "Verfassung für Rheinland-Pfalz" (PDF). Rlp.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  18. ^ "Verfassung des Saarlandes (SVerf) vom 15. Dezember 1947 zuletzt geändert durch das Gesetz vom 13. Juli 2016 (Amtsbl. I S. 178)" (PDF). Landtag-saar.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  19. ^ "REVOSax Landesrecht Sachsen : Verfassung". Revosax.sachsen.de. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  20. ^ "Landesrecht Sachsen-Anhalt Verf ST - Landesnorm Sachsen-Anhalt - Gesamtausgabe - Verfassung des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt vom 16. Juli 1992 - gültig ab: 18.07.1992". Landesrecht.sachsen-anhalt.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  21. ^ "Gesetze-Rechtsprechung Schleswig-Holstein Verf SH 2014 - Landesnorm Schleswig-Holstein - Gesamtausgabe - Verfassung des Landes Schleswig-Holstein in der Fassung vom 2. Dezember 2014 - gültig ab: 11.12.2014". Gesetze-rechtsprechung.sh.juris.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  22. ^ "Landesrecht TH Verf TH - Landesnorm Thüringen - Gesamtausgabe - Verfassung des Freistaats Thüringen vom 25. Oktober 1993 - gültig ab: 30.10.1993". Landtag.thueringen.de. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
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