Panaeolus papilionaceus
| Panaeolus papilionaceus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Bolbitiaceae |
| Genus: | Panaeolus |
| Species: | P. papilionaceus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Panaeolus papilionaceus | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Agaricus calosus | |
Panaeolus papilionaceus | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnexed |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is black |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is inedible |
Panaeolus papilionaceus,[a] commonly known as Petticoat mottlegill, is a very common and widely distributed small brown mushroom that feeds on dung.
This mushroom is the type species for the genus Panaeolus.
Description
[edit]The cap is 1–5 centimetres (1⁄2–2 in) across, obtusely conic then becoming campanulate, and grayish brown.[1] It is not hygrophanous and the margin is adorned with white toothlike partial veil fragments when young or towards the edge.[1] The flesh is thin.[2]
The gills are adnate to adnexed, close to crowded,[2] one or two tiers of intermediate gills, pale gray, acquiring a mottled, blackish appearance in age, with whitish edges. The spore print is black.[2]
The stipe is 6–12 cm by 2–4 mm, gray-brown to reddish brown, darker where handled, paler toward the apex, brittle,[1] fibrous, and pruinose.
The odor is mild and the taste unappetizing.
Microscopic features
[edit]The spores are 12–18 x 7–10 μm, elliptical, smooth, with an apical pore.
Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clavate. Cheilocystidia abundant; subcylindric, often subcapitate or capitate.
Similar species
[edit]There are numerous lookalike species.[3]
Habitat and formation
[edit]Occurring singly, gregariously, or caespitosely on cow/horse dung, moose droppings, and in pastures. Widely distributed in North America throughout the year, but only in warmer climates in winter. It can be found in countries including[4] Canada (Alberta,[5] British Columbia), the United States (Alabama, Alaska, California,[5] Colorado, Florida, Georgia,[5] Indiana,[5] Louisiana,[5] Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana,[5] New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Texas,[5] Washington),[5] the Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, San Vincent Island), Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, France, The Netherlands, Greece, Mexico,[5] Norway, Slovenia,[5] South Africa, Uganda, China, Iran, Lithuania, Kuwait, and the Philippines.
Edibility
[edit]Panaeolus papilionaceus is inedible[6] and is not substantial. While similar-looking species, such as Psilocybe mexicana, contain psilocybin, P. papilionaceus does not.[7]
Gallery
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P. papilionaceus var. papilionaceus -
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See also
[edit]
References
[edit]Footnotes
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
- ^ a b c Arora, David (1986) [1979]. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. pp. 356–57. ISBN 978-0-89815-170-1.
- ^ Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 614. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ Worldwide Distribution of Neurotropic Fungi, Guzman (www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Panaeolus papilionaceus The Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)]
- ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Allen, John W. (2013). Ethnomycological Journals: Sacred Mushroom Studies Volume IX. Santa Cruz, California and Seattle, Washington, respectively: MAPS and Exotic Furays. pp. 130–175. ISBN 978-158-214-396-5.