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Paleobiota of the Posidonia Shale

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18x6 m fossilized floating wood (Agathoxylon), with Crinoids attached (Pentacrinites & Seirocrinus). It is one of the most emblematic fossils of the formation, where the anoxic seas of the lower toarcian lead to an exquisite preservation.
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The Sachrang Formation or "Posidonienschiefer" Formation (common name the "Posidonia Shale") is a geological formation of southwestern Germany, northern Switzerland, northwestern Austria, southeast Luxembourg and the Netherlands, that spans about 3 million years during the Early Jurassic period (early Toarcian stage). It is known for its detailed fossils, especially marine biota, listed below.[1] Composed mostly of black shale, the formation is a Lagerstätte, where fossils show exceptional preservation (including exquisite soft tissues), with a thickness that varies from about 1 m to about 40 m on the Rhine level, being on the main quarry at Holzmaden between 5 and 14 m.[1] Some of the preserved material has been transformed into the fossil hydrocarbon jet which, especially jet derived from wood remains, is used for jewelry.[2] The exceptional preservation seen in the Posidonia Shale has been studied since the late 1800s, finding that a cocktail of chemical and environmental factors led to such an impressive preservation of the marine fauna.[2] The most common theory is that changes in the oxygen level, where the different anoxic events of the Toarcian left oxygen-depleted bottom waters, stopped scavengers from consuming the dead bodies.[3]

Biological interactions

[edit]
Seirocrinus subsingularis stems over a branch
  • The "Monotis"-Dactylioceras bed shows an accumulation of the bivalves Meleagrinella substriata and the ammonite Dactylioceras, that were the most abundant representatives of its group on the Altdorf region, and were probably washed to near epicontinental waters by a rapid event, or as result of a large succession of events.[4] This assemblage has been compared with modern Brazilian coastal mangroves and also linked to tsunami events.[5]
Hybodus hauffianus with skin and Belemnnite traces
  • Several empty ammonite shells from Holzmaden have been found with associated decapods inside.[6] This includes a possible member of the genus Paleastacus inside a chamber of a Harpoceras.[6] This decapod is related to the family Erymidae, which are considered to be possible bottom-dweller carnivores or carrion feeders.[6] The associated fossil has several spherical structures that had been interpreted as decapod coprolites, implying that the animal lived for a long period within the shell.[6] More recent studies had recovered new data about the inquilinism of decapods inside ammonites, this time, however, recovering three eryonoids together within a body chamber.[7] The eryonoids most likely used the ammonoid as some kind of shelter, possibly due to the shell being an ideal location to molt, protection against predators, a source of food or that the shell was used as a long-term shelter.[7] One key aspect found was that the muddy bottom was not suitable for burrowing, implying that the decapods inhabited a different shelter due to being unable to make their own.[7] Other biota are found related to the decayed ammonite shells, such as serpulid annelids and bivalves, creating what was denominated as "benthic islands".[6]
  • Beyond trace fossils, several vertebrate specimens show associations with crustacean exoskeletal remains such as GPIT-PV-31586 and SMNS 58389 (Pachycormus macropterus) with necrophagous interaction as well SMNS 55934 (Stenopterygius quadriscissus) or SMNS 95401 (Metopacanthus sp.).[8]
  • The genus Clarkeiteuthis and its predatory behaviour, found associated with fishes of the genus Leptolepis.[9] Based on the position of prey and predator, it was suggested that the cephalopods caught and killed the fishes while the schools were still in well-oxygenated waters and then descended into oxygen-depleted water layers where the cephalopod suffocated and died attached to its prey.[9] The cephalopods’ arms were contracted over the fish, likely killing it quickly by cutting its spine.[9]
  • Several Geotheutis have been reported with eumelanin preserved along with their ink sacs.[10]
  • A specimen of Jeletzkyteuthis found in Ohmden has appeared predating a Parabelopeltis. The association of these 2 genera shows the predatory behaviour of this group when its members lived in epicontinental seas, which is rather different than extant Vampyromorphs.[11]
  • A pabulite (fossilized meal which never entered the digestive tract) was recovered from Holzmaden, being composed of an associated Passaloteuthis laevigata with its arms embracing an exuvia of a crustacean.[12] The belemnnite itself can be seen as the remnant of a failed predation attempt from a Hybodus, corroborating a possible tropic chain.[12]
Stenopterygius quadriscissus, mother with embryo
  • One of the most complex organism interactions on the Posidonia Shale were the crinoid megarafts that grouped a wide variety of animals, creating large floating ecosystems.[13] The largest megaraft found measured 18 metres (59 ft), and is based on an Agathoxylon trunk, where different animals were attached.[13] The first attached animals would have been the growing community of oysters, bivalves and crinoids, that would add a small weight to the raft (about 800 kilograms (1,800 lb)).[13] The presence of these megarafts were in part possible due to the absence of marine wood worms which destroy tree logs in less than 3 years along with the absence of modern raft wood predators (that appeared on the Bathonian). These rafts could last up to 5 years, which is the main reason the crinoids attached were able to reach huge sizes.[13] These rafts were likely also essential to distribute animals along sea basins.[13] Seirocrinus & Pentacrinites were some of the main crinoid colonizers of the floating rafts.[14] Seirocrinus is the main representative of the pelagic crinoids, being among the longest animals known, reaching 26 m long in the largest documented specimen.[14] The ecology of the genus is widely known, with it being known that the smallest stems were among the first animals to colonize the rafts, with at least 2 generations of crinoids found per raft, where the hydrodynamic changes of the log influenced the settlement of the crinoids.[14] It is believed that Seirocrinus underwent seasonal reproduction linked to monsoonal conditions that sent new logs to the sea.[14] The large crinoids would have feed on pelagic micronutrients, and after the log fell to the bottom, all of the colony would have died.[14]
  • Thoracic barnacles of the genus Toarcolepas became the oldest epiplanktonic barnacle known in the fossil record, probably motivated by the appearance of the giant crinoid rafts. It has been found in situ associated with fossil wood.[15]
Fossil of Clarkeiteuthis preying on Leptolepis
  • The shark Hybodus includes specimens with gastric contents full of belemnnite fragments.[16] This implies active predatory behaviour by the genus towards several kinds of belemnnites, such as Youngibelus.[16]
  • A speiballen (a regurgitated mass composed of indigestible stomach contents) had been found in the Holzmaden quarry.[17] The speiballen measures 285 mm in length with a diameter of 160 mm, and consists of 4 members of the genus Dapedium (Dapediidae) and a jaw identified as Lepidotes (Semionotidae).[17] The maker of this speiballen has been suggested to be a shark like Hybodus, an actinopterygian or a marine reptile.[17]
  • A specimen of Pachycormus has been found with stomach contents that include hooks similar to the ones found on genera like Clarkeiteuthis.[18]
  • Another specimen of Pachycormus macropterus preserves an ammonite inside its gut, likely swallowed by accident and directly responsible for the fish’s death.[19]
  • SMNS 51144 (Saurostomus esocinus) was found with Chondrites sp. burrows in the abdominal cavity, what indicates a possible opportunistic scavenger. Other Chondrites sp. includes SMNS 17500 and MHH 1981/25 (Stenopterygius uniter) that either suggest the ichthyosaurs were preserved immediately below one such bioturbation horizon or scavenger association.[8]
  • The known specimens of Toarcocephalus are evidence of successful predation events, as the head of one was isolated, likely as product of a decapitation, with another preserved within a regurgitated mass.[20]
  • One of the most emblematic finds of the formation is that of a mother Stenopterygius giving birth to live young. While specimens have been found with embryos, the bones of these embryos are scattered partly beyond the body limits of the mother.[21] There have been various theories about this scenario: either the bones of embryos had been deposited before the body of the adult went to the sea floor, or in the ichthyosaurs’ last moments where it sank to the bottom and may have given untimely birth to some of the foetuses, and finally another option follows post mortem hydrostatic pressure being too high to be prevented by the body, exploding or expelling its embryos.[22]
  • The specimen SMNS 53363 (Eurhinosaurus?) from Aichelberg was found with two encrusted large oysters (Liostrea) on the right pterygoid, considered to be part of a reef stage over bones.[8]
  • SMNS 80234 (Stenopterygius quadriscissus) represents another female with embryos, yet also shows ribs broken perimortem that may represent either intraspecific aggression or a predation attempt. This specimen has several taxa associated: ammonite aptychi, two ophiuroids (Sinosura brodiei) and a articulated echinoid (Diademopsis crinifera) indicate a short-lived deadfall community.[8]
  • SMNS 81841 (Stenopterygius quadriscissus) represents one of the clearest examples of deadfall communities described in the formation: the skeleton is associated with serpulids surrounded by a mass of disarticulated ophiuroid remains, indeterminate echinoid tests, an isolated crinoid ossicle, the byssate bivalve Oxytoma inaequivalvis, the pectinid Propeamussium pumilus, Eopecten strionatis, Plagiostoma sp., Meleagrinella sp., "Cucullaea" muensteri, with the genera Parainoceramya dubia and Liostrea associated with the carcass.[23] As many of these bivalves show overgrowth the community likely persisted for some time.[23] Fossil traces of Gastrochaenolites isp. attributed to mechanical bivalve borers are abundant implicating prolonged exposure of the skeleton on the seafloor.[23]
  • SMNS 81719 (Stenopterygius uniter) includes Liostrea, Propeamussium pumilus, Plagiostoma sp. and Parainoceramya dubia, with other invertebrates found (?) not being part of the deadfall community, such as several ammonites and Parainoceramya valves, being stratigraphically below the specimen.[8] This specimen includes also traces of scavenging activity, possibly by crustaceans.[8]
  • SMNS 80113, (Stenopterygius triscissus) was found populated by Parainoceramya, a specimen of Eopecten strionatis and an unexpected specimen of the small infaunal lucinid Mesomiltha pumila, equivocal evidence for the sulfophilic stage.[8]
  • Local ichthyosaur soft tissues include skin enough well preserved to infer coloration and appearance on the living animal, as well evidence for homeothermy and crypsis.[24]
  • Gut contents of the local pterosaurs are known: Campylognathoides preserves hooks of the coleoid Clarkeiteuthis (therefore being the one of the few teuthophagous pterosaurs), while Dorygnathus preserves remains of Leptolepis.[25]

Microbial activity

[edit]

Non-fenestrate stromatolite crusts formed in aphotic deep-water environments during intervals of very low sedimentation are recovered in places such as Teufelsgraben, Hetzles.[26] The stromatolites of this region have evidence of live on a deeper shelf environment with a quietwater deposit which suffered repeated phases of stagnant bottom waters, where a depth water habitat developed, probably at more than 100 meters depth.[26] There is a thin, southern widespread stromatolite crust on the top of the Sachrang Formation, called "Wittelshofener Bank", that has made researchers rethink the depth of the major southern basin of the formation, where the absence of phototrophic calcareous benthic organisms (probably due to the lack of light) shows the depth of the basin.[26] On the "Wittelshofener Bank" there is also the only occurrence of ooids, presumably formed in the same deep-water environment.[26]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Frutexites[26]

  • F. arboriformis
  • Teufelsgraben, Hetzles

Possible traces of Microbial Activity

Probably related with archaeal activity.[26] Although Frutexites is a cryptic microfossil and an important element of many deep water stromatolites, with an inorganic origin proposed it was interpreted as dendritic shrubs of purely inorganic growth of aragonitic crystals, but it also resembles shrubs of the cyanobacteria Angulocellularia.[26] In the Posidonia Shale a cryptoendopelitic mode of life is assumed, being only possible for heterotrophic bacteria or fungi.[26] As seen in the stromatolites of the Posidonia Shale, Frutexites acted mainly as a dweller or secondary binder of the deep-water stromatolites, not as their major constructor.[26]

Cyanobacteria

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes

Girvanella[27]

  • G. minuta
  • G. staminea
  • G. tucci
  • G. spp.
  • Chalhac
  • Reutlingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Aselfingen
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Crypt laminites

A cyanobacteria, member of the family Oscillatoriales. Girvanella is almost rock-forming in the lower and upper levels, and is very common, but can only rarely be detected in the bituminous clay marl slate due to preservation reasons.[27]

Rhizaria

[edit]

Foraminifera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Ammodiscus[28]

  • A. siliceus
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, type member of the family Ammodiscinae inside Ammodiscina.

Annulina[28]

  • A. metemis
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Psammosphaerinae inside the family Psammosphaeridae.

Astacolus[27][28]

  • A. bochardi
  • A. primus
  • A. varians
  • A. matutina
  • Buttenheim
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).

Drawing of an Astacolus shell

Citharina[28]

  • C. gradata
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).

Cornuspira[27]

  • C. involvens
  • Buttenheim

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, type member of Cornuspiridae inside the family Cornuspirida (Lagenina). Round-spiral shell morphology

Cyclogyra[28]

  • C. orbicula
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of the family Cornuspirinae inside Cornuspiridae.

Dentalina[27][29][28]

  • D. terquiemi
  • D. matutina
  • D. vetusta
  • D. subulata
  • D. integra
  • D. sp.
  • Buttenheim
  • Unterstürmig
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Nodosariidae inside the family Nodosariacea (Lagenina).

Flabellinella[27]

  • F. sp.
  • Buttenheim

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).

Frondicularia[28]

  • F. major
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, type member of Frondiculariinae inside the family Nodosariidae (Lagenina).

Glomospira[28]

  • G. variabilis
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of the family Usbekistaniinae inside Ammodiscidae.

Ichthyolaria[27]

  • I. squamosa
  • I. sp.
  • Buttenheim

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, type member of Ichthyolariidae inside the family Lagenina.

Involutina[28]

  • I. liassica
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of the family Involutinidae inside Involutinae.

Lenticulina[27][28][29]

  • L. acutiangulata
  • L. gottingensis
  • L. subalata
  • L. gottingensis
  • L. polygonata
  • L. sp.
  • Buttenheim
  • Unterstürmig
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).

Lingulina[29][28]

  • L. pupa
  • L. tenera
  • Unterstürmig
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, type member of Lingulininae inside the family Nodosariidae (Lagenina).

Marginulina[29][28]

  • M. oolithica
  • M. prima
  • Unterstürmig
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Marginulininae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).

Nodosaria[28]

  • N. apheilolocula
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Nodosariidae inside the family Nodosariacea (Lagenina).

Palmula[28][27]

  • P. cuneiformis
  • P. liassica
  • P. securiformis
  • Buttenheim
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).

Pseudonodosaria[29][28]

  • P. melo
  • P. vulgata
  • P. multicostata
  • P. quinquecostata
  • Unterstürmig
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Nodosariidae inside the family Nodosariacea (Lagenina).

Reinholdella[27]

  • R. sp.
  • Buttenheim

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Ceratobuliminidae inside the family Robertinida.

Saracenaria[29]

  • S. aragonensis
  • Unterstürmig

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of Lenticulininae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).

Spiroplectamina[28]

  • S. sp.
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of the family Spiroplectammininae inside Spiroplectamminidae.

Trocholina[28]

  • T. umbo
  • Unken

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, member of the family Involutinidae inside Involutinae.

Vaginulina[27][29]

  • V. simplex
  • V. sp.
  • Buttenheim
  • Unterstürmig

Shells

A benthic foraminiferan, type member of Vaginulinidae inside the family Vaginulinida (Lagenina).

Dinoflagellata

[edit]

Dinoflagellate cysts

[edit]

The evolutionary burst of the Toarcian dinoflagellates led the first appearance and rapid radiation of the Phallocystaceae (Susainium, Parvocysta, Phallocysta, Moesiodinium and related forms).[30] This occurred at the time of a widespread Lower Toarcian bituminous anoxia-derived shale, which is recovered from the Posidonienschiefer, Pozzale, Italy, Asturias, Spain, Bornholm, Denmark, the Lusitanian Basin of Portugal, the Jet Rock Formation in Yorkshire and to the "Schistes Carton" in northern France. Whether there is a causal connection in this co-occurrence of Phallocystaceae and bituminous facies is a problem still to be resolved. This family has its acme in diversity and quantity in the latest Toarcian and became less important in the Aalenian.[30]

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Apodinium[31]

  • A. fioccosum
  • A. glabrum
  • Dotternhausen
  • Gomaringen
  • Aselfingen

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Apodiniaceae. An ectoparasitic dinoflagellate, whose hosts are normally tunicates

Argentiella[31]

  • A. bifuminosa
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Scriniocassiaceae.

Balechiodinium[31]

  • B. concicum
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Scriniocassiaceae.

Comparodinium[32][33]

  • C. koessenium
  • C. lineatum
  • C. punctatum
  • C. scalatum
  • C. stipulatum
  • Gomaringen
  • Salem Borehole

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Comparodiniaceae.

Eyachia[31]

  • E. priscus
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Scriniocassiaceae.

Luehndea[34][33]

  • L. spinosa
  • Bisingen/Zimmern
  • Salem Borehole

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst, type member of Luehndeoideae. Luehndea spinosa is common in the middle layers of the lower Sachrang Formation, while restricted to certain areas in younger ones.[34]

Mancodinium[34][33]

  • M. semitabulatum
  • M. sp.
  • Aselfingen
  • Bisingen/Zimmern
  • Gomaringen
  • Salem Borehole

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst, type member of Mancodiniaceae.

Mendicodinium[33]

  • M. spinosum
  • M. sp.
  • Salem Borehole

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst, member of Dinophyceae.

Mikrocysta[33]

  • M. sp.
  • Salem Borehole

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst, member of Dollidiniaceae.

Moesiodinium[31]

  • M. cingulatum
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Heterocapsaceae.

Morgenrothia[31]

  • M. junior
  • M. tenera
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Heterocapsaceae.

Nannoceratopsis[34][33]

  • N. gracilis
  • N. senex
  • N. ridingii
  • N. tricornuta[32]
  • N.deflandrei
  • N. triceras
  • Bisingen/Zimmern
  • Gomaringen
  • Salem Borehole

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst, member of Dinophyceae of the family Nannoceratopsiaceae. In the Lias Epsilon Interval (Lowermost Toarcian), most of the assemblages are dominated by Nannoceratopsis gracilis. Nannoceratopsis senex becomes highly abundant until the uppermost Tenuicostatum.[34]

Scriniocassis[31]

  • S. weberi
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Scriniocassiaceae.

Surculosphaeridium[35][36]

  • S. longifurcatum
  • Dobenwohr Hafgraben

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Gonyaulacaceae.

Susadinium[31]

  • S. cristatum
  • S. flaccum
  • S. saetosum
  • S. scrofoides
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Heterocapsaceae.

Parvocysta[31]

  • P. nasuta
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Heterocapsaceae.

Phallocysta[35][36]

  • P. minuta
  • Aselfingen
  • Bisingen/Zimmern
  • Gomaringen

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Phallocysteae.

Valvaeodinium[34]

  • V. punctatum
  • Bisingen/Zimmern

Cysts

A dinoflagellate cyst from the family Comparodiniaceae.

Algae

[edit]

The Posidonia Shale preserves an abundant variety of algae, such as the genus of colonial green algae Botryococcus, or the unicellular algal bodies Tasmanites, and other small examples. Algae are a good reference for changes on the oxygen conditions along the Toarcian.[37]

Algal acritarchs

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Cymatiosphaeropsis[38]

  • C. punctiferus
  • C. stigmatus
  • Schandelah

Cysts

An acritarch probably of algal origin. Related to open shelf deposits

Micrhystridium[34]

  • M. inconspicuum
  • M. spinuliferum
  • Bisingen/Zimmern

Cysts

An acritarch probably of algal origin. Its fossils indicate nearshore or estuarine to shallow lagoon and/or slightly brackish-water environments.

Pterosphaeridia[38][33]

  • P. undulata
  • P. eisenackii
  • P. intersignata
  • P. nodosa
  • P. pachytheca
  • Schandelah
  • Salem Borehole

Cysts

An acritarch probably of algal origin. Related to open shelf deposits

Veryhachium[34]

  • V. brevispinum
  • Bisingen/Zimmern

Cysts

An acritarch probably of algal origin. It is abundant in most of the samples studied from the Sachrang Formation, being nearly the 50% of the acritarch fraction on some locations.

Haptophyta

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Biscutum[39][28][40][41]

  • B. dubium
  • B. finchii
  • B. grandis
  • B. intermedium
  • B. novum
  • B. spp.
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah
  • Sachrang
  • Unken

Coccoliths

Type member of the family Biscutaceae inside Parhabdolithaceae.

Bussonius[40][41]

  • B. leufuensis
  • B. prinsii
  • B. spp.
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah
  • Sachrang
  • Unken

Coccoliths

A member of the family Watznaueriaceae inside Watznaueriales.

Carinolithus[40][41][42][43]

  • C. magharensis
  • C. poulnabronei
  • C. premagharensis
  • C. superbus
  • Holzmaden
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah
  • Sachrang
  • Unken

Coccoliths

Member of the family Calyculaceae inside Parhabdolithaceae.

Crepidolithus[39][40][41]

  • C. cantabriensis
  • C. cavus
  • C. crassus
  • C. crucifer
  • C. granulatus
  • C. pliensbachiensis
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah
  • Sachrang
  • Unken

Coccoliths

A member of the family Chiastozygaceae inside Eiffellithales.

Diductius[41]

  • D. constans
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah

Coccoliths

Member of the family Parhabdolithaceae inside Stephanolithiales.

Discorhabdus[40][41]

  • D. criotus
  • D. ignotus
  • D. striatus
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah
  • Sachrang
  • Unken

Coccoliths

Member of the family Biscutaceae inside Parhabdolithaceae.

Lotharingius[40][41][42]

  • L.barozii
  • L. crucicentralis
  • L. frodoi
  • L. hauffii
  • L. imprimus
  • L. primigenius
  • L. sigillatus
  • L. velatus
  • Holzmaden
  • Laatzen
  • Sachrang
  • Unken

Coccoliths

A member of the family Watznaueriaceae inside Watznaueriales.

Mitrolithus[41][39]

  • M. elegans
  • M. jansae
  • M. lenticularis
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah

Coccoliths

A member of the family Parhabdolithaceae inside Stephanolithiales. The abundance drop of M. jansae further characterises the T-OAE perturbation, where it becomes the dominant genus in most of the Saxony Basin.

Diductius[41]

  • D. constans
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah

Coccoliths

Member of the family Parhabdolithaceae inside Stephanolithiales.

Orthogonoides[39][41]

  • O. hamiltoniae
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah

Coccoliths

incertae Sedis

Schizosphaerella[39][40][41]

  • S. punctulata
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah
  • Sachrang
  • Unken

Coccoliths

Type member of the family Schizosphaerellaceae inside Parhabdolithaceae. Towards the Pliensbachian-Toarcian extincion this genus decreases in abundance and size.

Similiscutum[39][41]

  • S. cruciulus
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah

Coccoliths

Member of the family Biscutaceae inside Podorhabdales.

Sollasites[40]

  • S. lowei
  • Sachrang
  • Unken

Coccoliths

Member of the family Biscutaceae inside Podorhabdales.

Tubirhabdus[40][41]

  • T. patulus
  • Laatzen
  • Schandelah
  • Sachrang
  • Unken

Coccoliths

A member of the family Chiastozygaceae inside Eiffellithales.

Chlorophyta

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Botryococcus[38]

  • B. braunii
  • B. luteus
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

Type member of the family Botryococcaceae inside Trebouxiales. This genus usually inhabits freshwater or deltaic environments.

Modern Botryococcus

Campenia[38][44]

  • C. minor
  • C. gigas
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of Prasinophyceae. A genus common in green clays and other upper strata of the formation.

Cymatiosphaera[34][38][44]

  • C. areolata
  • C. densisepta
  • C. punctifera
  • C. stigmata
  • C. tecta
  • C. pachytheca
  • Bisingen/Zimmern
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of the family Pyramimonadales inside Prasinophyceae. Often found in basinal deposits.

Dissiliodinium[35][36]

  • D. giganteum
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of Gonyaulacaceae inside Dinophyceae.

Granodiscus[38]

  • G. granulatus
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of the Prasinophyceae. Often found in basinal deposits.

Halosphaeropsis[34]

  • H. liassica
  • Bisingen/Zimmern

Cysts

A member of the family Halosphaeraceae inside Chlorodendrales. Often found in basinal deposits.

Lancettopsis[38]

  • L. lanceolata
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of the Prasinophyceae. Often found in basinal deposits.

Leiosphaera[34][38]

  • L. globosa
  • L. deflandrei
  • L. pusilla
  • Bisingen/Zimmern
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of the Prasinophyceae. Often found in basinal deposits

Nostocopsis[38]

  • N. saprolithica
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of the Prasinophyceae. Often found in basinal deposits

Palaeohystrichophora[35][36]

  • P. infusorioides
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of Peridiniaceae inside Dinophyceae.

Pleurozonaria[38][44]

  • P. globulus
  • P. chondrota
  • P. concinna
  • P. digitata
  • P. distans
  • P. diversipora
  • P. macropora
  • P. media
  • P. polyporosa
  • P. spongiosa
  • P. stellulata
  • P. suevica
  • P. wetzelii
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of Prasinophyceae. It is the main genus present within silt and sand horizons, tending to be absent in shale layers.

Scriniocassis[35][36]

  • S. limbatus
  • S. limbicavatus
  • S. priscus
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of Dinophyceae.

Tasmanites[38][44][33][45]

  • T. mourai
  • T. tardus
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
  • Salem Borehole

Cysts

A member of Prasinophyceae. A genus common in green clays and other upper strata of the formation.

Tytthodiscus[38]

  • T. chondrotus
  • T. schandelahensis
  • T. suevicus
  • T. cf. suevicus
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Cysts

A member of the Prasinophyceae. Often found in basinal deposits

Fungi

[edit]

Fungal spores, hyphae and indeterminate remains are a rare element of the otherwise open marine deposits of the Posidonienschiefer formation, but were recovered at Dormettingen.[46] These fungal remains are composed mostly of indeterminate spores and indicate oxygenated environments and suitable transportation by rivers.[46]

Incertae sedis

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Ostracoblabe[47]

  • O. sp.
  • Holzmanden
  • Dotternhausen

Fungal patches in ammonite shells and belemnite rostra

A marine parasitoid fungus of uncertain relationship, linked with shells of marine invertebrates. The extant Ostracoblabe implexa is usually found associated with bivalve shells as an external parasitoid. Beyond this genus, other fungal remains include indeterminate endolithic fungi linked with microbial mats.

Ichnofossils

[edit]

The major ichnological analyses of the Posidonian Shale come from Dotternhausen/Dormettingen, where the ichnogenus Phymatoderma formed the so-called Tafelfleins and Seegrasschiefer.[48] The Tafelflein bed was deposited under anoxic bottom and pore water, where a recover of oxygen allow the Phymatoderma-producers return.[48] The two organic-rich layers (Tafelfleins and Seegrasschiefer) are characterized by the dense occurrence of trace fossils such as Chondrites and Phymatoderma, done episodically due to the fall of the oxygen levels.[48] The coeval more nearshore Swiss deposits referred Posidonian Shale (Rietheim Member) hosted similar trace fossils to those recovered on SW Germany.[48] Ichnofossils in this setting apparently evolved faster to more oxic-to-dysoxic bottom waters.[48] At Unken, laminated deposits of red limestone suggest well oxygenated active waters (as they lack shale), where high amounts of Chondrites are found.[40]


Genus Species Location Material Made By Images

Chondrites[47][49][50]

  • C. bollensis
  • C. hechingensis
  • C. granulatus
  • C. furcatus
  • C. sp.
  • C.? sp.
  • Chalhac
  • Obereggenen im Breisgau
  • Aselfingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
  • Unken
  • Sachrang
  • Sazburg
  • Aselfingen
  • Fützen
  • Beggingen
  • Schieitheim
  • Siblingen
  • Rietheim
  • Staffelegg
  • Salhöf
  • Schafisheim

Burrowing and track ichnofossils

Illustration of Chondrites bollensis

Gastrochaenolites[23]

  • G. isp.
  • Schlierbach State Forest

Borings on bones

  • Bivalves
Example of Gastrochaenolites fossil

Planolites[47][49][51]

  • P. montanus
  • P. ispp.
  • Banz
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Aselfingen
  • Fützen
  • Beggingen
  • Schieitheim
  • Siblingen
  • Rietheim
  • Staffelegg
  • Salhöf
  • Schafisheim

Burrowing and track ichnofossils.

Example of Planolites fossil

Phymatoderma[52]

  • P. granulata
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden

Burrowing and track ichnofossils.

Rhizocorallium[47]

  • R. parallelum
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Altdorf
  • Banz

Burrowing and track ichnofossils

specimens

Thalassinoides[47][49][54]

  • T. sp.
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Altdorf
  • Banz
  • Aselfingen
  • Fützen
  • Beggingen
  • Schieitheim
  • Siblingen
  • Rietheim
  • Staffelegg
  • Salhöf
  • Schafisheim

Burrowing and track ichnofossils

Thalassinoides found on the Sachrang Formation

Zoophycos[55]

  • Z. sp.
  • Salzburg
  • Unken

Burrowing and track ichnofossils.

Example of Zoophycos fossil

Invertebrata

[edit]

Porifera

[edit]

In the non-bituminous facies located on Obereggenen im Breisgau (Shore of the Black Forest High), especially the lower semicelatum subzone, pyritized individual needles of silica sponges (Demospongiae and Hexactinellida) are found, rarely on pelagic layers to very often on the low depth marine deposits.[27] They are usually associated with radiolarian stone cores. In Dusslingen and Reutlingen, these sponge needles are sometimes barytized in phosphorites of the Haskerense subzone and are much more common here than in any other zone of the Lower Toarcian. These needles are absent in the bituminous horizons of the entire Lower Toarcian.[27] Increased amounts of sponge needles (dominated by Hexactinellida) are also found on the arenaceous facies of the nearshore unit that is the Unken member, being the only section if its region hosts them, probably due to be an active and well oxygenated bottom.[40] The location of this member as a possible bay on the south of the vindelician land probably allow to the development of more pre-Toarcian AOE conditions, hence the presence of biota otherwise rare on bituminous layers.[40]

Annelida

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Serpula[47]

  • S. trigona
  • S. "sp. A"
  • S. "sp. B"
  • S. spp.
  • Banz
  • Aichelberg
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden

Isolated Tubes

A sessile, marine annelid tube worm of the family Serpulidae. Presumably these specimens have fallen from their growth areas.[27]

Example of modern Serpulid Tube

"Halla"[27]

  • "H". tortitis
  • "H". sp.
  • Göppingen
  • Chalhac
 Scolecodonts

A polychaete of the family Dorvilleidae inside Eunicida. Eunicidan species with prionognath jaws, absent in bituminous layers

Lophophorata

[edit]

Bryozoa

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Berenicea[56]

  • B. compressa
  • Heiningen

Colonial imprints

A Bereniceidae Stenolaematan. The colonies’ form is extremely characteristic, forming curved fans

Proboscina[56]

  • P. liasica
  • Heiningen
  • Ohmenhausen

Colonial imprints

A Oncousoeciidae Stenolaematan. Colonies consists of bands that are the same width throughout their entire extent and can branch.

Brachiopoda

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Gibbirynchia[47][49]

  • G. amalthei
  • Holzmaden
  • Aselfingen

Shells

A pennospiriferinid rhynchonellatan.[57]

Lingula[47]

  • L. posidoniae
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhaussen

Shells

A Lingulidae rhynchonellatan. Associations of bioturbating infauna are dominated in certain sections by Palaeonucula/Lingula aggregations, developed under longer-term oxygenated conditions within the substrate and bottom waters.[57]

Orbiculoidea[47]

  • O. papyracea
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhaussen

Shells

A Discinidae rhynchonellatan. This genus was found to have a planktotrophic larval stage that adapted while growing to the local redox boundary. When this fluctuated near the sediment–water interface and oxygen availability prevailed, it allowed benthic colonization. It is found in associations with Grammatodon and Pseudomytiloides.[57]

Rhynchonella[47]

  • R.amalthei
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhaussen

Shells

A Rhynchonellidae rhynchonellatan. Found associated with Plicatula in long-term well-oxygenated conditions within the substrate and bottom waters.[57]

Spiriferina[47]

  • S. villosa
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhaussen

Shells

A Spiriferinidae rhynchonellatan.

Waldheimia[47]

  • W. subdigona
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhaussen

Shells

A Terebratellidae rhynchonellatan.

Mollusca

[edit]

Bivalvia

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Antiquilima[47]

  • A. sp.

Dotternhausen

Shells

A Limidoid file clam.

Bositra[58]

  • B. buchii
  • B. radiata

All the Formation

Shells

A posidoniid ostreoidan. It is the type fossil of the Sachrang Formation. Originally it was named "Posidonia bronni", thought to be a new genus, and the strata were denominated the Posidonia layers after it. Years later it turned out to be a junior synonym of Bositra, and thus it was reassigned. However, the name of the layers was retained. The habitat and mode of life of Bositra has been debated for more than a century. There have been different interpretations, such as a pseudoplanktonic organism,[59] a benthic organism living on the open marine floor, where it was the main inhabitant of the basinal settings, and a hybrid mode, where it had a life cycle with holopelagic reproduction controlled by changes in oxygen levels, and even a chemosymbiotic lifestyle with the large crinoid rafts being the main “safe havens” to evade anoxic events. Various hypotheses along the years led to a large study in 1998, where the size/frequency distribution, the density of growth through lines related to the shell size and the position of the redox boundary by total organic carbon diagrams revealed that Bositra probably had a benthic mode of life.[60]

Thousands of specimens in one matrix

Camptonectes[61]

  • C. subulatus
  • Altdorf
  • Dörlbach

Shells

A pectinoid scallop. The presence of this genus along endobenthic and epibenthic bivalves, which are absent farther up the section, suggest a delayed overstepping of anoxic bottom waters on the Altdorf High.[61]

Chlamys[47]

  • C. priscus
  • C. sp.
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Dörlbach
  • Mistelgau
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A pectinoid scallop.

Single specimen

Cucullaea[47][49]

  • C. (Idonearca) muensteri
  • C. sp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A cucullaeid clam.

Eopecten[47][49]

  • E. strionatis
  • E. tumidus
  • E. sp.
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Aselfingen

Shells

A pectinoid scallop.

Exogyra[47]

  • E. berthaudi
  • Holzmaden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A gryphaeid mud oyster.

Gervillella[47][49]

  • G. lanceolata
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A bakevelliid mud oyster.

Goniomya[4]

  • G. rhombifera
  • Altdorf
  • Dörlbach
  • Hirschbühler Bach

Shells

A Pholadomyid clam

Grammatodon[47]

  • G. taylori
  • G. jurianus
  • G. sp.
  • Banz
  • Ludwig Canal
  • Hondelange
  • Pferdsfeld
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Grammatodontinae clam. This genus had a lecithotrophic and planktotrophic larval development.[57]

Gryphaea[47]

  • G. arcuata
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A gryphaeid mud oyster.

Various specimens

Liostrea[47][49]

  • L. falcifera
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A gryphaeid mud oyster.

Various specimens

Meleagrinella[62][49]

  • M. substriata
  • M. golberti[63]
  • M. dubia
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Schlierbach
  • Hondelange
  • Grassel
  • Beienrode
  • Schandelah
  • Aichelberg
  • Staffelstein
  • Pferdsfeld
  • Oedhof
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dörnten
  • Langenbrücken[64]
  • Aselfingen
  • Fützen
  • Beggingen
  • Schieitheim
  • Siblingen
  • Rietheim
  • Staffelegg
  • Salhöf
  • Schafisheim

Shells

An oxytomid scallop.

Colony of specimens

Mesomiltha[47][49]

  • M. pumilus
  • Banz
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A lucinid clam.

Mytiloides[65]

  • M. amygdaloides
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

An inoceramid clam.

Nicaniella[4]

  • N. sp.
  • Altdorf
  • Dörlbach
  • Hirschbühler Bach

Shells

An Astartid clam

Oxytoma[47][49]

  • O. inequivalvis
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Aichelberg
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

An oxytomid scallop.

Palaeonucula[4]

  • P. sp.
  • Altdorf
  • Dörlbach
  • Hirschbühler Bach

Shells

A Nuculid nut clam

Parainoceramya[65]

  • P. dubius
  • P. gryphaeoides
  • P. cinctus
  • P. cantianensis
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Hondelange
  • Aichelberg
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Langenbrücken

Shells

An inoceramid clam.

Thousands of specimens on a single rock

Pinna[47]

  • P. hartmanni
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Pinnoid oyster.

Plagiostoma[47]

  • P. antiquata
  • P. cf. punctata
  • Banz
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Limidae file clam.

Plagiostoma giganteum, specimen multiview

Pleuromya[4]

  • P. sp.
  • Altdorf
  • Dörlbach
  • Hirschbühler Bach

Shells

A Pleuromyid clam

Plicatula[47][49]

  • P. spinosa
  • P. sp.
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A plicatulid mud scallop.

Praearctotis[62]

  • P. substriata
  • P. sp.
  • Dörlbach, Ludwig Canal

Shells

An oxytomid scallop. Found mostly in the "Dactylioceras-Monotis-Bank", a deposit derived from large scale tectonic events on the Bohemian coastline

Propeamussium[47][49]

  • P. pumilus
  • P. sp.
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A propeamussiid mud scallop.

Various specimens on the same rock

Pseudolimea[47]

  • P. acuticosta
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Limidoid file clam.

Pseudomytiloides[4][66]

  • P. substriata
  • P. dubius
  • P. cinctus
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Dörlbach
  • Mistelgau
  • Schlierbach
  • Hondelange
  • Grassel
  • Beienrode
  • Aichelberg
  • Staffelstein
  • Pferdsfeld
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dörnten
  • Langenbrücken

Shells

An inoceramid clam. Being the second most common genus of bivalve in the Formation, it has been subject to several studies in regards to its ecological niche, similar to Bositra. Several opinions include a pseudoplanktonic-only organism able to live in the open sea, or a benthic-only organism. Within the 1998 evaluation with Bositra, was found that this genus probably had a benthic juvenile stage that transitioned to a faculatively pseudoplanktonic adult.[60]

Single specimen

Pteria[47]

  • P. sp.
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Pteriidaeoid wing-oyster.

Solemya[47]

  • S. bollensis
  • S. voltzi
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Hondelange
  • Aichelberg
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Clam, type member of the family Solemyidae inside Solemyida.

Single specimen

Steinmannia[47]

  • S. bronni
  • S. radiata
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A "posidoniid" ostreoidan. Another Genera mistaken with "Posidonia bronni".

Various specimens in one matrix

Unicardium[47][49]

  • U. bollense
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A mactromyid clam.

Gastropoda

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Amberleya[47]

  • A. imbricata
  • Aichelberg
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Eucyclidae sea snail.

Coelodiscus[47][67]

  • C. minutus
  • C. biumbilicatus
  • C. fluegeli[68]
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Hondelange
  • Schandelah
  • Bamberg
  • Trimeusel
  • Hetzles
  • Oedhof
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dörnten
  • Langenbrücken

Shells

A coelodiscid sea snail. Is the oldest known holoplanktonic gastropod and the most abundant snail in the formation, thanks to a bilaterally symmetrical shell as an adaption to active swimming.[67]

Reconstruction

Eucyclus[47]

  • E. capitaneus
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Eucyclidae sea snail.

specimens

Natica[47][4]

  • N. pelops
  • N. reticulata
  • Aichelberg
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Naticidae moon snail.

Extant specimen

Pleurotomaria[47][4]

  • P. anglica
  • P. sp.
  • Banz
  • Aichelberg
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Pleurotomariidae sea snail.

specimen

Pterotrachea?[68]

  • P.? liassica
  • P.? ceratophagus
  • Altdorf
  • Hetzles
  • Trimeusel
  • Bamberg
  • Mistelgau

Shells

A possible pterotracheid sea Slug. Dubious affinity.[68]

Modern specimen

Rhabdocolpus[47]

  • R.? cf. brandi
  • R. cf. vetustus
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A Procerithiidae sea snail.

Rigauxia[47]

  • R. hiltermanni
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A snail of uncertain placement.

Tatediscus[47][69]

  • T. aratus
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dörnten

Shells

A coelodiscid sea snail. Possible holoplanktonic gastropod.[67]

Zygopleura[47]

  • Z. undulata
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A zygopleurid sea snail.

specimens

Cephalopoda

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Alocolytoceras[70]

  • A. sp. aff. dorcadis
  • Mössingen
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A lytoceratid ammonite.

Anaptychus[29][47]

  • A. latexcisus
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dormettingen
  • Mögglingen
  • Boll
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon

Aptychi

Ammonite internal moulds of uncertain affinity.

Acrocoelites[47][71][72][73][74][75][76]

  • A. longiconus
  • A. oxyconus
  • A. ilminstrensis
  • A. dorsalis
  • A. voltzi
  • A. pyramidalis
  • A. glaber
  • A. raui
  • A. cf. riegrafi
  • A. levidensis
  • A. vulgaris
  • A. tripartitus
  • Chalhac
  • Obereggenen im Breisgau
  • Aselfingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
  • Unken
  • Sachrang
  • Sazburg
  • Berge westlich der Trettach
  • Haglertal, Höhe
  • Klammgraben
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley
  • Aselfingen
  • Fützen
  • Beggingen
  • Schieitheim
  • Siblingen
  • Rietheim
  • Staffelegg
  • Salhöf
  • Schafisheim
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Phragmocones

A megateuthidid belemnite.

Belotheutis[76]

  • B. subcostata
  • Holzmaden
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A diplobelid coleoid. Some specimens instead belong to Clarkeiteuthis (=Phragmoteuthis) conocauda.

Brodieia[47]

  • B. sp.
  • Blumberg-Achdorf
  • Asfelfingen

Pyritized fragments

A phymatoceratid ammonite.

Calliphylloceras[70]

  • C. pompeckji
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach

Shells

A phylloceratid ammonite.

Catacoeloceras[73][77][78][70]

  • C. crassum
  • C. engeli
  • C. marioni
  • C. jordani
  • C. raquinianum
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah

Shells

A dactylioceratid ammonite.

Catulloceras[77]

  • C. dumortieri
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Cenoceras[77][78]

  • C. intermedium
  • C. spp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Mistlegau
  • Irlbach

Shells

A nautilid. Two referred specimens, identified as Nautilus spp. from Holzmaden were found encrusted with Serpulids and Bryozoans.[79]

Nautilidae shell from Banz, probably Cenoceras

Chitinobelus[80]

  • C. acifer
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden

Phragmocones

A belemnotheutid belemnite. Chitinobelus rostrum was composed of aragonite with organic material, while normal belemnites had calcite.

Chondroteuthis[81][74][75][76]

  • C. wunnenbergi
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Phragmocones

A belemnotheutid belemnite.

Clarkeiteuthis[9][82]

  • C. conocauda
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A diplobelid coleoid

Clarkeiteuthis Holzmaden specimen

Cleviceras[70][83][84]

  • C. exaratum
  • C. elegans
  • Bächental basin
  • Hondelage

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite

Coeloceras[73][77][78]

  • C. crassum
  • C. mucronatum
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Shells

Type genus of Coeloceratidae.

Collina[73][77][78]

  • C. mucronata
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah

Shells

A dactylioceratid ammonite. It is common within the bituminous marls (incorrectly designated as "Wilder Schiefer").

Cornaptychus[29][47]

  • C. sanguinolarius
  • C. bullatus
  • C. elasma
  • C. ovatus
  • C. cuneatus
  • C. striatolaevis
  • C. elegans
  • C. striatopunctatus
  • C. lythensis
  • C. sublythensis
  • C. latolythensis
  • C. transiens
  • C. stenolythensis
  • C. stenelasma
  • C. elasmoides
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley
  • Sachrang
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Bamberg
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
  • Irlbach
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dormettingen
  • Mögglingen
  • Boll
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage
  • Unken

Aptychi

Ammonite internal moulds of uncertain affinity.

Cornaptychus lythensis

Cotteswoldia[77]

  • C. distans
  • C. lotharingica
  • C. mactra
  • C. subcompta
  • C. fluitans
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Dactylioceras[78][71][72][84][70][4][85]

  • D. semiannulatum
  • D.semicelatum
  • D. crassifactum
  • D. cf. crassiusculosum
  • D. tenuicostatum
  • D. wunnenbergi
  • D. crosbeyi
  • D. clevelandicum
  • D. ernsti
  • D. vermis
  • D. athleticum
  • D. annulatum
  • D. commune
  • D. anguinum
  • D. rarestriatum
  • Chalhac
  • Obereggenen im Breisgau
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
  • Unken
  • Sachrang
  • Sazburg
  • Haglertal, Höhe
  • Klammgraben
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley
  • Aselfingen
  • Fützen
  • Beggingen
  • Schieitheim
  • Siblingen
  • Rietheim
  • Staffelegg
  • Salhöf
  • Schafisheim
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Shells

A dactylioceratid ammonite.

Dactyliocerascommune on Holzmaden

Dactyloteuthis[74][71][73][76]

  • D. wrighti
  • D. inaudita
  • D. digitalis[75]
  • D. semistriata
  • D. irregularis
  • D. similis
  • D. incurvata
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Phragmocones

A megateuthidid belemnite.

Denckmannia[71][73]

  • D. malagma
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau

Shells

A phymatoceratid ammonite.

Eleganticeras[71][84][70]

  • E. exaratum
  • E. elegantulum
  • Hondelange
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Erycites[29][77]

  • E. labrosus
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg

Shells

A hammatoceratid ammonite.

Frechiella[47][70][4][86]

  • F. subcarinata
  • Dotternhausen
  • Altdorf
  • Dörlbach
  • Hirschbühler Bach

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite. The co-occurrence in Altdorf of boreal (Pseudolioceras) and Tethyan faunal elements (Frechiella) is striking, suggesting clear connection with both regions.[86]

Furloceras[70]

  • F. cf. escheri
  • Dotterhausen
  • Holzamden
  • Zell

Shells

A phymatoceratid ammonite.

Geopeltis[87][88]

  • G. simplex
  • G. emarginata
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Banz
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A geopeltid loligosepiid (Vampyromorpha). Related to the modern vampire squid. Gladius with weakly arcuated hyperbolar zones.

Geopeltis specimen

Geotheutis[88]

  • G. bollensis
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Schandelah[89]
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A possible early Cuttlefish. It is one of the most important cephalopod fossils in the Sachrang Formation, due to having some of the earliest examples of pigments found on any species, also one of the first historically.[90] The pigments are preserved on various specimens with Eumelanin related to its ink sacs and including even phosphatized musculature.[10]

Harpoceras[72][84][70][91]

  • H. falciferum
  • H. nitescens
  • H. subplanatum
  • H. falciferum
  • H. serpentinum
  • H. renevieri
  • H. cf. exaratum
  • Harpoceras sp.
  • Chalhac
  • Obereggenen im Breisgau
  • Reutlingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
  • Unken
  • Sachrang
  • Sazburg
  • Haglertal, Höhe
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley
  • Fützen
  • Beggingen
  • Schieitheim
  • Siblingen
  • Rietheim
  • Staffelegg
  • Salhöf
  • Schafisheim
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Harpoceras specimen

Haugia[71][73]

  • H. variabilis
  • H. illustris
  • H. jugosa
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Irlbach

Shells

A phymatoceratid ammonite.

Hildaites[84][70]

  • H. murleyi
  • H. levisoni
  • H. subserpentinum
  • Hondelange
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dormettingen

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Hildoceras[78][71][73]

  • H. levisoni
  • H. serpentinum[71]
  • H. subserpentinum
  • H.propeserpentinum
  • H. kiliani
  • H. douvillei
  • H. sublevisoni
  • H. semipolitum
  • H. bifrons
  • H. bodei[72]
  • Chalhac
  • Obereggenen im Breisgau
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
  • Unken
  • Sachrang
  • Sazburg
  • Haglertal, Höhe
  • Klammgraben
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley
  • Fützen
  • Beggingen
  • Schieitheim
  • Siblingen
  • Rietheim
  • Staffelegg
  • Salhöf
  • Schafisheim
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Hildoceras specimen

Hudlestonia[77]

  • H. serrodens
  • H. affinis
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Jeletzkyteuthis[11][87][88]

  • J. coriaceus
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Banz
  • Dotternhausen
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A loligosepiid loligosepiidan (Vampyromorpha). Related to the modern vampire squid. Gladii of Loligosepia can be distinguished from Jeletzkyteuthis by the transition lateral field/hyperbolar zone.

Kedonoceras[85]

  • K. cf. compactum
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dormettingen

Shells

A dactylioceratid ammonite.

Lioteuthis[92]

  • L. problematica
  • Holzmaden

Single specimen with tissue

Type genus of Lioteuthididae inside Vampyromorphida. The taxonomic position of Lioteuthis is uncertain, although the fins reaching the proximal gladius section and the smooth median field suggest affinity to the Prototeuthididae[92]

Lobolytoceras[84][70]

  • L. siemensi
  • Hondelage
  • Dormettingen
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A lytoceratid ammonite.

Loligosepia[93]

  • L. aalensis
  • L. sp.
  • Banz
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Schandelah[89]
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A loligosepiid loligosepiidan (Vampyromorpha).[94] The Loligosepiidae are believed to be ancestral to the modern vampire squid, Vampyroteuthis infernalis.[87] Hooklets in food residues in the posterior mantle indicate that Loligosepia preyed upon belemnites.[93]

Loligosepia Holzmaden specimen

Lytoceras[29][77][78][72][95][70]

  • L. ceratophagum
  • L. onychograptum
  • L. cornucopia
  • L. sublineatum
  • L. germaini
  • L. crenatum
  • L. metorchion
  • L. mucronatum
  • L. fimbriatum
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Irlbach
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dormettingen
  • Mögglingen
  • Boll
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Mauracht
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Shells

A lytoceratid ammonite. Lytoceras is relatively big, reaching nearly 50 cm in diameter.

Mercaticeras[71][70]

  • M. forte
  • M. cf. mercati
  • M. aff. umbilicatum
  • M. dilatum
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mögglingen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Mercaticeras specimen

Micropassaloteuthis[47][74][75][76]

  • M. fistulata
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Schömberg
  • Gomaringen
  • Hüttlingen
  • Frommern
  • Aalen-Reichenbach

Phragmocones

A passaloteuthidid belemnite.

Mucrodactylites[70]

  • M. mucronatus
  • M. clapierensis
  • Blumberg

Shells

A dactylioceratine ammonite.

Nodicoeloceras[47][70]

  • N. crassoides
  • N. acanthus
  • N. crassescens
  • N. dayi
  • Dotternhausen
  • Blumberg/Achdorf
  • Mössingen
  • Ohmden
  • Dürnau
  • Zell

Shells

A dactylioceratid ammonite.

Neolioceratoides[85]

  • N. infidum
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dormettingen

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Odontobelus[76]

  • O. tripartitus
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A diplobelid coleoid. Has been confused with Acrocoelites tripartitus, hence the species name.

Onychites[47][74][75][76]

  • O. amalthei
  • O. runcinatus
  • Hechingen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen

Hooks

Incertae sedis belemnites.

Orthildaites[70]

  • O. becaudi
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Osperleioceras[70]

  • O. bicarinatum
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite

Pachylytoceras[29][77]

  • P. hircinum
  • P. cf. hircinum
  • P. torulosum
  • P. wrighti
  • P. dilucidum
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg

Shells

A lytoceratid ammonite.

Parabelopeltis[87][96]

  • P. flexuosa
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A geopeltid loligosepiidan (Vampyromorpha). Related to the modern vampire squid. It is distinguished from Geoteuthis and Loligosepia by its median rib: this rib forms a narrow ridge between two narrow grooves. Probably bore fins similar to modern Vampyroteuthis.[11]

Paroniceras[72]

  • P. sternale
  • P. cf. sternale
  • Klammgraben
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite

Paraplesioteuthis[96][88]

  • P. sagittata
  • P. hastata
  • Holzmaden

Partial specimens with tissue

A plesioteuthidid prototeuthidinan (Vampyromorpha). was originally described as "Geoteuthis" sagittata.

Passaloteuthis[47][74][97][76]

  • P. paxillosa
  • P. bisulcata
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A passaloteuthidid belemnite.

Passaloteuthis Holzmaden specimen

Peronoceras[47][72][70]

  • P. fibulatum
  • P. turriculatum
  • P.?n. sp. aff. perarmatum
  • P. andrsi
  • P. vortex
  • P. millavense
  • P.s subarmatum
  • P. cf. subarmatum
  • Dotternhausen
  • Gomaringen
  • Hechingen
  • Mössingen
  • Frommern
  • Zell
  • Boll
  • Aalen
  • Klammgraben
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley

Shells

A dactylioceratine ammonite.

Phylloceras[71][72][70]

  • P. heterophyllum
  • P. plicatum
  • P. supraliasicum
  • P. nilssoni
  • P. cf. heterophyllum
  • P. pompeckji
  • Chalhac
  • Obereggenen im Breisgau
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
  • Unken
  • Sachrang
  • Sazburg
  • Haglertal, Höhe
  • Klammgraben
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley
  • Fützen
  • Beggingen
  • Schieitheim
  • Siblingen
  • Rietheim
  • Staffelegg
  • Salhöf
  • Schafisheim
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Shells

A phylloceratid ammonite. The largest ammonite found in the Posidonienschiefer comes from the Ohmden quarry, and is a specimen of Phylloceras heterophyllum with a diameter of 87 cm.[71]

Phylloceras restoration

Phlyseogrammoceras[98][77]

  • P. dispansum
  • P. cf. dispansiforme
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Phymatoceras[71][72][70][73]

  • P. lilli
  • P. rude
  • P. escheri
  • P. anomalum
  • P. ex gr. binodatum
  • Dotterhausen
  • Holzamden
  • Zell
  • Dudelange-Zoufftgen
  • Holzgau-Lermooser Mulde
  • Anstehenden

Shells

A phymatoceratid ammonite.

Polyplectus[47][72]

  • P. capellinus
  • P. bicarinatus
  • Göppingen
  • Frickenhausen
  • Heiningen
  • Großbettlinggen
  • Holzeim
  • Balingen
  • Haglertal, Höhe
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite

Porpoceras[70]

  • P. vortex
  • P. verticosum
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A dactyloceratine ammonite.

Protogrammoceras[70]

  • P. paltum
  • Bereich

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Pseudogrammoceras[98]

  • P. bingmanni
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Pseudolioceras[71][72][70][73]

  • P. lythense
  • P. leptophyllum
  • P. compactile
  • P. discoides
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Dörlbach
  • Hirschbühler Bach
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Salpingoteuthis[75][74][76]

  • S. trisulcata
  • S. persulcata
  • S. bauhini
  • S. longisulcata
  • S. macra
  • S. tessoniana
  • S. dorsetiensis
  • S. blomenhofensis
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Phragmocones

A salpingoteuthidid belemnite.

Salpingoteuthis specimen

Simoniteuthis[99]

  • S. michaelyi
  • NE of Bascharage

MNHNL TI024, complete specimen

A loligosepiid loligosepiidan (Vampyromorpha).

Simpsonibelus[73][74][75][76]

  • S. dorsalis
  • S. lentus[75]
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Phragmocones

A belemnotheutid belemnite.

Sueviteuthis[100]

  • S. schlierbachensis
  • S. zellensis
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A sueviteuthidid coleoid. Sueviteuthis had at least six arms with rather simple hooks, similar to the present of the genus Phragmoteuthis.

Teudopsis[94][101]

  • T. bollensis
  • T. subcostata
  • T. schubleri
  • Banz
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A teudopsine palaeololiginid (Vampyromorphida).

Teudopsis Ohmden specimen

Tiltoniceras[98][84][70]

  • T. antiquum
  • T. costatum
  • T. acutum
  • T. schroederi
  • T.capillatum
  • Dotternhausen
  • Gomaringen
  • Aselfingen
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Shells

A hildoceratid ammonite.

Tiltoniceras specimen

Trachylytoceras[70][98]

  • T. annulosum
  • Dotternhausen

Shell

A lytoceratid ammonite.

Youngibelus[74][76]

  • Y. tubularis
  • Y. gigas
  • Y. giganteus
  • Y. ohmdenensis[75]
  • Y. simpsoni
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aselfingen
  • Maurach
  • Hemmikon
  • Bascharage

Phragmocones

A megateuthidid belemnite. Includes very large specimens

Youngibelus Reconstruction

Zugodactylites[70]

  • Z. thompsoni
  • Mössingen

Shells

A dactylioceratid ammonite.

Crustacea

[edit]

Cycloidea

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Juracyclus[102]

  • J. posidoniae
  • Gomaringen

Incomplete carapace

The first cycloid arthropod from the Jurassic, from the family Halicynidae inside Cycloidea.[102]

Ostracoda

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Bairdia[47][103]

  • B. ohmerti
  • B. thuringica
  • B. donzei
  • B. cf. carinata
  • B. rostrata
  • B. aselfingensis
  • B. hahni
  • B. inflata
  • Chalhac
  • Obereggenen
  • Aselfingen
  • Dotternhaueen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Göppingen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Untereturmig.

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Bairdiidae inside Bairdioidea.

Bairdiacypris[103]

  • B. dorisae
  • B. faba
  • Chalhac
  • Aselfingen
  • Mössingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Bairdiidae inside Bairdioidea.

Cytherella[104]

  • C. praecadomensis
  • C. toarcensis
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Wasseralfingen

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Cytherellidae inside Platycopida.

Cytherelloidea[104][103]

  • C. anningi
  • C. praecadomensis
  • Aselfingen
  • Achdorf
  • Weilheim/Teck

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Cytherellidae inside Platycopida.

Eucytherura[103]

  • E. angulocostata
  • Hammerstadt
  • Achdorf

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Cytheruridae inside Podocopida.

Hermiella[105]

  • H. cincta
  • H. comes
  • H. klingleri
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Healdiidae inside Podocopida.

Infracytheropteron[103]

  • I. groissi
  • I. gwashense
  • I. rarum
  • I. atafastigatum
  • Chalhac
  • Aselfingen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Heiningen,
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Protostomia.

Kinkelinella[47][106]

  • K. procera
  • K. costata
  • K. cf. persica
  • K. tenuicostati
  • K. champeauae
  • K. sermoisensis
  • K. costata
  • K. debilis
  • K. (Ektyphocythere) n. sp.
  • Chalhac
  • Aselfingen
  • Achdorf
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Heiningen
  • Göppingen
  • Hammerstadt
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Protocytheridae inside Podocopida.

Liasina[47][103]

  • L. lanceolata
  • Chalhac
  • Aselfingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Heiningen

Valves

A marine ostracod, member of the family Pontocyprididae inside Podocopida.

Macrocypris[47][103]

  • M. liassica
  • M. sp. A
  • M. sp. B
  • Chalhac
  • Aselfingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Weilheim/Teck
  • Heiningen
  • Göppingen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen

Valves

A marine ostracod, member of the family Macrocyprididae inside Podocopida.

Monoceratina[47][103]

  • M. striata
  • M. scrobiculata
  • M. atimulea
  • M. seebergensis
  • M. frentzeni
  • M. vulsa
  • Chalhac
  • Achdorf
  • Häufig
  • Aselfingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Weilheim/Teck

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Bythocytheridae inside Cladocopina.

Ogmoconcha[47][29]

  • O. rotunda
  • O. amalthei
  • O. ambo
  • O. intercedens
  • O. circumvallata
  • O. amalthei
  • O. impressa
  • O.? contractula
  • O.? conversa
  • O. sp.
  • Chalhac
  • Häufig in Obereggenen
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen,
  • Reutlingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig

Valves

A marine ostracod, member of the family Healdiidae inside Podocopida.

Ogmoconchella[47][103]

  • O. impressa
  • O. propinqua
  • O. conversa
  • Chalhac
  • Aselfingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Heiningen
  • Göppingen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Healdiidae inside Podocopida.

Polycope[47][107]

  • P. tenuireticulata
  • P. pelta
  • P. cf. cerasia
  • P. cincinnata
  • P. plumhoffi
  • Achdorf
  • Aselfingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Heiningen
  • Göppingen,
  • Reichenbach

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Polycopidae inside Cladocopina.

Praeschuleridea[103]

  • P. tenera
  • P. gallemannica
  • P. aspera
  • Achdorf
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Heiningen
  • Göppingen
  • Hammerstadt

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Praeschuleridea inside Podocopida.

Pseudohealdia[105][103]

  • P.gruendeli
  • P. truncata
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Heiningen
  • Göppingen

Valves

A marine ostracod of the family Healdiidae inside Podocopida.

Trachycythere[47]

  • T. tubulosa
  • T. verrucosa
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Wasseralfingen

Valves

A marine ostracod, incertae sedis inside Podocopida.

Malacostraca

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Acanthochirana[108]

  • A. krausei
  • Dörnten, north of Goslar, opencast mine Fischerköpfe
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

An aegerid decapod.

Achelata gen. et sp. indet. [109]

  • Gomaringen

Single complete specimen in late larval stage

The specimen reported represents the oldest fossil record of an achelate larva, and the first representative of achelates in the Posidonia Shale. This larva shares similarities with the late Jurassic genus Cancrinos. It is also among the oldest examples of crustaceans which possibly could have lived as part of the plankton.[109]

California spiny lobsters are relatives of the Larval specimen from the Sachrang Formation

Antrimpos[89][110]

  • A. sp.
  • cf. A. sp.
  • Gomaringen
  • Schandelah
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A penaeid decapod.

Antrimpos specimen

Coleia[111][112]

  • C. theodorii
  • C. moorei
  • C. sinuata
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Banz
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

An erymid decapod.

Eryma[113]

  • E. amalthei
  • E. spp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Banz
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

Type genus of the family Erymidae. Originally was placed within Glyphea as G. amalthei, informally used by Quenstedt and housed in the Museum Naturkunde in Württemberg. A series of later revisions proved it was a different genus.[113]

Eryma specimen

Gabaleryon[114]

  • G. "sp. 1"
  • G. "sp. 2"
  • Gomaringen
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A coleiid decapod. Was confussed with Proeryon hartmanni specimens. Specimens from Gomaringen are the first known with preserved ommatidia.[115]

Glypheopsis[116]

  • G. grandichela
  • Gomaringen

Isolated Chelae

A decapod of the family Glypheidae.

Mecochirus[117]

  • M. eckerti
  • Langenbrücken
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A decapod of the family Mecochiridae.

Penaeus[89][110]

  • P. sp.
  • Schandelah

Partial specimens.

A penaeid decapod.

Palaeastacus[110][118][119]

  • P. sp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

An erymid decapod.

Palaeastacus specimen

Palaeopagurus[6]

  • P. sp.
  • Dotternhausen

Single specimen inside an ammonite shell.

A hermit crab of the family Paguridae. This specimen was found inside an ammonite shell, probably looking to evade anoxic conditions or predators.

Palinurina[110]

  • P. longipes
  • P. tenera
  • Schandelah
  • Holzmaden
  • Gomaringen
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A spiny lobster of the family Palinuridae

Proeryon[120][112][121]

  • P. giganteus
  • P. hauffi
  • P. hartmanni
  • P. laticaudatus
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Gomaringen
  • Banz
  • Schandelah[89]
  • Altdorf
  • Hemmikon
  • Nancy
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A coleiid decapod. The second largest decapod from the formation, P. giganteus, reaches a larger size than most other polychelidans, growing up to 15 cm.[121]

Proeryon giganteus

Stenodactylina[122]

  • S. liasina
  • Holzmaden

Single Chela

An erymid decapod. It was erroneously reported from the Late Toarcian.

Stomatopoda[7]

  • Indeterminate
  • Holzmaden

Single Incomplete specimen

A possible mantis shrimp.

A female Odontodactylus scyllarus mantis shrimp, possibly related to the Posidonia specimen

Tonneleryon[111]

  • T. schweigerti
  • Holzmaden
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A gregarious polychelidan Lobster. specimens of Tonneleryon schweigerti were recovered generally in clusters of several individuals, due to that and the disposition of the specimens these probably represent mass-mortality assemblages and suggest this species was gregarious.[111]

Uncina[123]
  • U. posidoniae
  • U. alpina
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Pfronten, Engetal valley
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

An astacidean decapod of the family Uncinidae. Uncina posidoniae is among the largest known Jurassic crustaceans andis also the largest representative of the genus.[123]

The Largest complete Uncina posidoniae specimen, with 44 cm long.

Thoracica

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Toarcolepas[15]

  • T. mutans
  • Aichelberg

Numerous disarticulated individuals, associated with fossil wood.[15]

A phosphatic-shelled barnacle of the family Eolepadidae.[15] Toarcolepas is provisionally interpreted as the oldest epiplanktonic barnacle known, and is thought to have lived attached to floating driftwood.[15]

Modern genus Lepas is among the closest related taxa to Toarcolepas

Arachnida

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Liassoscorpionides[124]

  • L. schmidti
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig

Single incomplete specimen.

The type genus of the family Liassoscorpionididae, probably related to Mesophonoidea.[125]

While not closely related, Liassoscorpionides was morphologically similar to extant Hadogenes

Insecta

[edit]

Incertae sedis

[edit]

Insects are common terrestrial animals that were probably washed into the sea due to monsoon conditions present on the Sachrang Formation.[126]

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Agmatozoon[127]

  • A. articulatum
  • Grassel, Braunschweig

Multiple specimens

Incertae sedis

Campeulites[127]

  • C. cylindricus
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans)
 Multiple specimens

Cricolia[127]

  • C. inflexa
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens

Dimeretes[127]

  • D. oculatus
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig (Bode coll.)
 Multiple specimens

Elasmoscolex[127]

  • E. hamatus
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans)
 Multiple specimens

Epimetrophora[127]

  • E. recta
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
 Multiple specimens

Griphoconion[127]

  • G. tenuistriatum
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens

Oocephalina[127]

  • O. mutilata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
 Multiple specimens

Platycorion[127]

  • P. utroquelaesum
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig (Boreale Zone)
 Multiple specimens

Tomeferusa[127]

  • T. abdita
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben (Elegans)
 Multiple specimens

Trimerocephalium[127]

  • T. incisum
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens

Notoptera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Geinitzia[127][128]

  • G. latrunculorum
  • G. varia
  • G. superaucta
  • G. perlaesa
  • G. fasciata
  • G. dorni
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode, Fletchtorf
  • Grassel, Braunschweig

Multiple specimens

Grylloblattidans of the family Geinitziidae.

Extant member of Grylloblattidae, Posidonia genera were probably similar

Roemerula[128]

  • R. maculosa
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens

Eoblattida

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Dorniella[127]

  • D. pulchra
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode, Fletchtorf
  • Grassel, Braunschweig

Multiple specimens

An Eoblattidan of the family Blattogryllidae.

Odonatoptera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Protomyrmeleon[127][129]

  • P. grasselensis
  • P. brunonis[130]
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Bascharage

Multiple specimens

An Odonatopteran (ancient winged insects) from the family Protomyrmeleontidae.

Odonata

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Campterophlebia[127][131]
  • C. elegans
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Campterophlebiidae. The largest Early Jurassic insect known, with a wingspan up to 20 cm.[132]
Elattogomphus[127]
  • E. latus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Liassogomphidae.
Ensphingophlebia[127]
  • E. undulata
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Sphenophlebiidae.
Gallodorsettia[133]
  • G. kronzi
  • A13 motorway construction, south of Foetz
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Campterophlebiidae.
Henrotayia[134]
  • H. marci
  • Bascharage
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Henrotayiidae.
Heterothemis[127]
  • H. brodiei
  • Holzmaden
  • Schandelah
  • Beienrode
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
  • Hemmikon[135]
  • Bascharage
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Heterophlebiidae.
Heterophlebia[127][136]
  • H. buckmani
  • Holzmaden
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
  • Bascharage
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Heterophlebiidae.
Liassostenophlebia[127]
  • L. germanica
  • Rhine-Danube canal, Km 112
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Mesoepiophlebia[137]
  • M. veronicae
  • Bascharage
  • Sanem
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Sphenophlebiidae.
Myopophlebia[127][137]
  • M. libera
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode
  • Bascharage
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Myopophlebiidae.
Necrogomphus[127][131]
  • N.brunswigae
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Liassogomphidae.
Paraheterophlebia[127][137]
  • P. wunnenbergi
  • P. marcusi
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
  • Bascharage
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Myopophlebiidae.
Paraplagiophlebia[137]
  • P. loneuxi
  • Bascharage
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Myopophlebiidae.
Phthitogomphus[127][137]
  • P. angulatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Luxguard quarry
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Liassogomphidae.
Plagiophlebia[127]
  • P. praecostarea
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Heterophlebiidae.
Proinogomphus[127]
  • P. bodei
  • P. kreuzerorum[138]
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Bascharage
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Liassogomphidae.
Sphenophlebia[127][139]
  • S. interrupta
  • S. pommerana
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Sphenophlebiidae.[140]
Strongylogomphus[127][137]
  • S. grasselianus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Bascharage
 Multiple specimens A dragonfly of the family Myopophlebiidae.
Syrrhoe[127]
  • S. commissa
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis

Orthoptera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Acridiopsis[127]
  • A. spoliata
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A short-horned grasshopper of the family Acrididae.
Extant member of Acrididae, Acridiopsis was probably similar
Chresmodella[127]
  • C. fissa
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A stick insect of the family Aerophasmidae.
Elcana[141]
  • E. minima
  • E. geinitzi
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens A grasshopper of the family Elcanidae.
Liadolocusta[127]
  • L. ornata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Grasshoppers of the family Locustopsidae.
Liassogrylloides[127]
  • L. basifastigatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Locustopsis[127]
  • L. procera
  • L. bernstorffi
  • L. maculosa
  • Locustopsis sp.
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Grasshoppers of the family Locustopsidae.
Panorpidium[127]
  • P. media
  • P. geinitzi
  • P. minima
  • Between Sehlde & Ringelheim
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode, Fletchtorf
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A grasshopper of the family Elcanidae.
Panorpidium geinitzi reconstruction
Prophilaenites[127]
  • P. hondelagensis
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Protogryllus[127]
  • P. formosus
  • P. hattorfensis
  • P. praeacutus
  • P. symmetricus
  • P. multoramosus
  • P. multovenosus
  • P. laceratus
  • P. foliolum
  • P. implicatus
  • P. fissus
  • P. minor
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A grasshopper of the family Protogryllidae.
Schesslitziella[142][143]
  • S. haupti
  • S. integra
  • Feuermühlenberg near Scheßlitz
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Bamberg
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens A stick insect of the family Aerophasmidae.

Dictyoptera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Blattula[127][144]
  • B. langfeldti
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A cockroach of the family Blattulidae.
Caloblattina[127][144]
  • C. mathildae
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode, Fletchtorf
 Multiple specimens A cockroach of the family Caloblattinidae.
Liadoblattina[144]
  • L. blakei
  • Holzmaden
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A cockroach of the family Raphidiomimidae.
Mesoblattina[144]
  • M. protypa
  • Mistelgau
 Multiple specimens A cockroach of the family Mesoblattinidae.
Ptyctoblattina[127][144]
  • P. simplicior
  • P. dilatata
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode
 Multiple specimens A cockroach of the family Raphidiomimidae.

Hemiptera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Archijassus[127]
  • A. heeri
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A Planthopper of the family Archijassidae.
Compactofulgoridium[127]
  • C. fronterotundum
  • C. obesum
  • C. aries
  • C. decapitatum
  • C. concameratum
  • C. paenintegrum
  • Schlewecke am Harz
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae.
Corynecoris[127]
  • C. occultatus
  • C. semigranulatus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A shore bug (Saldidae) of the family Archegocimicidae.
Deraiocoris[127]
  • D. insculptus
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A shore bug (Saldidae) of the family Archegocimicidae.
Elasmoscelidium[127]
  • E. rectemarginatum
  • E. promotum
  • E. boreale
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Ensphingocoris[127]
  • E. parvulus
  • E. praerotundatus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A shore bug (Saldidae) of the family Archegocimicidae.
Extant member of Saldidae, Archegocimicidae genera were probably similar
Entomecoris[127]
  • E. minor
  • E. morator
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens
Eogerridium[127]
  • E. gracile
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens
Engynabis[127]
  • E. tenuis
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens
Eurynotis[127]
  • E. incisus
  • Beienearode, Fletchtorf
 Multiple specimens
Fulgoridium[127]
  • F. mancomarginatum
  • F. semiperspicuum
  • F. cubitoramosum
  • F. cuneiforme
  • F. infuscatum
  • F. paulodilatatum
  • F. exiguemaculatum
  • F. reduncum
  • F. fallerslebense
  • F. hattorfense
  • F. gottingense
  • F. tenuimaculatum
  • F. incurvatum
  • F. praeobtusum
  • F. raromaculatum
  • F. cubitofurcatum
  • F. basilaesum
  • F. hondelanum
  • F. fabri
  • F. hildesheimense
  • F. symmetricum
  • F. latius
  • F. balticum
  • F. posidonicum
  • F. silvaticum
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
  • Trirneusel
  • Staffelstein
  • Pferdsfeld
  • Aselfingen
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae.
Extant member of Fulgoridae, Fulgoridiidae genera where probably similar
Fulgoridulum[127]
  • F. egens
  • Beienearode, Fletchtorf
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae.
Indutionomarus[145]
  • I. treveriorum
  • Bommelscheier industrial area
 Multiple specimens A coleorrhynchan of the family Progonocimicidae.
Macropterocoris[127]
  • M. obtusus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A Shore bug (Saldidae) of the family Archegocimicidae.
Margaroptilon[127]
  • M. formosum
  • M. cuneatum
  • M. paucisinuatum
  • M. detruncatum
  • M. procerum
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae.
Megalocoris[127]
  • M. laticlavus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Saldidae Incertae sedis
Metafulgoridium[127]
  • M. praetruncatum
  • M. spatulaeforme
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae.
Ophthalmocoris[127]
  • O. liassicus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A shore bug (Saldidae) of the family Archegocimicidae.
Procercopis[127]
  • P. lacerata
  • P. abscissa
  • P. wunnenbergi
  • Beienearode, Fletchtorf
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A froghopper of the family Procercopidae.
Procerofulgoridium[127]
  • P. verticillatum
  • P. praefastigatum
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae.
Productofulgoridium[127]
  • P. filiferum
  • P. praeacutum
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae.
Pronabis[127]
  • P. utroquelaesus
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A shore bug (Saldidae) of the family Archegocimicidae.
Somatocoris[127]
  • S. conservatus
  • Beienearode, Fletchtorf
 Multiple specimens A shore bug (Saldidae) of the family Archegocimicidae.
Tetrafulgoria[127]
  • T. parallelogramma
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae.
Xulsigia[146]
  • X. karetsa
  • Bommelscheier industrial area
 Multiple specimens A sternorrhynchan of the family Pincombeomorpha. Has been proposed to be within its own family, Xulsigiidae.

Hymenoptera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Liadobracona[147]
  • L. raduhna
  • Schandelah
 Multiple specimens A wasp of the family Ephialtitidae.
Pseudoxyelocerus[148]
  • P. bascharagensis
  • Bascharage
 Multiple specimens A wood wasp of the family Xyelotomidae.
Extant member of Tenthredinoidea, Posidonia genera were probably similar
Symphytopterus[149]
  • S. liasinus
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens

A wasp of the family Ephialtitidae.

Thilopterus[150]
  • T. lampei
  • Schandelah
 Multiple specimens

A wasp of the family Ephialtitidae.

Xyelula[150]
  • X. benderi
  • Misltelgau
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A cephoidean of the family Sepulcidae.
Extant member of Cephoidea, Posidonia genera were probably similar

Neuroptera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Actinophlebia[151]
  • A. abscissa
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A lacewing of the family Prohemerobiidae.
Actinoptilon[151]
  • A. violatum
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A silky lacewing of the family Psychopsidae.
Extant member of Psychopsidae, Posidonia genera where probably similar
Epipanfilovia[127]
  • E. fasciata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A lacewing of the family Panfiloviidae.
Glottopteryx[127][151]
  • G. multivenosa
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A lacewing of uncertain placement.
Liassopsychops[127][152]
  • L. curvata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens A giant lacewing of the family Kalligrammatidae. It is one of the oldest known representatives of the giant pollinator lacewings.[153]
Mesosmylina[151]
  • M. exornata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Lance lacewings of the family Osmylidae.
Extant member of Osmylidae, Posidonia genera were probably similar
Mesopsychopsis[151]
  • M. liasina
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A lance lacewing of the family Osmylopsychopidae.
Ophtalmogramma[152]
  • O. klopschari
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A giant lacewing of the family Kalligrammatidae.
Panfilovia[127]
  • P. fasciata
  • Hondelange
  • Schandelah
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens A lacewing of the family Panfiloviidae. A large genus with wings around 50 mm.
Paractinophlebia[151]
  • P. grasselensis
  • P. tenuis
  • P. acuta
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A lacewing of the family Prohemerobiidae.
Parhemerobius[127]
  • P. multostriatus
  • P. dilatatus
  • P. bodei
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A lacewing of the family Prohemerobiidae.
Prohemerobius[127][151]
  • P. prodromus
  • P. quatuorpictus
  • P. septemvirgatus
  • P. mediolatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A lacewing of the family Prohemerobiidae.
Protoaristenymphes[154]
  • P. bascharagensis
  • Bascharage
 Multiple specimens A lance lacewing of the family Mesochrysopidae.
Stenoteleuta[151]
  • S. lingulaeformis
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A lacewing of the family Prohemerobiidae.
Tetanoptilon[127]
  • T. brunsvicense
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Lance lacewings of the family Osmylidae. Tetanoptilon is the largest non-kalligrammatid lacewing of the Jurassic.[153]

Hemiptera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Adelocoris[127]
  • A. ambiguus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Pentatomomorphans of the family Pachymeridiidae. Related with the group Lygaeoidea, possibly being ancestral to them.
Extant member of Lygaeoidea, Posidonia genera where probably similar
Engerrophorus[127]
  • E. nitidus
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens
Euraspidium[127]
  • E. granulosum
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens
Ischnocoris[127]
  • I. bitoratus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens
Liassocicada[127][142][155]
  • L. mueckei
  • L. antecedens
  • Rhine-Danube canal, Km 112
  • Beienrode
 Multiple specimens A Hairy Cicada of the family Tettigarctidae.
Extant member of Tettigarctidae, Posidonia genera were probably similar
Liassotettigarcta[142]
  • L. mueckei
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens
Mesomphalocoris[127]
  • M. obtusus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Pentatomomorphans of the family Pachymeridiidae.
Stiphroschema[127]
  • S. longealatum
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Pentatomomorphans of the family Pachymeridiidae.
Trachycoris[127]
  • T. abbreviatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Pentatomomorphans of the family Pachymeridiidae.

Coleoptera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Amblycephalonius[127]
  • A. tenuistriatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Beetles of the family Coptoclavidae.
Amphoxyne[127]
  • A. lineata
  • A. minuta
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Aposphinctus[127]
  • A. conservatus
  • A. striatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A water scavenger beetle of the family Hydrophilidae.
Extant member of Hydrophilidae, Posidonia genera were probably similar
Apicasia[127]
  • A. inolata
  • Schlewecke am Harz
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Apiopyrenides[127]
  • A. trigeminus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Aptilotitus[127]
  • A. capitecarens
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Auchenophorites[127]
  • A. sculpturatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Brachylaimon[127]
  • B. striatus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Brachytrachelites[127]
  • B. striatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Camaricopterus[127]
  • C. ovalis
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A beetle of the family Phoroschizidae.
Coreoeicos[127]
  • C. dilatatus
  • Beienrode
 Multiple specimens False ground beetles of the family Trachypachidae.
Diatrypamene[127]
  • D. collinus
  • D. angulocollis
  • D. excavata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Dicyphelus[127]
  • D. concameratus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Diphymation[127]
  • D. corrosum
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Diplocelides[127]
  • D. minutus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Diplothece[127]
  • D. scissa
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Entomocantharus[127]
  • E. convexus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Episcepes[127]
  • E. rotundatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Eurynotellus[127]
  • E. brevicollis
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Eurysphinctus[127]
  • E. latesulcatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Eusarcantarus[127]
  • E. compactus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Grasselites[127]
  • G. pusillus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Gastrodelus[127]
  • G. decapitatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Gastroratus[127]
  • G. dispertitus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Hydroicetes[127]
  • H. affictus
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Laimocenos[127]
  • L. striatogranulatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Leptomites[127]
  • L. procerus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Leptosolenophorus[127]
  • L. brevicollis
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Loxocamarotus[127]
  • L. virgatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Macrotrachelites[127]
  • M. longus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Megachorites[127]
  • M. brevicollis
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Volkmarsdorf, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Melanocantharis[127]
  • M. bicornuta
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Metanastes[127]
  • M. denudatus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Mesoncus[127]
  • M. striatulus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Mesotylites[127]
  • M. marginatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Omogongylus[127]
  • O. ovatus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Ooidellus[127]
  • O. denudatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Ooperiglyptus[127]
  • O. contractus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Ooperioristus[127]
  • O. applanatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Beetles of the family Coptoclavidae.
Opiselleipon[127]
  • O. gravis
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Oxycephalites[127]
  • O. curculioides
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Palaeotrachys[127]
  • P. laticollis
  • Schlewecke am Harz
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Parnosoma[127]
  • P. detectum
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Peridosoma[127]
  • P. praecisum
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Pholipheron[127]
  • P. articulatus
  • P. armatus
  • P. ovatus
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Proheuristes[127]
  • P. striatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Prosynactus[127]
  • P. gracilis
  • P. scissus
  • P. procerus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode, Fletchtorf
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens False ground beetles of the family Trachypachidae.
Extant member of Trachypachidae, Posidonia genera were probably similar
Pleuralocista[127]
  • P. insculpta
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Rhomaleus[127]
  • R. ornatus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Rhysopsalis[127]
  • R. distorta
  • Beienrode
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Sphaericites[127]
  • S. concameratus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Tetragonides[127]
  • T. magnus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Trichelepturgetes[127]
  • T. procerus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Trochmalus[127]
  • T. compressus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Scalopoides[127]
  • S. inscissus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Sideriosemion[127]
  • S. punctolineatum
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Sphaerocantharis[127]
  • S. striata
  • S. defossa
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Syntomopterus[127]
  • S. latus
  • Beienrode
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Tripsalis[127]
  • T. praecisa
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Trochiscites[127]
  • T. capitapertus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Tolype[127]
  • T. rotundata
  • Beienrode
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Zetemenos[127]
  • Z. sexlineatus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis

Amphiesmenoptera

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Necrotaulius[142][127][126][156]
  • N. parvulus
  • N. obtusior
  • Holzmaden
  • Kerkhofen
  • Trirneusel
  • Staffelstein
  • Pferdsfeld
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens An Amphiesmenopteran of the family Necrotauliidae. The ovipositor terminalia of female N. parvulus indicate that these insects laid their eggs in soil rather than in water.
Micropterygidae[156] Indeterminate
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Lepidopterans probably related with the family Micropterygidae. Compared with their record in Grimmen, in Lower Saxony lepidopterans are rather scarce and badly preserved.
Extant member of Micropterygidae, Posidonia genera were probably similar

Miscellaneous (incl. Diptera)

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images
Amblylexis[127]
  • A. gibberata
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Amianta[127]
  • A. eurycephala
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Amphipromeca[127]
  • A. acuta
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Apistogrypotes[127]
  • A. inflexa
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Archipleciomima[157]
  • A. germanica
  • Große Kley, Mörse
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Architipula[127]
  • A. bodeisimilis
  • A. ptychopteraeformis
  • A. formosa
  • A. basiminuta
  • A. robusta
  • A. clara
  • A. bodei
  • A. brunsvicensis
  • A. analiramosa
  • A. aequabilis
  • A. fragmentosa
  • A. veris
  • A. latealata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
  • Große Kley, Mörse
 Multiple specimens A crane fly of the family Limoniidae.
Extant member of Limoniidae, Posidonia genera were probably similar
Bodephora[127]
  • B. arucaeformis
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Culiciscolex[127]
  • C. gibberatus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Cyrtomides[127]
  • C. maculatus
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Ellipibodus[127]
  • E. laesa
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Eoptychoptera[142][158]
  • E. simplex
  • E. liasina
  • E. eximia
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
  • Große Kley, Mörse
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens A phantom crane fly of the family Eoptychopterinae.
Empidocampe[127]
  • E. retrocrassata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Geisfeldiella[159]
  • G. benkerti
  • Bamberg
 Multiple specimens Mayfly of the family Protereismatidae.
Haplobittacus[127]
  • H. parvus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A hangingfly of the family Bittacidae.
Haplotipula[127]
  • H. majalis
  • H. cubitoramosa
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A crane fly of the family Limoniidae.
Heterorhyphus[127]
  • Heterorhyphus analivarius
  • Heterorhyphus anomalus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A fly of the family Heterorhyphidae.
Homoeoptychopteris[127]
  • H. incerta
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Hondelagia[127]
  • H. reticulata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A snakefly of the family Priscaenigmatidae.
Liassonympha[127]
  • L. compacta
  • L. glans
  • L. guttula
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Leptotipuloides[127]
  • L. fastigata
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A crane fly of the family Limoniidae.
Mikrotipula[127]
  • M. dixaeformis
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A crane fly of the family Limoniidae.
Mesobittacus[127]
  • M. clavaeformis
  • M. minutus
  • M. marginelaesus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode, Fletchtorf
 Multiple specimens A hangingfly of the family Bittacidae.
Mesopanorpa[127]
  • M. obtusa
  • M. formosa
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Beienrode
 Multiple specimens A scorpionfly of the family Orthophlebiidae.
Metaraphidia[147]
  • M. vahldieki
  • Schandelah
 Multiple specimens A snakefly of the family Metaraphidiidae.
Mesorhyphus[157]
  • M. ulrichi
  • Große Kley, Mörse
 Multiple specimens A wood gnat of the family Anisopodidae.
Extant member of Anisopodidae, Posidonia genera were probably similar
Metatrichopteridium[160]
  • M. confusum
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A fly of the family Hennigmatidae. It represents the oldest known genus of this primitive family.
Nannotanyderus[142][161]
  • N. krzeminskii
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens A primitive crane fly of the family Tanyderidae. Extant members of the family are nectar feeder while the diets of extinct members cannot be determined precisely.[162]
Extant member of Tanyderidae, Posidonia genera were probably similar
Neorthophlebia[127]
  • N. maculipennis
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A hangingfly of the family Bittacidae.
Orthophlebia[127]
  • O. latipennisimilis
  • O. fallerslebensis
  • O. diminuta
  • O. brunsvicensis
  • O. speciosa
  • O. compacta
  • O. elongata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Große Kley, Mörse
 Multiple specimens A scorpionfly of the family Orthophlebiidae.
Ozotipula[127]
  • O. tarda
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A crane fly of the family Limoniidae.
Parabittacus[127]
  • P. lingula
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A hangingfly of the family Bittacidae.
Parorthophlebia[127]
  • P. grasselensis
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens Scorpionflies of the family Orthophlebiidae.
Pleobittacus[127]
  • P. retroflexus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A hangingfly of the family Bittacidae.
Praemacrochile[127]
  • P. decipiens
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
  • Schandelah, near Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens A primitive crane fly of the family Tanyderidae.
Propexis[127]
  • P. incerta
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Protobittacus[127]
  • P. desacuminatus
  • P. arculatus
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A hangingfly of the family Bittacidae.
Extant member of Bittacidae, Posidonia genera were probably similar
Protorthophlebia[127]
  • P. cuneata
  • Hondelage, Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Scorpionflies of the family Protorthophlebiidae.
Protoplecia[127]
  • P. hattorfensis
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens A fly of the family Protopleciidae.
Protorhyphus[127]
  • P. ovisimilis
  • P. simplex
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens A fly of the family Protorhyphidae.
Pseudopolycentropus[127]
  • P. obtusus
  • Grassel, Braunschweig
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Kerkhofen
 Multiple specimens Scorpionflies of the family Pseudopolycentropodidae.
Reprehensa[127]
  • R. acuminata
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Scorpionflies of the family Orthophlebiidae.
Rhopaloscolex[127]
  • R. brevis
  • R. longus
  • Schandelah, nr Braunschweig
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis
Sphallonymphites[127]
  • S. decurtatus
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
 Multiple specimens Incertae sedis

Echinodermata

[edit]

Echinoderm debris is relatively abundant in the shale-free Unken and Salzburg members, including crinoid and brittle star skeletal elements; sea urchins take their place later in the formation, with them having especially diversified at that time, leading to pedicellaria being observed very often.[40]

Asterozoa

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Barbaraster[163]

  • B. colbachi
  • B. muenzbergerae
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star within the family Ophiomusina.

Dermacantha[163]

  • D. reolidi
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in incertae sedis family in the order Ophionereididae.

Enakomusium[164]

  • E. geisingense
  • Bachhausen

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophiolepididae.

Holotype Multiple specimens from the Sachrang Formation

Dermocoma[163]

  • D. sp.
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in incertae sedis family in the order Ophiodermatina.

Inexpectacantha[163]

  • I. acrobatica
  • I. ullmanni
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Euryophiurida.

Lapidaster[163]

  • L. fasciatus
  • L. hougardae
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophioscolecidae.

Ophiarachna[165]

  • O. liasica
  • Schömberg

Multiple specimens

A brittle star un the family Ophiacanthida. Very common, related to non anoxic water sedimentation.

Ophiogojira[163]

  • O. andreui
  • O. aliorbis
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophiomusaidae.

Ophiocopa[163]

  • O. sp. nov.
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophiotomidae.

?Ophiocten[165]

  • O. seeweni
  • Schömberg

Multiple specimens

An Ophiuridan in the family Ophiuridae.

Ophiohelus[163]

  • O. sp. nov.
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophiohelidae.

Ophiomusa[163]

  • O. perezi
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophiomusaidae.

Ophiomisidium[163]

  • O. pratchettae
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Astrophiuridae.

Ophiopholis[165]

  • O. trispinosa
  • Schömberg

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophiactidae. Very rare in the layers.

Modern specimen

Ophiotardis[163]

  • O. tennanti
  • O. astonensis
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange
  • Schömberg

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophiopyrgidae.

Palaeocoma[163]

  • P. kortei
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophiopyrgidae.

Sinosura[165][166]

  • S. brodiei
  • S. cf. brodiei
  • S. dieschbourgae
  • Ohmden
  • Schömberg
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophioleucidae. The dominant asterozoan taxon in the formation.

Fossil specimen

Thanataster[163]

  • T. desdemonia
  • Neischmelz near Dudelange

Multiple specimens

A brittle star in the family Ophiomusina.

Echinoidea

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Cidaris[167]

  • C. spp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhaussen
  • Altforf
  • Banz

Multiple specimens

A sea urchin in the family Cidaridae.

Modern specimen

Diademopsis[47][29]

  • D. crinifera
  • D. aequituberculata
  • D. behtensis
  • D. bowerbanki
  • Chalhac
  • Häufig in Obereggenen
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Multiple specimens

A sea urchin in the family Pedinidae. It is the most common sea urchin found in the formation

Multiple specimens from Holzmaden

Eodiadema[47]

  • E. minutum
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Multiple specimens

A sea urchin in the family Diadematidae

Multiple specimens from Holzmaden

Hemipedina[47]

  • H. sp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Multiple specimens

A sea urchin in the family Pedinidae

Procidaris[29]

  • P. edwardsi
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhaussen
  • Banz

Multiple specimens

A sea urchin in the family Miocidaridae

Pseudodiadema[47]

  • P. posidoniae
  • P. jurensis
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Multiple specimens

A sea urchin in the family Pseudodiadematidae

Holothuroidea

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Achistrum[27]

  • A. issleri
  • Achdorf
  • Aselfingen
  • Weilheim/Teck
  • Göppingen und Reichenbach
  • Bewegtwasserfazi
  • Obereggenen im Breisgau

Multiple specimens

A sea cucumber in the family Achistridae inside Apodida.

specimen

Mortensenites[27]

  • M.liasicus
  • Achdorf
  • Aselfingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Heiningen
  • Weilheim/Teck
  • Göppingen und Reichenbach
  • Obereggenen im Breisgau

Multiple specimens

A sea cucumber in the family Calclamnidae inside Dendrochirotida.

Stichopites[27]

  • S. mortenseni
  • Achdorf
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Heiningen
  • Weilheim/Teck
  • Göppingen und Reichenbach
  • Bewegtwasserfazi
  • Obereggenen im Breisgau

Multiple specimens

A sea cucumber in the family Stichopitidae. Occurs sporadically in non-bituminous sediments in the upper bifrons zone

Theelia[47]

  • T. heptalampra
  • T. florealis
  • Aselfingen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Gomaringen

Multiple specimens

A sea cucumber in the family Chiridotidae. It is the only major genus of sea cucumber reported locally in the Posidonienschiefer.

Crinoidea

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Pentacrinites[47]

  • P. fossilis
  • P. briareus
  • P. franconicus
  • P. dichotomus
  • P. quenstedti[168]
  • Chalhac
  • Häufig in Obereggenen
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens, some associated with rafts.

Type genus of the family Pentacrinitidae. Like Seirocrinus, Pentacrinites formed colonies in rafting wood. Was a small genus, with multiple specimens no more than 1 meter long, usually measuring 40–70 cm.

Close view in one specimen from the Posidonienschiefer

Praetetracrinus[169]

  • P. kutscheri
  • Schömberg

Isolated Stems

A crinoid in the family Plicatocrinidae.

Procomaster[165]

  • P. pentadactylus
  • Aichelberg

Exceptionally well preserved individual with the arms, pinnules and cirri largely intact

A crinoid in the family Isocrinida. This benthic crinoid clearly represents an exotic element in the typical Posidonia fauna, likely moved from coastal settings.

Seirocrinus[14][170]

  • S. subangularis
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Maurach
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens, some associated with rafts

The largest known crinoid, from the family Pentacrinitidae. Seirocrinus consists of fossils in colonies along large wood trunks, with specimens up to 14 m long and the largest reaching 26 m, which makes it among the tallest known Mesozoic organisms, one of the largest invertebrates known in the fossil record and one if the tallest known animals.[171] It was an open ocean organism that lived on rafting wood, probably filtering food and serving as a refuge for other animals, such as ammonites. The crinoids had a large colonization process, based on their fossils in the wood.[172] The large rafts were the home for a high variety of marine organisms, such as barnacles, ammonites and others. It has been estimated that without the presence of modern raft wood predators (that appeared in the Bathonian) these rafts could have lasted up to 5 years, being the main reason that the crinoids were able to reach such huge sizes. The large rafts were also probably essential to distribute animals along the Early Jurassic seas.[13]

Close view of one specimen from the Posidonienschiefer

Vertebrata

[edit]

Fishes

[edit]

Chondrichthyes

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Acanthorhina[173]

  • A. jaekeli
  • Holzmaden

Head and postcranial remains

A member of Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes. An aberrant Chimaera with a strange elongated nose and horns over the skull.

Acanthorhina

Acrodus[47]

  • A. nobilis
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Teeth

Type genus of the family Acrodontidae.

Bathytheristes[174]

  • B. gracilis
  • Ohmden

Upper ("palatine") toothplate

A member of Callorhynchidae inside Chimaeriformes. Similar to Callorhinchus, among the oldest known of its type. It is the first “modern” chimaera from the Toarcian.

Callorhinchus milii may be the closest relative of Bathytheristes

Bdellodus[175]

  • B. bollensis
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen

Teeth

A shark of the family Hybodontidae. An aberrant hybodontid with crushing dentition.

Bdellodus

Crassodus[176]

  • C. reifi
  • Dotternhausen

Meckelian Cartilages, Jaws, teeth, Palatoquadrates, placoid scales and dearticulated parts of the labial, hyoid and branchial skeleton.

A shark of the family Hybodontidae. The type specimen belongs to a large hybodontid, with an estimated total length of up to 3 m.[176]

Hybodus[47][177][178]

  • H. hauffianus
  • H. delabechei
  • H. pyramidalis
  • H. reticulatus
  • H. sp.
  • Banz
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dormettingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Aichelberg
  • Kerkhofen
  • Hondelange
  • Schandelah[89]
  • Altdorf
 Various complete and nearly complete specimens

Type genus of the family Hybodontidae. It is the most abundant shark in the layers of the Sachrang Formation, with some of the best preserved specimens of the genus known.[179]

Hybodus Holzmaden specimen, among the best preserved of the genus, with Belemmnites inside.

Metopacanthus[180][181]

  • M. bollensis
  • M. sp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
 Isolated dorsal fin spines, chondrocranium, partial fin spine and length of vertebral column

A member of Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes. An aberrant Chimaera with a second jaw-like structure on its head.

Palaeospinax[182]

  • P. priscus
  • P. egertoni
  • Holzmaden

Anterior part of body with basicranium, palatoquadrates, Meckel's cartilage, ceratohyals, epihyals, teeth, traces of the branchial arches and the anterior finspine

Type member of the family Palaeospinacidae.

Palidiplospinax[183]

  • P. smithwoodwardi
  • Holzmaden

Articulated vertebral column, girdles, both fin spines and clasper organ

A member of the family Palaeospinacidae.

Pseudonotidanus[184]
  • P. politus
  • Holzmaden

Partial, articulated specimen

A shark of the family Hexanchiformes. It was identified originally as a member of the genus Palaeospinax.

Rajiformes[185]

Gen et sp. nov

  • Holzmaden

SMNS 52666, Incomplete specimen

A possible member of Batoidea. It was originally identified as a member of Galeiformes.

SMNS 52666, the unnamed rajiform holotype

Recurvacanthus[186]

  • R. uniserialis
  • Ohmden

Isolated fin spine

A member of Myriacanthidae inside Chimaeriformes.

Actinopterygii

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Caturus[187]

  • C. smithwoodwardi
  • Holzmaden
  • Würtenmberg

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

Type genus of the family Caturidae inside Amiiformes

Caturus

Dapedium[188][189]

  • D. pholidotum
  • D. punctatus
  • D. caelatus
  • D. heteroderma
  • D. ovalis
  • D. leachi
  • D. stollorum[190]
  • D. sp.
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Niedersachsen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Maurach

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A deep-bodied neopterygian, the type genus of the family Dapediidae. Unpublished material indicates the presence of one or even two more still undescribed species of Dapedium in the Lower Toarcian.[189][190]

Dapedium

Euthynotus[191]

  • E. incognitus
  • E. cf.incognitus
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A member of the family Pachycormidae.

Euthynotus
Germanostomus[192]
  • G. pectopteri
  • Holzmaden
  • Incomplete specimens

A pachycormid.

Haasichthys[193]

  • H. michelsi
  • Hondelange
  • Nearly complete specimen

A pachycormid.

Heterolepidotus[89]

  • H. sp.
  • Schandelah
  • Isolated teeth
  • Isolated scales
  • Isolated jaws

A member of the family Furidae inside Ionoscopiformes

Holzmadenfuro[194]

  • H. rebmanni
  • Holzmaden

Complete specimen

A ganoin-scaled member of Ophiopsiformes (Halecomorphi). The type specimen is 51 cm long, and has elongated and serrated body scales before the dorsal fin and tiny ganoid scales after it.[194]

Lepidotes[195][196][197][198]

  • L. elvensis
  • L. gigas
  • L. sp.
  • Banz
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Niedersachsen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A common member of the Lepisosteiformes.

Lepidotes

Leptolepis[196][197][198][195]

  • L. jaegeri
  • L. antisiodorensis
  • L. coryphaenoides
  • L. bronni
  • L.normandica
  • L. sp.
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Niedersachsen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Aalen
  • Hemmikon
  • Nancy
  • Maurach

Thousands of complete and nearly complete specimens

A member of the family Leptolepididae. The most common fish found within the formation, Leptolepis is thought to have formed large schools like modern herring.

Leptolepis

Longileptolepis[199][200]

  • L. wiedenrothi
  • SW of Braunschweig

MB. f.7612, nearly complete specimen.

A member of the family Leptolepididae. It was identified as Paraleptolepis, but this name is currently occupied by a Japanese fish genus of Early Cretaceous age.[200] It differs from Leptolepis coryphaenoides through the presence of a few autapomorphies and also in the retention of several primitive features not present on the former.[199] A relatively small fish, around 14 cm long.[199]

Longileptolepis

Lycodus[195][196][197][47]

  • L. gigas
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Isolated skull bones

A possible representative of the family Saurichthyidae. It is based on rather fragmentary specimens.

Ohmdenfuro[194]

  • O. bodmani
  • Ohmden

Nearly complete specimen with broken skull

The first ganoin-scaled member of Ophiopsiformes (Halecomorphi) from the Posidonienschiefer. Elongated morphology, with a length of ~39 cm, covered by smooth, massive ganoin scales.[194]

Ohmdenia[201]
  • O. multidentata
  • Ohmden
  • Holzmaden
 Single disarticulated specimen

A large member of the family Pachycormidae, with a length of up to 2.5–3 m and an estimated weight over 200 kg.[201]

Ohmdenia

Pachycormus[202]

  • P. macropterus
  • P. bollensis
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

Type member of the family Pachycormidae. A large representative of its family, reaching up to 1.5 m. One specimen preserves the stomach filled with numerous hooklets.[18]

Pachycormus

Pholidophorus[195][196][197][198]

  • P. germanicus
  • P. hartmanni
  • P. bechei
  • P. limbatus
  • P. sp.
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Reutlingen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Mössingen
  • Ohmenhausen
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Kerkhofen
  • Heiningen
  • Reichenbach
  • Wasseralfingen
  • Unterstürmig
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A member of the family Pholidophoridae.

Pholidophorus

Ptycholepis[203][204]

  • P. bollensis
  • P. barrati
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

Type genus of the family Ptycholepididae inside Ptycholepiformes. It is one of the youngest representatives of its family.

Ptycholepis

Sauropsis[205]

  • S. latus
  • S. veruinalis[187]
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A large member of the family Pachycormidae.

Sauropsis

Saurorhynchus[206]

  • S. hauffi
  • S. brevirostris
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Oedhof
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Niedersachsen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Maurach

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

The youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae, known for its large jaws, similar to modern Belonidae.

Saurorhynchus

Saurostomus[207]

  • S. esocinus
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A member of the family Pachycormidae. A large representative of the family, reaching sizes up to 2.3 m.

Saurostomus
Strongylosteus[208]
  • S. hindenburgi
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A large member of the Chondrosteidae and the largest non-reptilian marine vertebrate of the Posidonienschiefer Fm, with a size around 3.2 m.[208]

Strongylosteus

Tetragonolepis[209]

  • T. drosera
  • T. semicincta
  • T. sp.
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Aichelberg
  • Schandelah
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Maurach

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A deep-bodied neopterygian of the family Dapediidae.

Tetragonolepis
Toarcocephalus[20]
  • T. morlok
  • Holzmaden
  • SMNS 59978 &SMNS 52044, articulated skulls
 A member of the family Coccolepididae. The first representative of the family from the Toarcian.

Sarcopterygii

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Trachymetopon[210][211]

  • T. liasicum
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A large coelacanth of the family Mawsoniidae, related to the genera Axelrodichthys, Chinlea, Diplurus and the type, Mawsonia.[211] The largest specimen known from the Sachrang Formation is GPIT.OS.770 (the holotype), being over 1.6 m long.[210] The specimen preserves an ossified lung inside the abdominal cavity, and most of the body, being also one of the most complete coelacanths of the Jurassic found.[210][211] Trachymetopon predates the earliest other presence of the family Mawsoniidae in Europe by about 120 Ma and is the northernmost occurrence of a member of the group, implying an extensive geographic range during the Early Jurassic.[211] Due to the specimens being found on pelagic deposits, this suggests that it probably was an open ocean swimmer.[210][211]

Trachymetopon GPIT.OS.770

Amniota

[edit]

Ichthyosauria

[edit]

Inderminate specimens are known.[29][195][196][197]

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Eurhinosaurus[212][213]

  • E. longirostris
  • E. huenei
  • E. quenstedti
  • E. sp.
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Hondelange
  • Schandelah
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A large ichthyosaur of the family Leptonectidae which, convergently with modern swordfish, evolved an extremely long upper jaw. Like these fishes, Eurhinosaurus is believed to be a fast swimming predator, able to hunt fish schools on same way. Large specimens of up to 6 m are known.

Complete specimen from the Sachrang Formation

Hauffiopteryx[214]

  • H. typicus
  • H. altera[215]
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

Likely a member of Parvipelvia, sister group to Stenopterygius + Ophthalmosauridae. A small- to mid-sized ichthyosaur, 2–3 m in length, with a relatively short and slender antorbital rostrum.[215]

Hauffiopteryx typicus fossil

Leptopterygius?[216]

  • L.? sp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A possible member of the family Leptonectidae. Most of the specimens of this genus have been referred to Leptonectes or Temnodontosaurus, although some remains in the Posidonienschiefer are too complex to be clearly referred.

Magnipterygius[217]

  • M.huenei
  • Dotternhausen
 Almost complete articulated skeleton

An ichthyosaur of the family Stenopterygiidae. Magnipterygius may not have grown to a total length of much more than 120 cm. It is therefore potentially only the second post-Triassic ichthyosaur known with such a small body size

Stenopterygius[214][218]

  • S. quadriscissus
  • S. triscissus
  • S. uniter
  • S. sp.
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Schlierbach
  • Hondelange
  • Grassel
  • Beienrode
  • Schandelah
  • Aichelberg
  • Staffelstein
  • Pferdsfeld
  • Oedhof
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Gomaringen
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dörnten
  • Langenbrücken
  • Bascharange

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

Type genus of the family Stenopterygiidae. A common Toarcian ichthyosaur, present in multiple layers. The rather exquisite level of preservation has led to even the coloration being preserved. This shows a clear countershading, with an upper part being darker than the lower, similar to modern killer whales, the Heaviside's dolphin or the Dall's porpoise. There is also evidence of changes in color with ontogenetic changes, going from dark juveniles to countershaded adults. The skin was flexible & scaleless, as in dolphins.[219] The study of several specimens has revelated that Stenopterygius quadriscissus underwent a size-related trophic niche shift through ontogeny, shifting from a piscivorous diet to a teuthophagous diet, known thanks to exquisitely preserved stomach contents.[220]

Fossil

Suevoleviathan[221]

  • S. disinteger
  • S. integer[222]
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Banz
  • Dotternhausen

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

Type genus of the family Suevoleviathanidae. Includes specimens up to 4 m long.

Suevoleviathan integer fossil

Temnodontosaurus[223]

  • T. trigonodon
  • T. burgundiae
  • T. zetlandicus[224]
  • T. "sp. A"
  • T. "sp. B"
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Schlierbach
  • Hondelange
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah
  • Dörnten
  • Langenbrücken
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

Type genus of the family Temnodontosauridae. A large macroraptorial ichthyosaur, the apex predator of its environment. It ranges between 9 and 12 m, being one of the largest known ichthyosaurs, characterised by skulls and jaws over 1 m in length, with the largest being over 1.9 m long. It has been found with fragments of young ichthyosaurs in its stomach.[17]

Temnodontosaurus trigonodon specimen.

Plesiosauria

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Hauffiosaurus[225][226]

  • H. zanoni
  • Dotternhausen
  • Holzmaden

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A basal member of Pliosauridae. It had a long snout similar to that of Peloneustes, gharials or dolphins.[226]

Hauffiosaurus

Hydrorion[225][227]

  • H. brachypterygius
  • H. sp.
  • Holzmaden

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A junior synonym of M. brachypterygius.[228]

Hydrorion

Meyerasaurus[225][229]

  • M. victor
  • Holzmaden

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A member of Rhomaleosauridae.

Meyerasaurus

Microcleidus[230]

  • M. brachypterygius
  • M. melusinae[231]
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Pétange-Belval line

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

Type genus of the plesiosaur family Microcleididae.

Microcleidus

Plesiosauroidea[225][228]

  • Genus and species indet.
  • Holzmaden
  • SMNS 51945, an almost complete articulated skeleton lacking most of the skull
  • MH 7, articulated specimen with soft tissue[232]

SMNS 51945 is a well preserved immature specimen with possible phosphatised muscle tissues and eumelanin that possibly corresponds to areas dark-coloured in life, and its anatomical characters suggest it represents a new genus.[228] MH 7 shows a mosaic of smooth skin and (possibly keeled) scales.[232]

Plesiopterys[233][234]

  • P. wildi
  • Holzmaden

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A Plesiosauroidean that has been linked with Cryptoclididae, yet recently revelated to be a derived non-microcleidid

Plesiopterys

"Plesiosaurus"[235]

  • "P." bavaricus
  • Berg bei Neumarkt
  • Creez

Isolated caudal & cervical vertebrae

A plesiosaur assigned to the genus Plesiosaurus, yet it shows more affinities with Anningasaura

Seeleyosaurus[236]

  • S. guilelmiimperatoris
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Schandelah
  • Banz?

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A plesiosaur of the family Microcleididae. It was originally placed as "Plesiosaurus guilelmiimperatoris".

Seeleyosaurus

Sphenodontia

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Palaeopleurosaurus[237]

  • P. posidoniae
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen?
  • Kerkhofen

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

An aquatic sphenodont of the family Pleurosauridae. Paleopleurosaurus shows a slight skeletal specialization for an aquatic lifestyle, achieved through the Jurassic gradually in pleurosaurs.[237] Recent studies suggest a shorter lifespan than modern tuatara, based on irregular spacing of growth marks.[238]

Palaeopleurosaurus

Testudinata

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Testudinata[47][239][240][241]

  • Indeterminate
  • Altdorf
  • Banz
  • Schandelah[242]
  • Hondelange
 Shells? and Isolated plastrons

A marine turtle of the superfamily Eurysternidae inside Thalassochelydia. It is the main formally identified turtle fossil from the Sachrang Formation, representing a rather basal genus. The pleurals resemble those of the genus Plesiochelys.[239] Being found in the zone of Franconia, which in the Toarcian was around 80 km from the shore, suggests that early marine turtles lived in the epicontinental waters of European shallow seas before they reached richer ecosystem diversity on the Late Jurassic.[239] This would explain the serious lack of turtle fossils on the formation, as most of the deposits are located far from the coast.[239] Münster (1834) cited possible unclassified turtle remains: "there were also rare things at the quarries of Altdorf, among other remains there were ones of a turtle on lias limestone"". The remains are not catalogued and some specimens are in private collections.[243]

Crocodylomorpha

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Macrospondylus[244][245]

  • M. bollensis
  • M. sp.
  • Banz
  • Bad Boll
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Hondenlange
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah
  • Berg
  • Schlierbach
  • Niedersachsen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dudelange-Bettembourg

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A longirostrine thalattosuchian of the family Machimosauridae. Was considered synonymous with Steneosaurus until in 2020 the latter was recovered as invalid. It reached large sizes, with specimens exceeding 5 m, being a generalist predator.[246]

Macrospondylus bollensis fossil with skin impressions

Mystriosaurus[246][247][248]

  • M. laurillardi
  • M. sp.
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Schandelah[89]

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A mesorostrine thalattosuchian of the family Teleosauridae. A marine crocodylomorph with a diet probably composed of fish. Was considered synonymous with Steneosaurus until recently.[248] Due to the unusual placement of the external nares, Mystriosaurus was likely more terrestrial, or spent a greater amount of time on land, than other teleosauroids. This would explain its greater presence in zones of the formation closer to the emerged landmasses. Its morphology suggest it was a mesorostrine generalist.[248]

Mystriosaurus

Pelagosaurus[249]

  • P. typus
  • P. sp.
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Ohmden
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dudelange-Bettembourg

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A thalattosuchian with a complex designation, probably the basalmost metriorhynchoid. Pelagosaurus typus was a small-bodied thalattosuchian (~1 m in length) considered to be an adept aquatic pursuit predator, with a long streamlined snout ideal for snapping at fast moving prey (one specimen was found with Leptolepis fishes inside) and large, anterolaterally placed orbits for increased visual acuity.[249]

Pelagosaurus

Plagiophthalmosuchus[246]

  • P. gracilirostris
  • Dudelange-Bettembourg

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A longirostrine thalattosuchian, the most basal known. Was considered synonymous with Steneosaurus. Longirostrine specialist, probably an active fish hunter.

Platysuchus[246]

  • P. multiscrobiculatus
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Dudelange-Bettembourg

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A longirostrine thalattosuchian of the family Teleosauridae. Platysuchus was slightly more robust than its contemporaneous relatives, being probably adapted to hunt larger fish. It was a heavily armoured, semi-terrestrial longirostrine generalist form, indicated by the extensive and tightly packed rows of dorsal osteoderms.[246]

Platysuchus

Pterosauria

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Campylognathoides[250]

  • C. zitteli[251]
  • C. liasicus
  • C. cf. C. liasicus
  • C. sp.[89]
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Schandelah

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A novialoidean pterosaur, type genus of the family Campylognathoidea. Mark Witton suggested the construction of Campylognathoides' extremely robust forelimbs, with proportionally long wing fingers, could be a specialization for a fast aerial lifestyle comparable to those of falcons and mastiff bats, being more probably an insect & vertebrate hunter and living on nearshore environments. However a 2024 study found Clarkeiteuthis hooks within the gut of some specimens, suggesting a teuthophagous lifestyle.[25]

Nearly complete Campylognathoides

Dorygnathus[241][252][253]

  • D. banthensis
  • D. cf.banthensis
  • D. mistelgauensis[254]
  • D. sp.
  • Banz
  • Altdorf
  • Mistelgau
  • Schandelah
  • Hondelange
  • Beienrode
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Various complete and nearly complete specimens

A rhamphorhynchine Pterosaur. It is one of the best known Early Jurassic pterosaurs.[252] Dorygnathus mistelgauensis is considered a junior synonym until more data can be recovered from the specimen, which is held in a private collection.[252] Soft tissues, including fur/feather-like filaments & possible coloration traces have been found.[255]

Nearly complete Dorygnathus

Parapsicephalus[256]

  • cf. P. purdoni
  • Altdorf

Skull

A rhamphorhynchine Pterosaur. Has been assigned to the genus Dorygnathus. It has an almost entirely complete skull which may help to explain the status of the genus Parapsicephalus.[256]

Dinosauria

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Ohmdenosaurus[257]

  • O. liasicus
  • Ohmden

Tibia and astragalus

A gravisaurian sauropod, one of the few formally described from the Toarcian. At first it was confused for a plesiosaur bone.[257]

Ohmdenosaurus

Plantae

[edit]
The Flora is dominated by horsetails, which may be in a similar ecological niche to the modern genus Phragmites, able to resist saline conditions. Storms or floods may be the major events that transported this flora to the sea.

The macroflora of the Posidonia Slate can be described as extremely poor in species.[258] Apart from the remains of horsetails, it is without exception the remains of coarse branches and fronds from gymnosperms, which can be assumed were transport resistant. Remains of ferns are completely missing, except for tall arboreal ferns (Peltaspermales).[259] Most of the flora was reported from the area of Braunschweig.[258] The major explanation for this flora could be that the plants in question are mono-or oligotypic stands on the edge of the waters that flowed into the Posidonienschiefer sea, probably torn away in flood events, easily fragmented during transport and from waves, especially in the occasional storm events postulated.[260] In terms of taphonomy, this would result in a comparison with today's reed Phragmites, which can form extensive stocks on the edge of shallow and slowly flowing waters.[258] The wood remnants clearly indicate higher diversity of coniferous flora in the delivery area than remains of leafy branches.[258] This fact is likely to be proportionate, similar to the frequent occurrence of charcoalized trunks, most of them are believed to be "driftwoods" which spent a long time drifting, and this also suggests frequent settlement with mussels and full-grown crinoids.[258][260] The deposition settings are a large distance from the nearest coastline (for southern Germany about 100 kilometers), making only plants resistant to transportation able to survive long enough to get deposited.[261][141] At Irlbach and Kheleim, NE of Regensburg, where the Posidonienschiefer has a near mainland deposit with abundant sand, a rich deposit filled with plant remains of different kinds (Seeds, reproductive organs, leaves, stems, cuticles and wood) with traces of coal was recovered, however, it was never studied in depth.[78] Of all the plant material excavated only a few bennettite leaves and two conifer branches with leaves were cited and none studied.[78] In the Austrian sites the Sachrang Member was developed in the basinal area, while the Unken Member, sandwiched between red, often condensed limestones, represents the marginal facies.[40] Due to being more marginal and connected with the southern Vindelician land, the most diverse palynological assemblages of the formation are found transported from zones with moldanuvian granites as proven by the feldspar accumulations.[40]

Phytoclasts

[edit]

Phytoclasts have been recovered from several sections on the formation, but only studied in depth from the Dotternhausen and specially Dormettingen.[46] Here two kinds of phytoclasts were recovered, opaque phytoclasts (charcoal, indicator of wildfire activity on nearby landmasses, indicator of seasonal alterations of the water column) and translucent phytoclasts (indicator of proximal landmasses with high availability of wood and other plant material, as well as transport conditions).[46] On the lowermost part of the section opaque phytoclasts are low (15% of the total organic matter) while translucent are incredibly abundant (40%), lowering to around 20-10% on the next section.[46] The Exaratum subzone is the only one with an inverse trend and more abundance of opaque phytoclasts. On the Bifrons level, both types reach between a 15% and a 30%, showing a rapid increase, then decreasing at the end of the section to values of less than 10%.[46] Opaque Phytoclasts, for a supposed marine deposit are relatively abundant on some sections, while their decreasing levels suggest (along with increasing levels of Kaolinite) an increased delivery of land plant material by rivers, from areas with wetter climate and less frequent fires, while its rise suggests the opposite, a nearby continental setting with dry climate and continuous wildfire activity.[46]

Palynology

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Alisporites[33][262][263]

  • A. grandis
  • A. radialis
  • A. microsaccus
  • A. lowoodensis
  • A. thomasi
  • A. robustus
  • A. spp.
  • Dormettingen
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
  • Salem Borehole

Pollen

Affinities with the families Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae or Umkomasiaceae inside Peltaspermales. Pollen of uncertain provenance, that may be derived from any of the members of the Peltaspermales. The lack of distinctive characters and bad preservation are among the main factors making this palynological residue difficult to classify. arborescent to arbustive seed ferns.

Baculatisporites[263]

  • B. spp.
  • Dormettingen

Spores

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern Osmunda regalis.

Callialasporites[35][36][263]

  • C. dampieri
  • C. turbatus
  • C. spp.
  • Dormettingen
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah

Pollen

Affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferae.

Extant Pinus cone, example of the Pinidae. Callialasporites is similar to the pollen found in this genus

Cerebropollenites[38][33][263][264][262]

  • C.mesozoicus
  • C. macroverrucosus
  • C. thiergartii
  • C. sp.
  • Dormettingen
  • Dutch Central Graben
  • West Netherlands Basin
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
  • Schandelah
  • Salem Borehole

Pollen

Affinities with both Sciadopityaceae and Miroviaceae inside Pinopsida. This pollen’s resemblance with extant Sciadopitys suggests that Miroviaceae may be an extinct lineage of sciadopityaceaous-like plants.[265]

Extant Sciadopitys. Cerebropollenites likely come from a related plant

Chasmatosporites[262][263][46][264]

  • C. apertus
  • C. megaverruculosus
  • C. hians
  • C.elegans
  • C. spp.
  • Dormettingen
  • Dutch Central Graben
  • West Netherlands Basin
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
  • Dormettingen

Pollen

Affinities with Cycadaceae and probably Cycadales. Alternatively it may be pollen from Bennettitales. It is the most abundant non-conifer pollen recovered from the formation, recovered in all the major sampled areas. Probably derived from arbustive cycads, this genus is related with dry settings, even being known from desertic regions.

Closer Look of Macrozamia cones, a common Cycad. Chasmatosporites may come from a related plant

Circulina[40]

  • C. meyeriana
  • Unken, sample 1

Pollen

Affinities with the Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. Pollen from arborescent to arbustive plants. It is rare within the samples measured.

Circumpollis[38][266][46]

  • C. pharisaeus
  • C. philosophus
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah
  • Dormettingen

Pollen

Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferae. Pollen of medium to large arborescent plants, specially conifers.

Classopollis[33][264][263][262][46][38]

  • C. meyeriana
  • C. simplex
  • C. classoides
  • C. dellassis
  • C. reclusus
  • C. striatus
  • C. tetradenverband
  • C. torosus
  • C. spp.
  • Dormettingen
  • Dutch Central Graben
  • West Netherlands Basin
  • Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Schandelah
  • Dormettingen
  • Salem Borehole

Pollen

Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferae. Abundant in the Lower Jurassic of North and Southern Europe, represents pollen of medium to large arborescent plants, specially conifers. The abundance of pollen of Classopollis and other thermophilic plants was observed in this region in the lower Toarcian from the end of the antiquum (= tenuicostatum) zone to the middle of commune zone.[267] Classopollis is correlated with evaporites and are therefore associated with desert basins, but the shrubs may have also lived in xeric upland areas with seasonal fires. Evidence of fires is absent in the marine Posidonienschiefer, but has been recovered on the coeval nearshore calcareous sandstones.[267] It increases with the appearance of charcoal phytoclasts, as derived from dry settings with increased wildfires.[46]

Clavatipollenites[263][268]

  • C. palaeoserratus
  • C. spp.
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah

Pollen

Affinities with Gnetopsida and probably Gnetophyta. Has been considered pollen of Chloranthaceae. However, it is too old to belong to advanced angiosperms. It probably comes from cones related to the genus Piroconites kuesperti from the lowermost Jurassic of Germany, resembling pollen of extant Ephedra and Welwitschia.

Closer Look of Ephedra cones, a common gnetophyte. Clavatipollenites may come from a related plant

Concavisporites[40][263]

  • C. cf. kaiseri
  • C. spp.
  • Dormettingen
  • Unken, samples 3-4

Spores

Affinities with Gleicheniaceae inside Gleicheniales. It suggests a relative increase of humidity on the rivers flowing towards the Austrian realm. The most abundant term spore in this region.

Dicranopteris, Concavisporites probably comes from similar genera

Crassipollenites[38][266]

  • C. diffusus
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah

Pollen

Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae and Araucariaceae inside Pinaceae. Uncertain affinities.

Cyathidites[46]

  • C. sp.
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben

Spores

Affinities with the family Cyatheaceae inside Cyatheales. Likely from a tree fern.

Example of extant Cyathea, Cyathidites likely comes from similar genera

Cycadopites[40]

  • C. cf. follicularis
  • Unken, samples 1-3

Pollen

Affinities with the Cycadopsida inside Cycadales. Pollen related with modern Cycas, arbustive to lower floor plants, relatively abundant, present in various of the measured samples. The most common pollen of the Austrian realm, alongside being an indicator of dry settings.

Encephalartos, Cycadopites come probably from similar genera

Deltoidosporites[33][40][263]

  • D. spp.
  • Dormettingen
  • Salem Borehole
  • Unken, sample 5

Spores

Affinities with Dicksoniaceae inside Pteridopsida. Likely from a tree fern.

Modern Dicksonia, Deltoidosporites come probably from similar genera

Densosporites[263]

  • D. spp.
  • Dormettingen

Spores

Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida. Herbaceous lycophyte flora, similar to ferns, found in humid settings

Extant Selaginella, typical example of Selaginellaceae

Disaccites[38][266]

  • D. reclusus
  • D. sp.
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah

Pollen

Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinopsida. Pollen from arbustive to arborescent plants.

Extant Afrocarpus cone, example of the Podocarpaceae. Disaccites is similar to the pollen found in this genus

Exesipollenites[262]

  • E. tumulus
  • E. spp.
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben

Pollen

Affinities with the family Cupressaceae inside Pinopsida. Pollen resembles extant genera such as Actinostrobus and Austrocedrus, probably from dry environments.

Extant Austrocedrus. Exesipollenites likely comes from a related plant

Kraeuselisporites[46][263]

  • K. reissingeri
  • Dormettingen

Spores

Affinities with Selaginellaceae and probably Lycopsida. A rare element in the palynological records of the German Basin, although more abundant than any other spore recovered locally.

Inaperturopollenites[34][266]

  • I. orbiculatus
  • Bisingen/Zimmern Borehole
  • Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Pollen

Affinities with the Pinidae inside Coniferae. Abundant in the Lower Jurassic of NW Europe. Its identification in the Posidonienschiefer is rather unclear due to the bad preservation of the pollen grains.

Extant Pinus cembra cone, an example of the Pinidae. Inaperturopollenites is similar to the pollen found in this genus

Ischyosporites[40]

  • I. cf. variegatus
  • I. sp
  • Unken, probes 4-5

Spores

Affinities with Pteridopsida. Spores from several types of ferns, relatively rare, present only in 2 samples.

Leptolepidites[263]

  • L. equatibossus
  • L. sp.
  • Dormettingen

Spores

Affinities with the family Dennstaedtiaceae in the Polypodiales. Forest fern spores.

Extant Dennstaedtia specimens; Leptolepidites probably comes from similar genera

Lycopodiacidites[40]

  • L. infragranulatus
  • Unken, sample 3

Spores

Affinities with the Ophioglossaceae inside Filicopsida. Spores related with modern floor ferns, which appear on abundant water locations. The Unken Member is considered a more basinal deposit, where wood and sporomorph remains are more common.

Ophioglossum, Lycopodiacidites probably comes from similar genera

Osmundacidites[46][263]

  • O. wellmanii
  • O. spp.
  • Dormettingen
  • Hondelage
  • Beienrode
  • Grassel
  • Schandelah
  • Hattorf, Fallersleben
  • Flechtorf near Fallersleben

Spores

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae inside Polypodiopsida. Found near fluvial currents, related to the modern Osmunda regalis

Example of extant Osmunda specimens, Osmundacidites probably comes from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus itself

Podocarpidites[263]

  • P. ellipticus
  • P. sp.
  • Dormettingen

Pollen

Affinities with the Podocarpaceae inside Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arborescent plants.

Extant Podocarpus. Podocarpidites may come from a related plant

Polycingulatisporites[263]

  • P. spp.
  • Dormettingen

Spores

Affinities with the family Notothyladaceae inside Anthocerotopsida. Hornwort spores.

Example of extant Notothylas specimens

Quadraeculina[263]

  • Q. anaellaeformis
  • Dormettingen

Pollen

Affinities with Podocarpaceae and Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

Retitriletes[263]

  • R.austroclavatidites
  • Dormettingen

Spores

Affinities with Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopsida.

Spheripollenites[34][33][266][46]

  • S.subgranulatus
  • S. sp.
  • Bisingen/Zimmern borehole
  • Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
  • Dormettingen
  • Salem Borehole

Pollen

Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinaceae. Abundant in the Lower Jurassic of NW Europe. Spheripollenites co-occurs on the coeval Sorthat Formation with cuticles of Dactyletrophyllum ramonensis, and after further study a highly significant correlation was found, which may suggest that the species S. psilatus was produced by the conifer genus Dactyletrophyllum.[269]

Stereisporites[263]

  • S. psilatus
  • Dormettingen

Spores

Affinities with Sphagnaceae inside Sphagnopsida.

Striatella[263]

  • S. seebergensis
  • S. sp.
  • Dormettingen

Spores

Affinities with Polypodiaceae inside Filicopsida.

Todisporites[263]

  • T. major
  • Dormettingen

Spores

Affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida.

Equisetaceae

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Equisetites[258][141]

  • E. cf. muensteri
  • E. cf. columnaris
  • E. sp.
  • Kerkhofen
  • Holzmaden
  • Hondelage
  • Schandelah[89]

Stems

Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetopsida. A number of mostly very fragmented and not particularly well preserved, but clear horsetail remains have been described. Recognisable leaf sheaths were developed in most cases, but the state of preservation does not allow more precise determination.[270][271]

Neocalamites[258][141][272]

  • N. merianii
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Holzmaden
  • Hondelange
  • Kerkhofen
  • Schandelah
  • Bascharange

Stems and incomplete axes

Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetopsida. Neocalamites is one of the most common plants in all the Posidonia Shale, even being found in Luxembourg’s Posidonia strata.[272] Most of the stems reported come from Aeolian-Dunar related deposits, or from nearshore-basinal deposition. It likely grew near the seashore.[272] Some stems are very large, resembling the rates of growth seen on modern bamboo specimens, suggesting the whole plant was over 6 m tall.[272]

Neocalamites merianii specimen

Pteridospermatophyta

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Pachypteris[258][273]

  • P. nordenskioeldii
  • Braunschweig
  • One specimen of pteridosperm frond.

Affinities with Umkomasiaceae inside Corystospermaceae. The genus is based on bipinnate leaves, with a longitudinally striated rachis, a long petiole and secondary rachises. It belongs to a large tree-like plant. The one Sachrang Formation specimen is characterized for its large size and probably was attached to trunks similar in appearance to the Cretaceous genus Tempskya.[273]

The only Pachypteris specimen known from the Sachrang Formation

Bennettitales

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Glossozamites[258][270][274]

  • G. oblongifolius
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen
 Leaflets

A member of Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Identified originally as Zamites oblongifolius

Otozamites[258][274][275]

  • O. gracilis
  • O. bechei
  • O. sp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Ohmden
  • Hondelange
  • Bascharage[196]
 Leaflets

Affinities with Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales. It is the most abundant non conifer plant fossil in the environment.

Otozamites gracilis specimen from the Sachrang Formation

Pterophyllum[258][270][274]

  • P. acutifolium
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Altdorf
 Leaflets

Affinities with Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales. Some specimens were assigned to "Dioonites acutifolium".

Pterophyllum fossil

Ptilophyllum[258][270][141]

  • P. gracilis
  • P. sp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen
 Leaflets

Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales.

Ptilophyllum sp. specimen from the Sachrang Formation

Zamites[258][270][274]

  • Z. mandelslohi
  • Banz
  • Irlbach
  • Holzmaden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Altdorf
 Leaflets

A member of Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales.

Zamites mandelslohi specimen

Ginkgoales

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Ginkgoites[258][270][268][259]

  • G. digitata
  • G. sp.
  • Schandelah[89]
  • Ohmden
 Leaf compressions

Affinities with Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoales. In Germany, there are regular remains of coal, which are initially reminiscent of small ginkgo leaves. The leaves are hard to identify, more or less regularly concentric structures, with them sometimes appearing like the coarse fruiting bodies of wood-dwelling fungi, such as the genus Trametes.

Ginkgoites digitata specimens

Pinophyta

[edit]
Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Brachyphyllum[258][197][276]

  • B. sp.
  • Holzmaden
  • Hondelange
  • Schandelah
 Branched shoots

Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.

Conites[197]

  • "C." supraliasicus
  • Hondelange
 Seed cones

Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. The genus sepresents various kinds of cones from diverse conifer origin.

Hirmeriella[258]

  • H. sp.
  • Dotternhausen

Ovuliferous dwarf-shoots

Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae.

Pagiophyllum[258][274]

  • P. kurri
  • P. araucarinum
  • P. falcatum
  • P. sp.
  • Obereggenen im Breisgau
  • Aselfingen
  • Gomaringen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen
  • Irlbach
  • Hondelange
  • Mistelgau
  • Schandelah[89]
  • Bascharange
 Branched shoots

Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. Pagiophyllum araucarinum predominates among the types of leafy coniferous branches found locally.

Pagiophyllum kurri specimen from Banz

Widdringtonites[258][276]

  • W. liasicus
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Irlbach
 Branched Shoots

A possible ancestral member of the Callitroideae inside Cupressaceae, or a member of Cheirolepidiaceae. Named also "Cupressites" liasicus, probably represents an arbustive to arborescent-derived axis.

Widdringtonites liasicus specimen from the Sachrang Formation

Fossil wood

[edit]

Fossil wood amount increases in the marginal Unken Member, with great amounts of logs and fragments more than 1 m long. Surface studies suggest relationships with the wood genera identified on the coeval Úrkút Manganese Ore Formation.[277]

Genus Species Location Material Notes Images

Agathoxylon[14]

  • cf. A. sp.
  • Dotternhausen
  • Ohmden
  • Holzmaden

Wood

Affinities with Araucariaceae inside Pinales. One of the largest known rafting wood specimens in the fossil record is assigned to this genus, with a length of 18 m.[14]

Araucarioxylon (=Agathoxylon) reconstruction

Araucariopitys[47]

  • A. nicri
  • A. tubingense
  • A. sp.
  • Dotternhausen
  • Ohmden
  • Holzmaden

Wood

Affinities with Abietinae inside Pinales.

Abies specimen, whose role was probably shared by the makers of the Araucariopitys woods.

Circoporoxylon[258][278][279]

  • C. grandiporosum
  • Braunschweig area
  • GroßGschaidt near Erlangen

Wood

Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales.

Cupressinoxylon[258][259]

  • C. sp.
  • Reutlingen
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Wood

Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales.

Metasequoia specimen, whose role was probably shared by the makers of the Cupressinoxylon woods.

Podocarpoxylon[258][259]

  • P. sp.
  • cf. P. sp.
  • "Georg-Friedrich" mine not far from Liebenberg near Grauhof in the Harz foreland
  • Wenzen between Einbeck and Alfeld
  • Mistelgau
  • Altdorf

Wood

Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales.

Podocarpoxylon specimen

Protocupressinoxylon[258][280]

  • P. catenatum
  • P. liasinum
  • Mistlegau
  • Hondelange
  • Glasser
  • Kerkhofen
  • Altdorf
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden

Wood

Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales.

Protocupressinoxylon catenatum specimen

Protophyllocladoxylon[258][259]

  • P. quedlinburgense
  • P. franconicum
  • Kerkhofen
  • Altdorf
  • Meilenhofen
  • Dörlbach

Wood

Affinities with Podocarpaceae or Cupressaceae inside Pinales.

Bivalves attached to a Protophyllocladoxylon driftwood

"Protopinaceae"[258][281]

  • P. sp.
  • Hondelange
  • Beienrode
  • Schandelah
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Wood

Wood of the Protopinaceae, a possible "morpho-group" of the family Cheirolepidiaceae.[282]

Phyllocladoxylon[258][259]

  • P. sp.
  • Hondelange
  • Hattorf
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Altdorf

Wood

Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales.

Taxodioxylon[258][283]

  • cf. T. sp.
  • Altdorf
  • Korbach
  • Hondelange
  • Holzmaden
  • Ohmden
  • Dotternhausen

Wood

Affinities with the Cupressaceae inside Pinales.

Taxodium distichum specimen, whose role was probably shared by the makers of the Taxodioxylon woods.

Xenoxylon[258][279][284]

  • X. phyllocladoides
  • X. cf. barberi
  • X. ellipticum
  • Braunschweig area
  • Taught near Hanover
  • Dörnten not far from Liebenburg, district of Goslar

Wood

Affinities with Pinophyta, likely close to the Podocarpaceae, Cupressaceae and in a lesser extent to the Cheirolepidiaceae. Finally it may be a member of the extinct family Miroviaceae.

References

[edit]
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