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Otho (beetle)

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Otho
Otho sphondyloides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Elateriformia
Family: Eucnemidae
Subfamily: Melasinae
Tribe: Calyptocerini
Genus: Otho
Lacordaire (1857)
Species

see text

Synonyms
  • Otho Kiesenwetter, 1858

Otho is a genus of Palaearctic and Indomalayan false click beetle in the Eucnemidae family, erected by Jean Théodore Lacordaire in 1857. Species have been recorded from Eastern Europe, Siberia, East Asia, South Asia, Indochina, and Malesia.[1]

Description

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Habitus

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On species in Otho, the body as a whole is elongate, making it oblong,[2] and cylindrical.[3] Posteriorly, it narrows conspicuously.[2]

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The frontoclypeal region's apical margin has a minuscule trilobed division. The area is twice as wide at the apex as between the antennal sockets. The antennae are 11-segmented.[4][5] The shape of the antennae can either be pectinate or flabellate/strongly serrate in segments IV-X.[6] The antennomeres II and III are short in length and subequal. They are short enough to measure shorter combined than antennomere IV.[7] A medio-longitudinal keel spans the frons, sometimes along with the vertex and clypeus.[3][8] The epistome (part directly behind the labrum[9]) is strongly narrowed. On the sides, it is bordered by a thin keel, meanwhile anteriorly, it is sinuous in the middle.[10] The last segment of the maxillary palps is securiform.[11]

Thorax

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The pronotum’s hypomera (portion of the pronotum inflexed ventrally due to lateral folding, visible from the ventral side as a result[12][13][14]), including the propectus (propleuron and prosternum), lack antennal grooves.[2][10] They narrow craniad (towards the head).[15] The pronotum is strongly convex and has a median groove.[3] The prosternal sutures are simple. In the mesothorax, the mesepisterna and mesepimeron are fused together.[15] Ending with the metathorax, the metathoracic coxal plates are wider laterally than medially and are parallel-sided. The plates push slightly upward the posterior parts of the episternums (postepisternums). This genus shares a similar shape of the plates, only slightly expanded on the inside and not narrowed on the outside, with Xylobius and Hylochares. Bearing in mind these connections, Kiesenwetter identifies a possible grouping of these three genera which he deems fairly natural.[4] Species in Otho distinctively have the plates slightly expanded or dilated outward.[2] The last visible ventrite is strongly produced.[7]

Legs and aedeagus

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The only areas of the mesothoracic and metathoracic tibiae with setae are the lateral surfaces. In males, the first protarsomere lacks a sex comb.[7] The first tarsomeres of the hind legs are especially long, often as long as the others combined.[8][6] The male aedeagus is dorsoventrally compressed in shape, creating a bulbous appearance. It has simple and entire lateral lobes unaccompanied by secondary lateral lobes, along with a simple median lobe usually pointed at the apex to form a triangular or globular shape.[3][2][7] At the apex, the lateral lobes are non-bilobed.[6] The flagellum of the aedeagus is complex and broad.[7][15] The aedeagus often has comb-like processes.[11][16]

Phylogeny and evolution

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In Jyrki Elias Muona's phylogeny of Eucnemidae based on male genitalia, Otho is one of the 15 genera that fall under Melasis, the first of the six groups in the system. This group's genitalia are characterized by a free median lobe and short and stout median struts often present. Muona's classification relates Otho with Hemiopsida, Phlegon, Epiphanis, Ceratotaxia, Isoriphis, Melasis, Xylophilus, Bioxylus, Hylochares, Phyllocerus, Anelastes, Palaeoxenus, Hylis, and Euryptychus.[17] Otho is also included in the Zhang et al. 2018 cladogram of Coleoptera, where it is the sister group to Hemiopsida and has Anischia as its outgroup.[18] Muona's (1991) study of Asian and Pacific Eucnemidae, with a focus on the Laurasia-Gondwana break-up model, divides Otho into two groups. One has the more northern Otho sphondyloides and the other has the Vietnamese Otho coomani and four other southern species. Muona categorizes the Otho genus as one of six Laurasian invaders. He speculates that the Laurasian branch came first and colonized the south. This eventually gave rise to the southern branch.[19]

Taxonomy

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The type species, Otho sphondyloides, was originally part of the Melasis genus, as Melasis sphondyloides, until Lacordaire decided that it be moved to the new, separate genus. In doing so, he counteracted confusion with the Microrhagus genus. Previously, he noticed, the species had sometimes been wrongly placed within Microrhagus in specimen collections. Lacordaire got the name Otho from Faustin de La Ferté-Sénectère's collection, which set apart the species into its own genus and listed the genus as Otho.[15][20] However, the etymology is unknown.[10] In 1858, Ernst August Hellmuth von Kiesenwetter, the alternative taxon authority, derived the name from the same collection as Lacordaire did. Since he was the first to describe the genus for identification,[4] while Lacordaire only formed and named the genus, some writers have credited Kiesenwetter as the taxon authority with the junior synonym Otho Kiesenwetter, 1858. Otho was in the tribe Xylobiini,[16] until Jyrki Muona in 1993 formed Calyptocerini, the current tribe.[21]

List of species

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Sources:[1][22][23]

References

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  1. ^ a b Lucht, W (1989). "Drei neue Arten der Gattung Otho Lacordaire, 1857 (Coleoptera, Eucnemidae, Melasinae)". Entomologica Basiliensia (in German). 13: 175–186.
  2. ^ a b c d e de Bonvouloir, Henry (1871–1875). "Monographie de la famille des eucnémides". Annales de la Société entomologique de France (in French). 10 (4): 75, 145, 771.
  3. ^ a b c d Seung, Jinbae; Lee, Seunghwan (1 June 2018). "Two new records of false click beetle (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae) from Korea". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 11 (2): 308–311. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2018.01.010.
  4. ^ a b c Erichson, Dr. W. F.; Schaum, Dr. H.; Kraatz, Dr. G.; von Kiesenwetter, H. (1863). Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands (in German). Vol. 4. Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung.
  5. ^ Redtenbacher, Ludwig (1874). Fauna austriaca. Die Käfer (in German) (3rd ed.). Wien: Carl Gerold's Sohn. p. 527.
  6. ^ a b c Lee, Seunghwan; Seung, Jinbae (2019). Insect Fauna of Korea: Eucnemidae (PDF). Vol. 12 (25 ed.). National Institute of Biological Resources. p. 18.
  7. ^ a b c d e Otto, Robert L. (April 2016). "The False Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae) of Laos". Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey. 35: 192.
  8. ^ a b Seidlitz, Dr. Georg (1891). Fauna transsylvanica: die kaefer (Coleoptera) Siebenbürgens (in German). Königsberg: Hartungsche Verlagsdruckerei.
  9. ^ de la Torre-Bueno, J. R.; Tulloch, George S. (1989). Nichols, Stephen W.; Schuh, Randall T. (eds.). The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology (PDF) (2nd ed.). The New York Entomological Society.
  10. ^ a b c Du Val, Jacquelin; Fairmaire, L.; Migneaux, Jules (1859–1863). Genera des coléoptères d'Europe : comprenant leur classification en familles naturelles, la description de tous les genres, des tableaux dichotomiques destinés à faciliter l'étude, le catalogue de toutes les espèces, de nombreux dessins au trait de caractères (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: A, Deyrolle, Naturaliste. pp. 120, 122.
  11. ^ a b Frivaldsky, János-tól (1879). "A Magyarországi Eucnemidae-Félék (Eucnemidae Hungariae.)". Természetrajzi Füzetek kiadja a Magyar nemzeti Muzeum (in Hungarian). 3 (4): 228 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  12. ^ Lawrence, J.F.; Hastings, A.M; Dallwitz, M.J.; Paine, T.A.; Zurcher, E.J. "Beetles of the world". DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2025.
  13. ^ "Glossary". The University of British Columbia. Archived from the original on February 5, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2025.
  14. ^ Harris, Rebecca; Reid, Dr. Chris (2016). "Dung Beetles of eastern NSW: Glossary". Australian Museum. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2025.
  15. ^ a b c d Meng, Ziye; Muona, Jyrki; Ruan, Yongying; Chen, Xiaoqin; Jiang, Shihong (June 2023). "Two new false click-beetles from China (Coleoptera: Elateroidae: Eucnemidae)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 26 (2) 102045. Bibcode:2023JAsPE..2602045M. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2023.102045.
  16. ^ a b Reitter, Edmund (1911). Fauna Germanica (PDF) (in German). Vol. 3. Stuttgart: K. G. Lutz' Verlag. pp. 203, 207.
  17. ^ Muona, Jyrki Elias (1981). Classification and Nomenclature of the Beetle Family Eucnemidae. U. of Calif., Davis. p. 19.
  18. ^ Zhang, Shao-Qian; Che, Li-Heng; Li, Yun; Liang, Dan; Pang, Hong; Ślipiński, Adam; Peng, Zhang (15 January 2018). "Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..205Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02644-4. PMC 5768713. PMID 29335414.
  19. ^ Muona, J (3 September 1991). "The eucnemidae of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific — a biogeographical study". Australian Systematic Botany. 4 (1): 165. Bibcode:1991AuSyB...4..165M. doi:10.1071/SB9910165.
  20. ^ Lacordaire, Théodore (1857). Histoire naturelle des insectes: genera des Coléoptères ou exposé méthodique et critique de tous les genres proposés jusqu'ici dans cet ordre d'insectes (in French). Vol. 4. p. 113.
  21. ^ Muona, J. (1993). "Review of the phylogeny, classification and biology of the family Eucnemidae (Coleoptera)". Entomologica Scandinavica Supplements. 44. ISSN 0105-3574.
  22. ^ Seidlitz, Dr. Georg (1896). Entomologie. Coleoptera (PDF) (in German). München.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ Lobanov, Andrey (18 September 2007). "Alphabetical index of names of the species group to the 4the volume of the Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera". Beetles (Coleoptera) and Coleoptologists. Archived from the original on December 1, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2025.
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