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North American Charging System

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North American Charging System
(SAE J3400)
NACS alternating current (AC)/direct current (DC) connector (center), shown between SAE J1772 (left) and Type 2 (right) AC connectors. Non-NACS DC connectors are even larger.
Type Electric vehicle charging
Production history
Designer Tesla, Inc.
Designed 2012
Standardized 2024
Manufacturer Tesla, Volex
General specifications
Pins 5
Electrical
Signal single-phase AC, DC
Max. voltage
Max. current In excess of 650 amperes (A)
Pinout
Pinouts for NACS, looking at end of plug (attached to electric vehicle supply equipment cord)
DC+/L1 DC+ / Line 1 Positive current (DC),
Line 1 (split phase AC),
Line (single phase AC)
DC−/L2 DC− / Line 2 Negative current (DC),
Line 2 (split phase AC),
Neutral (single phase AC)
G Ground full-current protective grounding system
CP Control pilot charging state/current signaling
PP Proximity pilot vehicle connector status signaling
References:[1][2]

The North American Charging System (NACS), standardized as SAE J3400, is an electric vehicle (EV) charging connector standard developed by Tesla, Inc. and maintained by SAE International.[1] Tesla introduced the physical connector design with the Model S in 2012; however, it was not until 2021 that Tesla vehicles began supporting the communications protocol that defines NACS. In 2022, Tesla opened the standard to other manufacturers, and SAE International formally standardized it in 2023. NACS uses a single compact connector for both AC and DC charging, sharing common pins for both modes, unlike other systems that require different or larger connectors for DC fast charging.

Between May 2023 and February 2024, most major automakers announced plans to adopt NACS for their North American EVs beginning with the 2025 model year, replacing the Combined Charging System Combo 1 connector (CCS1). Access to the Tesla Supercharger network, regarded as more reliable and extensive than other networks, was cited as a major factor in the transition. Several EV charging network operators and charging equipment manufacturers also announced plans to adopt NACS connectors.

Background

[edit]

After initial testing allowing non-Tesla EVs to use Tesla Supercharger stations in Europe in December 2019,[3] Tesla began to test a proprietary dual-connector "Magic Dock" connector at select North American Supercharger locations in March 2023.[4] Magic Dock allows for an EV to charge with either a NACS or CCS1 connector, which would provide the technical capability for almost all battery electric vehicles the chance to charge.[5] While most of Tesla's North American Supercharger locations currently provide exclusively NACS connectors, 92 locations with V3 posts and 44 with V4 supported the Magic Dock adapter as of February 2025.[6]

History

[edit]

Tesla developed a proprietary charging connector for the Model S in 2012 and used it on all subsequent vehicles, including the Model X, Model 3, Model Y, and Cybertruck. As part of its business strategy, the company also built the Tesla Supercharger network across the United States.[7]

Following the passage of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law) in 2021, the U.S. government announced $7.5 billion in subsidies to support the development of a nationwide network of fast chargers at least every 50 miles (80 km) along America's highways. To qualify for funding, chargers were required to be accessible to multiple brands of electric vehicles.[8]

In response, in November 2022, Tesla introduced the North American Charging Standard (NACS), an open standard based on the physical design of its earlier proprietary connector.[9][10] However, unlike the original Tesla connector, which used CAN bus communication, NACS employs the ISO 15118 protocol used by CCS1, allowing for vehicles with a CCS1 port to charge at a NACS station using an adapter, and allowing Tesla vehicles to charge at a CCS1 station using an adapter.[11] Tesla vehicles built before 2021 require an ECU retrofit to support charging at a CCS1 station. The Supercharger network remains backward compatible with both the original connector and NACS.

Tesla promoted NACS as offering several advantages, including a more compact design, a Tesla vehicle fleet that outnumbered CCS1-equipped vehicles by a margin of two to one, and a Supercharger network with 60 percent more stalls than all CCS1-equipped networks combined.[12][13][14][15] Commentators described the move as a last-ditch effort to save the Tesla connector as federal funding under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act supported the expansion of CCS1 infrastructure.[8]

In May 2023, Ford Motor Company became the first major automaker to announce plans to adopt NACS. Ford stated that beginning in 2025, all new electric vehicles would feature native NACS ports, with earlier models able to use NACS chargers through an adapter starting in 2024.[16] Ford's announcement began a rapid shift in the industry, with other manufacturers making similar announcements throughout 2023 and early 2024, leading to widespread industry adoption.[8]

Observers noted that the broad shift reflected recognition of the Tesla Supercharger network as among the most reliable and extensive, and that NACS offered advantages in design and usability. Analysts also suggested that charging infrastructure could become a recurring revenue source for Tesla.[17]

On June 27, 2023, SAE International announced plans to standardize the NACS connector as SAE J3400.[18] In August 2023, Tesla licensed the design to Volex to manufacture NACS components.[19] SAE published the "technical information report" on December 18, 2023,[20] and the "recommended practice", with "NACS" redefined as the "North American Charging System," on September 30, 2024.[1]

Following widespread industry adoption, the U.S. government publicly endorsed NACS in December 2023. The Federal Highway Administration announced plans to integrate the SAE-standard NACS plug into eligibility criteria for federal charging infrastructure funding.[21]

Tesla officially opened more than 15,000 Supercharger stalls to Ford owners on February 29, 2024. The company reported that technicians had retrofitted many stalls with updated electronics to support both CAN bus and ISO 15118 protocols, enabling compatibility with CCS1-equipped vehicles. Tesla indicated that retrofitting work would continue across its network.[22]

Description

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The NACS connector supports both alternating current (AC) charging and direct current (DC) fast charging.[23]

Technical specifications

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The NACS connector is available in two configurations: one supporting up to 500 volts (V) and another supporting up to 1000 V. The higher voltage version is backward compatible with the former.[1]

No maximum current rating is specified for NACS. Any amount of current is permissible, provided that the temperature of the connector’s interface does not exceed 105 °C (221 °F). Tesla has reported operating the connector at continuous currents up to 900 amperes (amps).[1]

For DC fast charging, the current version 4 (V4) Tesla Supercharger delivers up to 325 kilowatts (kW) of power, though this is not the maximum capacity of the NACS connector.

For AC charging, the NACS system can supply up to 80 amps at 277 V, derived from a three-phase commercial power supply at 480 V.[2][24] However, in typical configurations, NACS provides up to 48 amps of current at 240 V (the standard residential voltage of the North American split-phase electric power system), yielding 11.5 kW..[25]

Operation

[edit]

The NACS connector features a single button located on the top center of the handle. Pressing the button emits a UHF signal. When the connector is securely locked in place, the signal triggers the vehicle to retract the latch that holds the connector in place. If the connector is not locked in place, the signal prompts the vehicle to open the door covering the inlet.[1][25]

Pin layout

[edit]

The NACS connector uses a five-pin layout. The two primary pins are utilized for both AC charging and DC fast charging:

  1. DC+/L1: Provides the positive side of the DC voltage link or, in AC mode, serves as Line 1 in a split-phase connection or as the sole Line in a single-phase connection.
  2. DC−/L2: Provides the negative side of the DC voltage link or, in AC mode, serves as Line 2 in a split-phase connection or as the neutral in a single-phase connection.
  3. G (Ground): Provides a connection between the earth and the vehicle’s chassis. This pin is also used as a reference for the CP and PP signals and to measure electrical isolation.[1]
  4. CP (Control Pilot): A digital communication path used to exchange information about the charging state and current, in accordance with IEC 61851. Power Line Communication is superimposed on the control pilot during DC charging.
  5. PP (Proximity Pilot): Carries a low-voltage signal to determine the status of the vehicle connector. When the button on the plug is pressed to unlock the connector, a switch on the Proximity Pilot circuit opens, interrupting the flow of electricity.

The pin layout for AC charging is identical to that of the SAE J1772 connector.[26]

Adoption

[edit]

Automakers

[edit]

In May 2023, the Ford Motor Company became the first large automaker to announce that it would use NACS with its electric vehicles.[16] Over the next two years, nearly every automaker selling vehicles in the North American market pledged to switch to NACS.[27]

Initially, owners of cars with CCS1 will be offered a NACS adapter to enable charging at Tesla's network, then, starting in 2025, the manufacturers will begin building NACS ports into new cars.[28] In February, Ford became the first automaker to offer an adapter to customers, allowing Ford vehicles to charge with the adapter on a majority of Tesla's V3 and V4 chargers.[29]

The automakers that committed to this transition are:

NACS adoption timeline
Company Announced Supercharger access Ref.
Ford May 25, 2023 February 29, 2024 [30][29]
General Motors June 8, 2023 September 18, 2024 [31][32]
Rivian June 21, 2023 March 18, 2024 [33][34]
Volvo June 27, 2023 October 29, 2024 [35][36]
Polestar June 29, 2023 October 29, 2024 [37][38]
Mercedes-Benz July 7, 2023 February 4, 2025 [39][40]
Nissan July 19, 2023 December 10, 2024 [41]
Honda August 18, 2023 Coming soon[42] [43]
Jaguar Land Rover September 21, 2023 Coming soon[42] [44]
Hyundai/Genesis October 5, 2023 March 25, 2025 [45][46]
Kia October 5, 2023 April 24, 2025 [45][47]
BMW Group October 17, 2023 Coming soon[42] [48]
Toyota October 19, 2023 Coming soon[42] [49]
Subaru November 1, 2023 Coming soon[42] [50]
Lucid November 6, 2023 January 31, 2025[a] [51][52]
Volkswagen Group December 19, 2023 Coming soon[42] [53]
Mazda January 16, 2024 Planned [54]
Stellantis February 2, 2024 Planned [55]

Mitsubishi Motors is the only legacy automaker that has not announced plans to adopt NACS.[56]

Charging networks

[edit]

Prior to the NACS being made an open standard in late 2022, several electric vehicle charging network operators had added Tesla charging connector adapters to legacy CHAdeMO-standard charging stations. These included the ONroute rest stop network in Ontario, Canada, where a Tesla adaptor was permanently attached to a CHAdeMO cord,[57] and REVEL opened a charging station in Brooklyn, New York for a while after they were denied a license to operate a Tesla ride-hailing fleet in New York City.[58] Ivy Charge in Ontario, Canada, announced plans to include CCS1-to-Tesla adaptors for some of their stations.[59] Also EVgo, who added optional Tesla adaptors to CHAdeMO cords.[60][61] In June 2023, EVgo announced it will add NACS connector support to more of its chargers.[62]

In June 2023 several other EV charging station providers also announced plans to add NACS connector support to their chargers. These include FLO, a Quebec-based EV charging station company with over 90,000 chargers.[62] EV fast-charger company FreeWire Technologies also announced plans to equip its battery-integrated Boost Chargers with NACS plugs by mid-2024.[63][64] BC Hydro, Blink Charging, ChargePoint, Electrify America, and EVgo have also announced plans to add NACS connectors to their charging networks.[63][65] In September 2023, hotel chain Hilton Worldwide announced an agreement with Tesla to install chargers with 20,000 NACS connectors across 2,000 of its properties in North America by 2025.[66]

Equipment manufacturers

[edit]

Several equipment manufacturers have announced that they plan to add NACS connectors to their products. As of June 2023 the list includes ABB, BTC Power, Tritium and Wallbox.[67][68] Available charging cables for NACS have been specified at a maximum of 375 A (uncooled) and 650 A (liquid cooled).[69]

Competing standards

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NACS vs. CCS1 connector
NACS
CCS1
Displayed approximately to scale

Several high-power DC charging standards are used for electric vehicles, each with varying levels of adoption globally. These include:

  • Combined Charging System Type 1 (CCS1): This standard is commonly used for DC fast charging in North America and South Korea, particularly at non-Tesla charging stations.[62] Tesla offers a CCS1 to NACS adapter for purchase.[70][12] Some Tesla Supercharger stations are equipped with a "magic dock," which holds a NACS to CCS1 adapter.
  • Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2): The legally mandated DC fast-charging standard for Europe and Oceania.[62] Tesla vehicles sold in these regions since May 2019, as well as newer Superchargers, use CCS2. Older Tesla vehicles can be retrofitted to use CCS2 with an adapter.[71][72][12]
  • CHAdeMO: Used for DC fast-charging in Japan and equipped on some vehicles in North America and Europe. Tesla vehicles sold in Japan are equipped with NACS.[73] Tesla offers a CHAdeMO to NACS adapter for purchase.[12]
  • GB/T: Legally mandated DC fast-charging standard in China. Tesla vehicles sold in China use GB/T.[74]

As of November 2021, Tesla's Supercharger network was the largest DC fast-charging network in the US.[75] However, other BEV competitors in the USA were previously unable to take advantage of the Supercharger network before the release of the "Magic Dock". Tesla cars, on the other hand, come with a SAE J1772 adapter – which allowed Tesla owners to take advantage of the large number of slower Level 2 AC charging stations that are fitted with J1772 plugs.[76]

Criticism

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Tesla's decision to name its connector the "North American Charging Standard" was criticized by the Charging Interface Initiative (CharIN), the association responsible for the competing Combined Charging System (CCS), as the connector had not yet been published or recognized by a standards development organization. CharIN argued that the process of creating a standard should be collaborative, allowing input from all interested parties. Although CharIN initially criticized Tesla’s development process, it later acknowledged that while the NACS connector does not use the CCS physical connector standard, it does employ the same communication protocols developed for CCS.[77][78]

[edit]
  • A public NACS-compatible AC charging station
    A public NACS-compatible AC charging station
  • A Tesla Model X P90D equipped with a Tesla charging inlet, of the same style as NACS
    A Tesla Model X P90D equipped with a Tesla charging inlet, of the same style as NACS
  • NACS-style charging cable
    NACS-style charging cable
  • A newly installed NACS-compatible AC High Powered Wall Connector
    A newly installed NACS-compatible AC High Powered Wall Connector

Notes

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  1. ^ Access only provided for Lucid Gravity. Access for Lucid Air is planned.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "J3400_202409: North American Charging System (NACS) for Electric Vehicles". SAE International. September 30, 2024. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Wall Connector Gen2 80A" (PDF). Tesla, Inc. April 21, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  3. ^ Lambert, Fred (December 20, 2019). "Tesla opens first Supercharger V3 in Europe". Electrek.
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  5. ^ Kane, Mark (June 10, 2023). "US: CCS-Compatible Tesla Superchargers To Be Eligible For Public Funds". InsideEVs. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
  6. ^ "supercharge.info". supercharge.info. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
  7. ^ Bhargava, Hemant; Boehm, Jonas; Parker, Geoffrey G. (January 27, 2021). "How Tesla's Charging Stations Left Other Manufacturers in the Dust". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  8. ^ a b c Dow, Jameson (December 19, 2023). "US gov't may update EV charger subsidy rules for newly-certified NACS port". Electrek. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
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  33. ^ "Rivian joins Tesla charging network". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Associated Press. June 21, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
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  35. ^ "Electric Volvo car Drivers to Gain Access to Tesla Superchargers in the US, Canada & Mexico". The NewsMarket. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
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  39. ^ "Mercedes-Benz Is Also Getting Tesla Supercharger Access". Jalopnik. July 7, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
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  41. ^ "NISSAN ENERGY Charge Network adds access to 17,800 Tesla Superchargers". Official U.S. Newsroom (Press release). December 4, 2024. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
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  44. ^ Klender, Joey (September 21, 2023). "Jaguar signs with Tesla to adopt electric vehicle charging standard". TESLARATI. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
  45. ^ a b "Hyundai, Kia electric vehicles to use Tesla's NACS charging ports starting next year". AP News. October 5, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
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  48. ^ "BMW signs deal for access to Tesla chargers, NACS adoption". Motor Authority. October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
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  50. ^ Johnson, Peter (November 1, 2023). "Subaru finally hops on the Tesla NACS EV charging train". Electrek. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
  51. ^ Korosec, Kirsten (November 6, 2023). "Lucid adopts Tesla's charging standard". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
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