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Dahije

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Dahije
Dahije
Leaders
Dates of operation15 December 1799 — 5–6 August 1804
HeadquartersBelgrade
AlliesOsman Pazvantoğlu's janissaries (Pashaluk of Vidin)
OpponentsOttoman Empire
Local Serbs
Preceded by
Janissary corps of the Sanjak of Smederevo

The Dahije (Serbian Cyrillic: Дахије, from Turkish: dayı)[a] were the renegade Janissary officers who revolted against the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II and took power in the Pashalik of Belgrade, after capturing and murdering Vizier Hadji Mustafa Pasha in 1801. The four supreme Dahije leaders were Mehmed-aga Fočić, Kučuk Alija, Aganlija and Mula Jusuf. Rebels against the sultan, they were defeated by the Serbs in the initial phase of the First Serbian Uprising, which is also called "Uprising against the Dahije" (Serbian: Буна против дахија; Buna protiv dahija).

Background

[edit]

The Ottomans declared war on Russia in 1787 and Austria joined in February 1788.[1] In 1787 the Serbs were violently disarmed by the Ottoman authorities during the Austrian war preparations, with terror carried out by military and bashi-bazouk irregular units leading to people fleeing across the Sava and Danube to Austrian territory and forming the Serbian Free Corps.[1] The Serb volunteers actively engaged Ottoman troops, raided ships on the Danube and liberated many towns, however, much needed aid and equipment was denied and Ottoman counter-operations and terror led to 50,000 Serb refugees and the signing of a truce.[2] The Austrian court increasingly sought to end the conflict and peace was signed in August 1791.[2]

The Porte gave amnesty to participants on the Austrian side and banned the janissaries from the Belgrade Pashalik.[3] In 1793, the Janissary Pashas revolted, raiding the lands and threatening the Sultan's rule, with Pazvantoğlu taking over the Sanjak of Vidin and the janissaries briefly occupying Belgrade.[3] After expelling the janissaries, the Porte appointed Hadji Mustafa Pasha as Vizier of Belgrade in July 1793.[3] Mustafa Pasha was remembered positively in Serbian history, having improved the situation in the Pashalik through reforms.[3] In order to rid the threat of the janissaries, a "national army" of Serbs placed under Ottoman service was established, numbering some 15,000, many of whom had gained military training and experience in the last war.[3] The janissaries once again tried to occupy the Pashalik but were defeated at Kolari, which showed that the Serbian troops were well-organized, disciplined and trained.[3] As a reward, the Porte issued firmans (decrees) which forbade violence against Christians, gave Serbs self-governing privileges, better socio-economic status, allowed for them to build churches and their rural chiefs (titled knez) to retain security forces.[4]

This state did not last long, as new conflicts with janissaries arose and the threat of the French in Egypt made the Porte allow for the return of the janissaries to the Pashalik in early 1799.[4] Upon their return, the janissaries renewed terror against the Serbs, captured Belgrade and Mustafa Pasha in July 1801, murdered him in December, then ruled the Pashalik with a Vizier as their puppet.[5] The leading janissaries, called the Dahije, abolished the Serbs' firmans, banished unsupportive sipahi and invited Muslims from nearby sanjaks which they used to control the Serbs.[5] The banished sipahi and loyal Muslims organized a rebellion against the janissaries with the support of the Serbs in mid-1802, but it failed, resulting in further oppression.[5]

Control of the Belgrade Pashalik

[edit]
Dahije killing Mustafa Pasha.

After holding Mustafa Pasha imprisoned since July 1801 and fearing that Mustafa and his son Dervish Bey would try to overthrow them, the Janissaries had Mustafa Pasha killed in the Belgrade Fortress on 15 December 1801. Kučuk-Alija personally killed him. This resulted in the Pashalik of Belgrade being ruled by these renegade janissaries independently from the Ottoman government, in defiance to the Sultan. The four most distinguished of the Janissaries, Mehmed-aga Fočić, Kučuk Alija, Aganlija and Mula Jusuf, divided the sanjak into pashaliks. They immediately suspended the Serbian local autonomy and drastically increased taxes, seized lands, introduced forced labour (chiflik), and many Serbs fled the janissaries in fear.

Some Ottoman sipahi and Mustafa Pasha's men plotted, and agreed with Serbian knezes to rise against the Dahije, on a given day. Ammunition was smuggled from the Habsburg Monarchy, some given out to the Serbs, and some hid on the Avala. This first attempt to remove the Dahije, erupting a day early in 1802 in Požarevac, was stopped, and the Dahije continued ruling the pashalik.[6]

The tyranny endured by the Serbs caused them to send a petition to the Sultan, which the dahije learnt of. The dahije started to fear that the Sultan would make use of the Serbs to oust them. To forestall this they decided to execute leading Serbs throughout the sanjak, in the event known as the "Slaughter of the Knezes", which took place in late January 1804.

Slaughter of the Knezes

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Main article: Slaughter of the Knezes

According to contemporary sources from Valjevo, the severed heads of the murdered leaders were put on public display in the central square to serve as an example to those who might plot against the rule of the dahije. This enraged the Serbs, who led their families into the woods and started murdering the subaşi (village overseers) that had been employed by the dahije, and also attacking Ottoman forces. The dahije sent out the most diplomatic, Aganlija, with a strong force to frighten and calm them down, in order to avoid escalation into armed conflict which would be hard for the janissaries to manage, but to no avail.

The "Slaughter of the Knezes" led to the uprising against the Dahije in 1804 and the start of the Serbian Revolution.[7]

Uprising

[edit]
Main article: Uprising against the Dahije

On 14 February 1804, in the small village of Orašac near Aranđelovac, leading Serbs gathered and decided to undertake an uprising, choosing Karađorđe Petrović as their leader. The Serbs, at first technically fighting on the behalf of the Sultan against the janissaries, were encouraged and aided by a certain Ottoman official and the sipahi (cavalry corps).

At the end of February 1804,[8] at the beginning of the First Serbian Uprising, 500 rebels commanded by Arsenije Loma and Petar Trešnjevčanin besieged Rudnik. The district was under the control of Sali-Aga, Kučuk-Alija's brother, reinforced by Ali-Aga Džavić from Užice and Pljako from Karanovac and their 500 Janissaries.[9] Karađorđe joined the besieging forces on 2 March and invited local native Muslims to join negotiations, hoping to divide them from the newcomers loyal to the Dahije.[10] The local leader Tokatlić responded and was given the request that Sali-Aga, Džavić and Pljako should either surrender or leave Rudnik. Tokatlić came with Džavić who informed Karađorđe that the three accepted to leave Rudnik, but on the following day they requested an additional seven days for their retreat, then moved their families into the fortress and sent a messenger to Kučuk-Alija requesting his help against the Serbs. According to Kosta S. Protić, a runaway Serb from Rudnik told Karađorđe about Sali-Aga's plans which led to the immediate attack on the town and fortress of Rudnik.[11] When Sali-Aga tried to attack first but was defeated, leaving 86 dead Janissaries. Without any food in the fortress, Sali-Aga accepted the demand that the Janissaries leave Rudnik and so the Serbian rebels captured Rudnik on 11 March.[12] Having heard of the siege, the Dahije decided to dispatch Kučuk-Alija from Belgrade to Rudnik with 600 Janissaries to release Rudnik from siege and to advance with his forces to Šabac through Valjevo, while Belgrade was left under the protection of the three remaining Dahije.[13] According to some sources Kučuk-Alija intended to first go to Kragujevac to gather more forces[14] then to Jagodina to hire Alija Gušanac and his Albanians and then to attack the rebels.[15] Gušanac with 1,600 Arnauts and kırcalı were sent by Osman Pazvantoğlu to help the Dahije in suppressing the rebellion.[16] When Kučuk-Alija advanced south he did not have information that the rebels had already captured Rudnik on 11 March.[12][17] He attacked Karađorđe who was with Janko Katić and around 100 rebels in Vrbica, waiting for other rebels to join them.[18] Kučuk-Alija was informed about Karađorđe's position by knez Maksim from Guberevac who was later killed by the rebels because of his treason. Karađorđe and his forces fled from the battle. After fighting in Vrbica Kučuk-Alija and his cavalry continued their journey through Šumadija and reached Ćuprija and Jagodina via Kragujevac[19] on 15 March 1804.[20] The rebels followed him and captured Kragujevac on 4 April 1804 after Kučuk-Alija had already left it, taking 200 Janissaries from Kragujevac with him.[21] The rebels attacked Kučuk-Alija's forces near Avala and inflicted significant casualties on them.[22]

For their small numbers, the Serbs had great military successes, having taken Požarevac, Šabac, and charged Smederevo and Belgrade, in a quick succession. The Sultan, who feared that the Serb movement might get out of hand, sent the former pasha of Belgrade, and now Vizier of Bosnia, Bekir Pasha, to officially assist the Serbs, but in reality to keep them under control.

Alija Gušanac, the janissary commander of Belgrade, faced by both Serbs and Imperial authority, decided to let Bekir Pasha into the city in July 1804.

The four Dahije leaders refused to surrender and fled from Belgrade abandoning their followers and went by boats to Ada Kaleh island on the Danube. The rebel forces led by Milenko Stojković soon captured and executed them on the night of 5–6 August 1804, with full knowledge and approval of the Ottoman authorities.[23] Their bodies were decapitated and their heads (without head of Aganlija which was mistakenly dropped into Danube) were taken to the rebel camp on Vračar in Belgrade.[24]

After crushing the power of the Dahije, Bekir Pasha wanted the Serbs to be disbanded, however, as the Janissaries still held important towns, such as Užice, the Serbs were unwilling to halt without guarantees. The Sultan now ordered the surroundings pashaliks to suppress the Serbs, realizing the threat. The Serbs sought foreign help, sending a delegation to St. Petersburg in September 1804, which returned with money and promise of diplomatic support. The First Serbian Uprising, the first stage of the Serbian Revolution, had thus begun.

Leadership

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The janissaries chose four of their leading chiefs: Mehmed-aga Fočić, Kučuk Alija, Aganlija, Mula Jusuf to rule the sanjak after the murder of Mustafa Pasha. The leaders divided the sanjak into pashaliks. All of the four were captured and beheaded on 5–6 August 1804 by Serbian rebels after refusing to surrender.

Mehmed-aga Fočić

[edit]
Mehmed-aga Fočić redirects here.

Mehmed-aga Fočić (Serbian: Мехмед-Ага Фочић)[b] was the son of Fočo Efendija,[25] who served as the kadi official in Loznica.[26] His father hailed from Herzegovina.[26] He had a brother named Mus-aga.[25][26] His father Fočo was against the Dahije's oppression against the Serbs.[25] Fočić was described as the worst of the four leaders.

The attempt in 1802 by the Serbs and Mustafa Pasha's men to revolt in Požarevac failed.[6] After intercepting Aleksa Nenadović's letter to an Austrian officer regarding an uprising against the Dahije, Mehmed-aga planned to murder him and other notables in the Valjevo nahiyah.[27][28] Through trickery he captured Aleksa, Ilija Birčanin and Nikola Grbović's son Milovan and chained them in the dungeon, then executed Aleksa and Ilija by beheading on the third day, on 23 January 1804.[29] Fočić put the severed heads on display at his house.[30]

His brother Mus-aga was at the beginning of 1804 a kabadayi commanding the nahiyah of Šabac and Valjevo.[26]

Kučuk-Alija

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Kučuk-Alija redirects here.

Kučuk-Alija (Serbian Cyrillic: Кучук-Алија, Turkish: Küçük Ali) was born in the Rudnik nahiyah and belonged to the Đevrlić family.[31] He advanced in Ottoman service from regular Janissary to the position of mütesellim of Kragujevac.[32] His wife was the sister of one of his military commanders.[33] His brother was Sali Aga, the mütesellim of Rudnik nahiyah. Kučuk-Alija personally killed Mustafa Pasha and then became one of four leading Janissaries.

Kučuk-Alija led troops against the Serbian rebels in March 1804.

Aganlija

[edit]
Aganlija redirects here.

Aganlija or Aganli (Serbian Cyrillic: Аганлија) was a boatman in his youth, born in Bosnia. He was a helper (jatak) of hajduks Laza Harambaša and Stanoje Glavaš which later led to the talks at Drlupa. In the prelude of the Serbian uprising he was çiftlik-sahib of Vranić and governed the Soko nahiyah. As he was the most diplomatic of the four leaders he was sent with a strong detachment to talk, calm down or frighten the Serbs upon the outbreak of uprising. Aganlija and his entourage were attacked during talks in Drlupa with Serbian rebel leader Karađorđe in April 1804, and he was wounded in the leg.[34][35] This was the first big success of the Serbian rebels, which encouraged and quickly spread the revolt to most of the nahiyas in the sanjak, as well as two nahiyas in the Sanjak of Zvornik.[36] After Bekir Pasha's mission and siege of Belgrade, Aganlija and the three others fled down the Danube for Poreč and then the Ada Kale island. Milenko Stojković and his 30 men captured them and had them beheaded, on the order of Bekir Pasha and the help of the island commander Ibrahim Pasha.

Mula Jusuf

[edit]
Mula Jusuf redirects here.

Mula Jusuf (Serbian Cyrillic: Мула Јусуф)[37] was the governor of the Kragujevac nahiyah.[38] After the murder of Hadji Mustafa Pasha, a Janissary named Tosun-aga arrived in Jagodina from Vidin and demanded that he too receive a portion of the Pashalik.[39] Mula Jusuf opposed to this and was reinforced with troops sent by Mehmed-aga Fočić, among these troops were Turks and Serbs (such as Gaja Pantelić).[39] Tosun-aga was defeated by Mula Jusuf.[39]

Others

[edit]
Sali-Aga redirects here
  • Sali-Aga (Serbian Cyrillic: Сали-ага Ђеврлић) was born to the Đevrlić family from Rudnik and was the brother of Kučuk-Alija. Before the uprising he was appointed by the Dahije to the position of mutesellim of Rudnik nahiyah and became known for his cruelty towards the local Christian population. He was particularly proud of his nickname, "Rudnik bull", which he received because of orgies with local Christian women that he organized for him and his men.[40] On his orders young women were brought to his wooden house near Rudnik every Sunday to dance in front of him so he could choose one or more of the most beautiful to stay the night.[41][42] He sometimes held the women for longer, and had the audacity to not only organize orgies at his house but went and violated village slava celebrations.[43] He went to nearby villages and chose three young women and dubbed them with titles of queen, king and flag-bearer. They had to serve drink and food to him and his men and do whatever he demanded.[44][45]
  • Alija Gušanac ("Alija from Gusinje") was an Albanian kırcalı (brigand) from Gusinje, hence his byname. He was ranked binbaşı and joined Kučuk-Alija in Jagodina with 800-900 brigands (made up of mostly Turks and Albanians, but also some Christians).[46] While the Dahije leaders were absent from Belgrade, he was put in charge of the Belgrade garrison of Janissaries. Pressured by the Ottoman government and the Serbs, he let the Ottoman army inside the fortress in July 1804.
  • Mula Nožina or Nožin-aga, kabadahija in Šabac, kırcalı from Bosnia. Participated at Čokešina (1804).[47]

Legacy

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There are many Serbian epic poems regarding the Dahije, such as Početak bune protiv dahija ("Start of the revolt against the dahijas"), collected by blind bard Filip Višnjić (1767–1834).

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dahije.

Annotations

[edit]
  1. ^
    The renegade janissary leaders were called dahije, from Ottoman Turkish dayı, meaning "uncle".[48][49] The lesser janissary commanders were called kabadahije (s. kabadahija), referring to the Turkish phrase "kabadayı", since becoming a colloquial Serbo-Croatian phrase for bullies.[49]
  2. ^
    Also spellt Fočali, Фочали,[50] Fočo-oglu, Фочо-оглу,[50] Foča-oglu, Фоча-оглу.[26] His brother's name is spellt Musaga,[25] Mus-aga[26] or Musa-aga.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Nedeljković & Đorđević 2015, pp. 967–968.
  2. ^ a b Nedeljković & Đorđević 2015, pp. 969–971.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Nedeljković & Đorđević 2015, pp. 972–973.
  4. ^ a b Nedeljković & Đorđević 2015, pp. 973–974.
  5. ^ a b c Nedeljković & Đorđević 2015, pp. 974–976.
  6. ^ a b Novaković 1904, p. 41.
  7. ^ Nedeljković & Đorđević 2015, p. 977.
  8. ^ Đorđević, Miroslav (1967). Oslobodilački rat srpskih ustanika, 1804-1806. Vojnoizdavački zavod. p. 94. Карађорђе је са устаничком војском стигао под Рудник првих дана марта и опколио га
  9. ^ Stevanović, Novica. "Dvostruka zamka i pokretna zaseda". Karađorđeva ratna lukavskva. Glas Javnosti. Retrieved December 16, 2012. Arsenije i Petar su, sa pet stotina vojnika, opkolili Rudnik sredinom februara 1804. godine. U međuvremenu, kao pojačanje Sali-agi, u Rudnik su stigli Ali-aga Džavić, iz Užica, i Pljako, iz Karanovca (sada Kraljevo), sa pet stotina janičara.
  10. ^ Stevanović, Novica. "Dvostruka zamka i pokretna zaseda". Karađorđeva ratna lukavskva. Glas Javnosti. Retrieved December 16, 2012. Po dolasku u Rudnik, 19. februara, Karađorđe je odmah pozvao Turke Rudničane na razgovor. Nameravao je da pokuša bez borbe da stvori jaz među Turcima privrženim dahijama (došljaci) i Turcima Rudničanima (starosedeoci), koji su bili odani sultanu.
  11. ^ Stevanović, Novica. "Dvostruka zamka i pokretna zaseda". Karađorđeva ratna lukavskva. Glas Javnosti. Retrieved December 16, 2012. Kako navodi Kosta S. Protić, Karađorđe je ubrzo saznao za Sali-agine namere od izbeglog Srbina iz Rudnika i odlučio da odmah napadne Turke u varoši i tvrđavi.
  12. ^ a b Hadžić, Jovan (2010) [1862]. Ustanak srbski pod Crnym Đorđem: prve tri godine. Ariadna. p. 26. ISBN 9788691178338. Карађорђе сад потегне бика И тако и учиии Рудник 28 Фебр 1804
  13. ^ Đorđević, Miroslav R. (1979). Srbija u ustanku 1804-1813. Belgrade: Rad. p. 84. У то време је дахија Кучук Алија са 600 јаничара кренуо из Београда како би, према првобитном плану, ослободио Рудник опсаде, а затим наступао преко Ваљева ка Шапцу.
  14. ^ Bakić, Dragoljub N. (1972). Pet vekova Kragujevca: Članci i uspomene, prevodi i prepiska. Narodna biblioteka "Vuk Karadžić. Због тога је дахија Кучук Алија требало да дође из Београда у Крагујевац да прикупи крагујевачке Турке, да крене са њима према Јагодини да би ... На путу за Крагујевац Кучук Алија се сукоби у Врбици
  15. ^ Baranin, Dušan (1968). Book 2 of Sabrana dela Dušana Baranina. Vuk Karadžić. p. 255. Да Кучук Алија оде на Мораву, најми Гушанца и Арнауте и отуда нападне.
  16. ^ Jakšić, Grgur (1927). Evropa i vaskrs Srbije. p. 23. Баш у то доба Гушанац Алија, који је био послат од Пазван Оглуа у помоћ дахијама, стигао је у Јагодину са 1600 одабраних људи, Арнаута и Крџалија.
  17. ^ Đorđević, Miroslav (1967). Oslobodilački rat srpskih ustanika, 1804-1806. Vojnoizdavački zavod. p. 105. Наступајући према Руднику, Кучук-Алија није знао да је Рудник већ у устаничким рукама
  18. ^ Stevanović, Miladin (2005). Stanoje Glavaš. Knjiga-komerc. p. 130. ... марта, поред Карађорђа био стигао још само Јанко Катић са својим момцима. Ту су чекали да се окупи остала војска. Када су се Кучук Алија и његови јаничари приближили Врбници, опазе их Карађорђеви и Катићеви момци који су са брега испред Врбице посматрали пут и обезбеђивали...
  19. ^ Čubrilović, Vasa (1974). Istorija Beograda, Volume 2. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. Otdeljenje istorijskikh nauka. p. 11. Пошто је чуо да је Рудник већ пао, Кучук Алија је отишао преко Крагујевца Јагодини на састанак са Гушанац Халилом.
  20. ^ Srejović, Dragoslav; Slavko Gavrilović; Sima M. Ćirković (1981). Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od Prvog ustanka do Berlinskog kongresa, 1804-1878 (2 v.). Srpska književna zadruga. p. 29.
  21. ^ Srejović, Dragoslav; Slavko Gavrilović; Sima M. Ćirković (1981). Istorija srpskog naroda: knj. Od Prvog ustanka do Berlinskog kongresa, 1804-1878 (2 v.). Srpska književna zadruga. p. 29. Гонећи Кучук Алију, устаници су под Карађорђевом командом заузели Крагујевац 23. марта (4. априла по новом календару), одакле је Кучук Алија извео две стотине Турака и отишао у Јагодину да створи базу за даље ...
  22. ^ Đorđević, Miroslav R. (1979). Srbija u ustanku 1804-1813. Belgrade: Rad. p. 84. Недалеко од Авале устаници су Кучук-Алијиним четама нанели доста губитака
  23. ^ The Ottoman Empire and the Serb Uprising, S J Shaw in The First Serb Uprising1804-1813 Ed W Vucinich p80
  24. ^ Nikolić, Dejan (2000). Srpske vojskovođe. Narodna biblioteka "Resavska škola". p. 102.
  25. ^ a b c d Vukićević 1907, p. 272.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Minić 1991, p. 199.
  27. ^ Nenadović 1903, p. 631.
  28. ^ Ćorović 2001, Почетак устанка у Србији.
  29. ^ Nenadović 1903, pp. 631–633.
  30. ^ Nenadović 1903, p. 633.
  31. ^ Biografije. Matica Srpska. p. 11. Алија Ђеврлић (Кучук-Алија), јаничар, муселим, дахија (Рудник, ? — Ада Кале на Дунаву, 5/6. VIII 1804)
  32. ^ Bakić, Dragoljub N. (1972). Pet vekova Kragujevca: Članci i uspomene, prevodi i prepiska. Narodna biblioteka "Vuk Karadžić. Крагујевац је и даље био седиште турске власти, кадије и муселима. У њему је као муселим (представник полицијске власти) био једно време и један од злогласних београдских дахија Кучук Алија
  33. ^ Bašić, Husein (2000). Pusto tursko. Almanah. p. 111. Žena tog Kučuk-Alije bila je rođena sestra zapovjedinika njegovih jerlu-nefera, čijom su zaslugom pohvatani, i koji je stradao u borbi, utopivši se u Dunavu, pošto ga je Kučuk-Alija, iako savladan i vezan, gurnuo glavom preko ivice lađe.
  34. ^ Novaković 1904, p. 116.
  35. ^ Đurić & Samardžić 1980, p. 101.
  36. ^ Damnjanović & Merenik 2004, p. 53.
  37. ^ Đurić & Samardžić 1980, pp. 26, 73–74, 87–89, 98.
  38. ^ Đurić & Samardžić 1980, p. 89.
  39. ^ a b c Đurić & Samardžić 1980, p. 73.
  40. ^ Baranin, Dušan (1957). Karađorđe. Nolit. p. 44.
  41. ^ Đorđević, M. (2 July 2012). "Žene u srpskim ustancima: Orgije Rudničkog bika" [Women in Serbian uprisings: Orgies of Rudnik bull]. Vesti. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  42. ^ Stevanović, Miladin (2005). Stanoje Glavaš. Knjiga-komerc. p. 38. ISBN 9788677120658.
  43. ^ Popović 1930, pp. 78–80.
  44. ^ Ivanić, Dušan (1989). Memoarska proza XVIII i XIX veka. Nolit. p. 131. Сали-ага (брат Кучук Алије), ког су звали Рудничким Биком, завео је био по свима околним селима краљице (по краља, краљицу и барјактара из сами женскиња) које су га морале дворити и њему све по вољи чинити.
  45. ^ Baranin, Dušan (1957). Karađorđe. Nolit. p. 44. Краљ и краљица су га двориле, а барјактар држала барјак док се веселио на сабору, селу или скупу. Јавно је оргијао са својим момцима.
  46. ^ Milutin Mijušković; Živko M. Andrijašević (2004). Vojnoistorijski spisi. JP Službeni list SCG. p. 88. ISBN 978-86-495-0152-2. У Кучук - Алији се у Јагодини придружио крцалијски бимбаша Гушанац Алија ( Албанац ) са око 800-900 крцалија ( већином Турака и Албанаца , међу њима је било и хришћана )
  47. ^ Nenadović 1884, pp. 341–342.
  48. ^ Holm Sundhaussen (2007). Geschichte Serbiens: 19.-21. Jahrhundert. Böhlau Verlag Wien. pp. 66–. ISBN 978-3-205-77660-4.
  49. ^ a b Petar Skok (1971). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue croate ou serbe. Académie Yougoslave des Sciences et des Beaux-Arts.
  50. ^ a b Šabanović 1956, p. 332.

Sources

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