Manzuma nigritibiis
| Manzuma nigritibiis | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Manzuma |
| Species: | M. nigritibiis
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| Binomial name | |
| Manzuma nigritibiis | |
| Synonyms | |
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List
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Manzuma nigritibiis is a jumping spider that has been found in Ethiopia and Yemen. The type species for the genus Manzuma, the spider lives near water, including the Awash River in Ethiopia and wadis of Yemen, and catches insects by stalking and chasing, using its good eyesight to spot prey. It is a small spider, typically 3.3 mm (0.13 in) in length. The top of the cephalothorax, or carapace, is brown and, on the male, is marked by two stripes of white scales. The male has a light brown sternum, which on the female is brownish-yellow. Both have a dark brown eye field. The spider has a brown abdomen that is marked with a single stripe on male specimen. Its legs are yellow. It is hard to distinguish from others in the genus. The female is particularly hard to tell apart. The distinguishing feature for both sexes is its clypeus, or face, which is covered in long white-yellow hair and has a diamond-shaped brown patch in the middle. The spider was first described in 1941 with the name Saltis nigritibiis and was moved to the genera Aelurillus and Rafalus before being allocated as the type species for Manzuma in 2020.
Taxonomy and etymology
[edit]Manzuma nigritibiis is a species of jumping spider, a member of the family Salticidae. It was originally termed Saltis nigritibiis when it was first described by the arachnologist Ludovico di Caporiacco in 1941.[1] The genus Saltis is derived from the Latin for "jump", while the specific name is related to the Latin words for black and pipes.[2] The genus had been first circumscribed in 1876 by Eugène Simon.[3] In 1987, Jerzy Prószyński moved the species to the genus Aelurillus.[4] First circumscribed by Eugène Simon in 1884, Aelurillus derives from the Greek word for cat.[5][6]
In 1999, Prószyński moved the species again, to Rafalus.[7] This genus was named for the arachnologist Jan Rafalski.[8] In 2020, Galina Azarkina identified that the species was sufficiently different from the majority of other members of Raffalus that it needed to be moved to a new genus.[9] She named it Manzuma, which was derived from her mother, Manzuma Mavlyut kyzy Azarkina, and the word "manzuma" from Ethiopian poetry.[10] Along with the newly named Mazuma lympha, the new genus also contained two other species, Aelurillus jocquei and Aelurillus reconditus and she noted that the specimens of the latter were identical to the new species Manzuma nigritibiis. Therefore, she made Aelurillus reconditus a junior synonym of the new species.[9]
The spider is the type species for the genus. It is a member of the subtribe Aelurillina in the tribe Aelurillini,[10] in 2015, these were allocated to the clade Saltafresia.[11] The new genus differs from Aelurillus in the design of its copulatory organs.[12] The species also shows some similarity with species in the genus Habrocestoides, particularly the circular structure that can be found to the rear of the female external copulatory organ, or epigyne.[13]
Description
[edit]Manzuma nigritibiis is a small spider with a typical body length of 3.3 mm (0.13 in).[14] The spider has a brown cephalothorax and abdomen with blackish-brown and white hairs.[7]The male has a brown carapace, the hard upper part of the cephalothorax, that is typically 1.7 mm (0.067 in) long and 1.5 mm (0.059 in) wide. It is generally covered in brown scales, except for two stripes of white scales on the top and additional white stripes on the sides. The eye field is a dark brown. The underside of the cephalothorax, or sternum, is light brown. It has yellow-brown chelicerae, labium and maxillae. The spider's face, known as the clypeus, is also yellow-brown and marked with a diamond-shaped brown patch and a covering of long white-yellow hairs.[15] It is the clypeus that most distinguishes the spider from others in the genus.[16]
The male spider's abdomen is brown and is typically 1.6 mm (0.063 in) long and 1.3 mm (0.051 in) wide. It also has a white stripe on the top, while the undersides are brownish-yellow. The book lung covers are also brownish-yellow as are the spinnerets. The legs are yellow. [15]The legs are covered in spines.[17] The pedipalps are yellow with long white hairs.[15] It has a large cymbium that is a similar size to the palpal bulb, the latter being a more lumpy in form and has a small tegulum. The embolus is small and thin and projects from the top of the palpal bulb. The palpal tibia has a short spike, known as its tibial apophysis.[18]
The female is hard to distinguish from the related Mazuma jocquei and Mazuma lympha, differing in having an abdomen that is slightly narrower.[16] It has a brown carapace, which measures 25 mm (0.98 in) in length and 1.9 mm (0.075 in) in width, is covered in whitish scales. The eye field is dark brown and the sternum brownish-yellow. Although the chelicerae are brownish-yellow, the labium and maxillae are yellow, as are the clypeus and cheeks. Its clypeus and cheeks are covered in white-yellow hairs.[15] There are two teeth to the front and one to the rear.[19]
The female's abdomen has a brown top surface with a covering of yellowish-white hairs and a yellow-grey underside. Its book lungs, legs, pedipalps and spinnerets are all yellow.[15] It has a rather flat epigyne with a low pocket in the middle flanked by two concealed copulatory openings. The insemination ducts are relatively short and delicate, showing slight amounts of sclerotization. These lead to very sclerotized multi-chambered spermathecae, or receptacles. The spider also has long accessory glands.[19]
Distribution and behaviour
[edit]Manzuma nigritibiis has a species distribution that includes Ethiopia and Yemen.[1] The female holotype was found at the mouth of the Sagan River in Ethiopia in 1939.[14] The first male was discovered in 1987 near the Awash River in the Awash National Park. Meanwhile, the first specimen to be discovered in Yemen had been found in 1991. A female, originally identified as Aelurillus reconditus, it had been collected near Wadi Surdud in Al Mahwit Governorate. Other examples have also been found in the country.[15] It is found in the Al Hudaydah Governorate.[20]
The species is a ground-dwelling spider.[21] It does not spin webs, but rather stalks and chases prey, using its good eyesight as its primary sense to catch insects.[22]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b World Spider Catalog (2025). "Manzuma nigritibiis (Caporiacco, 1941)". World Spider Catalog. 24.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
- ^ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 129.
- ^ World Spider Catalog (2025). "Gen. Saitis Simon, 1876". World Spider Catalog. 26.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
- ^ Prószyński 1987, p. 135.
- ^ Prószyński 2003, p. 19.
- ^ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 125.
- ^ a b Prószyński 1999, p. 101.
- ^ Prószyński 1999, p. 91.
- ^ a b Azarkina 2020, p. 2.
- ^ a b Azarkina 2020, p. 5.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 279.
- ^ Azarkina 2020, p. 39.
- ^ Prószyński 2003, p. 36.
- ^ a b Caporiacco 1941, p. 161.
- ^ a b c d e f Azarkina 2020, p. 29.
- ^ a b Azarkina 2020, p. 10.
- ^ Caporiacco 1941, p. 162.
- ^ Azarkina 2020, p. 28.
- ^ a b Wesołowska & van Harten 1994, pp. 4.
- ^ Wesołowska & van Harten 2007, pp. 266.
- ^ Azarkina 2020, p. 9.
- ^ Prószyński 2003, p. 7.
Bibliography
[edit]- Azarkina, Galina N. (2020). "Manzuma gen. nov., a new aelurilline genus of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy. 611: 1–47. doi:10.5852/ejt.2020.611.
- Caporiacco, Ludovico di (1941). "Arachnida (esc. Acarina). Araneae". Zoologia. 6 (12). Rome: Missione Biologica Sagan-Omo, Reale Accademia d’Italia: 46–175.
- Fernández-Rubio, Fidel (2013). "La etimología de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae)" [The etymology of the names of spiders (Araneae)]. Revista ibérica de Aracnología (in Spanish) (22): 125–130. ISSN 1576-9518.
- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (1987). Atlas rysunków diagnostycznych mniej znanych Salticidae 2. Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoly [Atlas of diagnostic drawings of less known Salticidae 2. Scientific Notebooks of the Higher School] (in Polish). Siedlcach: Rolniczo-Pedagogicznej.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (1999). "Description of Rafalus gen. n. (Aranei: Salticidae), with special reference to the Near East fauna". Arthropoda Selecta (8): 89–101.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2003). "Salticidae (Araneae) of the Levant". Annales Zoologici, Warszawa (53): 1–180.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; van Harten, Anthony (1994). The jumping spiders (Salticidae, Araneae) of Yemen. Sana'a: Yemeni-German Plant Protection Project.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; van Harten, Antonius (2007). "Additions to the knowledge of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) of Yemen". Fauna of Arabia. 23: 189–269.