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List of zoonotic diseases

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This is a list of zoonotic diseases, infectious diseases that have been reported of jumping from a non-human animal to a human.

Causative pathogen keys

Virus Bacteria Parasite Fungi Prion
Virus Bacteria Parasite Fungi Prion


Disease[1] Pathogens Animals involved Mode of transmission Emergence
Parasite African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense range of wild animals and domestic livestock bite of the tsetse fly 'Present in Africa for thousands of years' – major outbreak 1900–1920, cases continue (sub-Saharan Africa, 2020).
Parasite Angiostrongyliasis Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus costaricensis rats, cotton rats consuming raw or undercooked snails, slugs, other mollusks, crustaceans, contaminated water, and unwashed vegetables contaminated with larvae
Parasite Anisakiasis Anisakis whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, other marine animals eating raw or undercooked fish and squid contaminated with eggs
Bacteria Anthrax Bacillus anthracis grazing herbivores such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, horses, and pigs by ingestion, inhalation or skin contact of spores Known for at least 2000 years, but only first described clinically in 1752. Causative agent identified in 1877.[2]
Parasite Ascariasis Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati pigs, dogs, cats ingestion of eggs from contaminated soil, food, or water
Fungi Aspergillosis Aspergillus spp. birds inhalation of spores from soil and contaminated surfaces, contact with infected birds First identified in 1847.[3]
Virus Avian influenza Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 wild birds, domesticated birds such as chickens[4] close contact 2003–present avian influenza in Southeast Asia and Egypt.
Parasite Babesiosis Babesia spp. mice, other animals tick bite
Parasite Balantidiasis Balantidium coli pigs (primary reservoir), other mammals (e.g., camels, cattle, sheep), rarely non-human primates fecal-oral transmission via ingestion of cysts in contaminated food or water, direct contact with pig feces, mechanical transmission possible via flies and cockroaches
Virus Batai virus infection Batai orthobunyavirus birds, livestock mosquito bite
Parasite Baylisascariasis Baylisascaris procyonis raccoons ingestion of eggs in feces
Virus Barmah Forest fever Barmah Forest virus kangaroos, wallabies, opossums mosquito bite First human case reported in 1986.
Bacteria Botulism Clostridium botulinum birds, mammals ingestion of contaminated food, wound infection, or intestinal colonization
Prion Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) Prions cattle eating infected meat Isolated similar cases reported in ancient history; in recent UK history probable start in the 1970s.[5]
Bacteria Brucellosis (undulant fever, Malta fever, Mediterranean fever) Brucella spp. cattle, goats, pigs, sheep infected milk or meat Historically widespread in the Mediterranean region; identified in the early 20th century.
Bacteria Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague, Sylvatic plague Yersinia pestis rabbits, hares, rodents, ferrets, goats, sheep, camels flea bite Epidemics like Black Death in Europe around 1347–53 during the Late Middle Age; third plague pandemic in China-Qing dynasty and India alone.
Virus California encephalitis California encephalitis virus small mammals mosquito bite (Aedes species) First identified in 1943 in Kern County, California.
Bacteria Campylobacteriosis Campylobacter spp. poultry, cattle, pets (dogs and cats) consumption of contaminated food or water, direct contact with infected animals
Parasite Capillariasis Capillaria spp. rodents, birds, foxes eating raw or undercooked fish, ingesting embryonated eggs in fecal-contaminated food, water, or soil
Bacteria Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection Capnocytophaga canimorsus dogs, cats bites, scratches, or close contact with animals
Bacteria Cat-scratch disease Bartonella henselae cats bites or scratches from infected cats
Parasite Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) Trypanosoma cruzi armadillos, Triatominae (kissing bug) contact of mucosae or wounds with feces of kissing bugs, accidental ingestion of parasites in food contaminated by bugs or infected mammal excretae
Virus Chikungunya Alphavirus chikungunya primates, small mammals, rodents, birds, mosquitoes mosquito bite (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus) First identified in 1952 in Tanzania.
Bacteria Clamydiosis / Enzootic abortion Chlamydophila abortus domestic livestock, particularly sheep close contact with postpartum ewes
Bacteria Clostridioides difficile infection (Clostridium difficile infection) Clostridioides difficile cattle, companion animals fecal-oral route, contact with contaminated surfaces or hands
Virus Colorado tick fever Colorado tick fever virus small rodents tick bite (primarily by Dermacentor andersoni, the Rocky Mountain wood tick)
Virus COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 bats, felines, raccoon dogs, minks, white-tailed deer[6] respiratory transmission 2019–present COVID-19 pandemic; ongoing pandemic.
Virus Cowpox Cowpox virus rodents, cattle, cats direct contact with infected animals
Prion Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease PrPvCJD cattle eating meat from animals with Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 1996–2001: United Kingdom.
Virus Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus cattle, goats, sheep, birds, hares tick bite (Hyalomma spp.), human-to-human contact via bodily fluids
Fungi Cryptococcosis Cryptococcus neoformans birds like pigeons inhaling fungi
Parasite Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium spp. cattle, dogs, cats, mice, pigs, horses, deer, sheep, goats, rabbits, leopard geckos, birds ingesting cysts from water contaminated with feces
Parasite Cysticercosis and taeniasis Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, Taenia saginata pigs and cattle consuming water, soil or food contaminated with the tapeworm eggs (cysticercosis) or raw or undercooked pork contaminated with the cysticerci (taeniasis)
Virus Dengue fever Dengue virus primates mosquito bite (primarily by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) The earliest detailed descriptions of dengue-like illness appeared in medical records from 1779 to 1780, but has had a significant re-emergence in recent years (see for example 2019–20 dengue fever epidemic).
Fungi Dermatophytosis (tinea, ringworm) Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp. cattle, sheep, goats, cats, dogs contact with infected individuals or animals, contact with contaminated surfaces (fomites) or soil Know by ancient Romans, but only fully described in 1837.[7]
Parasite Dirofilariasis Dirofilaria spp. dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, cats, monkeys, raccoons, bears, muskrats, rabbits, leopards, seals, sea lions, beavers, ferrets, reptiles mosquito bite
Virus Dhori virus infection Dhori virus birds, livestock, mammals tick bite
Virus Dobrava-Belgrade virus infection Dobrava-Belgrade virus rodents (e.g., yellow-necked mouse) rodent bite and scratches, inhalation of aerosolized particles from rodent droppings, urine, or nesting materials
Parasite Dracunculiasis Dracunculus medinensis dogs, cats, baboons mainly contaminated water Known by ancient Egyptians, but only fully identified in 1870.
Virus Eastern equine encephalitis Eastern equine encephalitis virus horses, birds, cattle mosquito bite
Virus Ebola Ebolavirus spp. chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, fruit bats, monkeys, shrews, forest antelope and porcupines through body fluids and organs 2013–16; possibly in Africa.
Parasite Echinococcosis Echinococcus spp. dogs, foxes, jackals, wolves, coyotes, sheep, pigs, rodents ingestion of infective eggs from contaminated food or water with feces of an infected definitive host
Bacteria Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli cattle, sheep, goats, deer ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct contact with infected animals or their feces
Bacteria Erysipeloid Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae pigs, fish, birds direct contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products
Parasite Fasciolosis Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica sheep, cattle, buffaloes ingesting contaminated plants
Parasite Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolopsis buski pigs eating raw vegetables such as water spinach
Bacteria Foodborne illnesses (commonly diarrheal diseases) Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Shigella spp. animals domesticated for food production (cattle, poultry) raw or undercooked food made from animals and unwashed vegetables contaminated with feces
Parasite Giardiasis Giardia duodenalis beavers, other rodents, raccoons, deer, cattle, goats, sheep, dogs, cats ingesting spores and cysts in food and water contaminated with feces
Bacteria Glanders Burkholderia mallei. horses, donkeys direct contact
Parasite Gnathostomiasis (larva migrans profundus) Gnathostoma spp. dogs, minks, opossums, cats, lions, tigers, leopards, raccoons, poultry, other birds, frogs raw or undercooked fish or meat
Virus Hantavirus Hantavirus spp. deer mice, cotton rats and other rodents exposure to feces, urine, saliva or bodily fluids
Virus Henipavirus Henipavirus spp. horses, bats exposure to feces, urine, saliva or contact with sick horses
Virus Hepatitis E Hepatitis E virus domestic and wild animals contaminated food or water
Fungi Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum birds, bats inhaling fungi in guano
Virus HIV infection Simian immunodeficiency virus primates contact with infected blood and other bodily fluids, mother-to-infant during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding Immunodeficiency resembling human AIDS was reported in captive monkeys in the United States beginning in 1983.[8][9][10] SIV was isolated in 1985 from some of these animals, captive rhesus macaques who had simian AIDS (SAIDS).[9] The discovery of SIV was made shortly after HIV-1 had been isolated as the cause of AIDS and led to the discovery of HIV-2 strains in West Africa. HIV-2 was more similar to the then-known SIV strains than to HIV-1, suggesting for the first time the simian origin of HIV. Further studies indicated that HIV-2 is derived from the SIVsmm strain found in sooty mangabeys, whereas HIV-1, the predominant virus found in humans, is derived from SIV strains infecting chimpanzees (SIVcpz).
Bacteria Human granulocytic anaplasmosis Anaplasma phagocytophilum deer, rodents, humans tick bite (primarily by Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus)
Bacteria Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis deer tick bite (primarily by Amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick)
Virus Japanese encephalitis Japanese encephalitis virus pigs, water birds mosquito bite
Virus Kyasanur Forest disease Kyasanur Forest disease virus rodents, shrews, bats, monkeys tick bite
Virus La Crosse encephalitis La Crosse virus chipmunks, tree squirrels mosquito bite
Virus Lassa fever Lassa mammarenavirus rodents contact with urine, feces, or bodily fluids of infected rats; human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids
Parasite Leishmaniasis Leishmania spp. dogs, rodents, other animals[11][12] sandfly bite 2004 Afghanistan.
Bacteria Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepromatosis armadillos, monkeys, rabbits, mice[13] mostly human-to-human direct contact, meat consumption[13][14]
Bacteria Leptospirosis Leptospira interrogans rats, mice, pigs, horses, goats, sheep, cattle, buffaloes, opossums, raccoons, mongooses, foxes, dogs direct or indirect contact with urine of infected animals 1616–20 New England infection; present day in the United States.
Virus Louping ill Louping ill virus sheep, red grouse, other mammals tick bite (primarily by Ixodes ricinus) First human case reported in 1934.
Bacteria Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) Borrelia burgdorferi deer, wolves, dogs, birds, rodents, rabbits, hares, reptiles tick bite
Virus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus rodents exposure to urine, feces, or saliva
Virus Marburg virus disease (Marburg viral haemorrhagic fever) Marburg virus Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), primates contact with infected bat excreta, bushmeat consumption, or human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids (e.g., blood, saliva, vomit)
Bacteria Mediterranean spotted fever (Boutonneuse fever, Kenya tick typhus, Indian tick typhus, Marseilles fever, Astrakhan fever) Rickettsia conorii dogs, rodents, other mammals tick bite
Bacteria Melioidosis Burkholderia pseudomallei various animals direct contact with contaminated soil and surface water
Fungi Microsporidiosis Encephalitozoon cuniculi rabbits, dogs, mice, and other mammals ingestion of spores
Virus Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS coronavirus bats, camels close contact 2012–present: Saudi Arabia.
Virus Mpox Monkeypox virus rodents, primates contact with infected rodents, primates, or contaminated materials
Bacteria MRSA infection Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus livestock, companion animals direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces
Virus Nipah virus infection Nipah virus (NiV) bats, pigs direct contact with infected bats, infected pigs
Virus O'nyong'nyong fever O'nyong'nyong virus reservoir hosts unknown[15] mosquito bite (Anopheles funestus, Anopheles gambiae) First identified in 1959 in Uganda.
Virus Orf Orf virus goats, sheep close contact
Bacteria Pasteurellosis Pasteurella multocida domestic cats, dogs, livestock, and wild animals bites, scratches, inhalation of aerosols, or contact with infected secretions
Virus Powassan encephalitis Powassan virus ticks tick bites
Bacteria Psittacosis (parrot fever) Chlamydophila psittaci macaws, cockatiels, budgerigars, pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other bird species contact with bird droplets
Virus Puumala virus infection Puumala virus bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) rodent bite or scratches, inhalation of aerosols containing rodent excreta
Bacteria Q fever (query fever) Coxiella burnetii livestock and other domestic animals such as dogs and cats inhalation of spores, contact with bodily fluid or feces
Virus Rabies Rabies lyssavirus dogs, bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, cattle, goats, sheep, wolves, coyotes, groundhogs, horses, mongooses and cats through saliva by biting, or through scratches from an infected animal Variety of places like Oceania, South America, Europe.
Bacteria Rat-bite fever Streptobacillus moniliformis, Spirillum minus rats, mice rat bite of rats, contact with urine and mucus secretions
Virus Rift Valley fever Phlebovirus livestock, buffaloes, camels mosquito bite, contact with bodily fluids, blood, tissues, breathing around butchered animals or raw milk 2006–07 East Africa outbreak.
Virus Rocio viral encephalitis Rocio virus birds[16] mosquito bite
Bacteria Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia rickettsii dogs, rodents tick bite
Virus Ross River fever Ross River virus kangaroos, wallabies, horses, opossums, birds, flying foxes mosquito bite
Virus Saint Louis encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis virus birds mosquito bite
Virus Seoul virus infection Seoul virus rodents contact with infected rodent saliva, feces, urine, or bites
Virus Severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus bats, civets close contact, respiratory droplets 2002–04 SARS outbreak; China.
Virus Sindbis fever Sindbis virus birds mosquito bite
Virus Smallpox Variola virus possibly monkeys and horses spread from person to person quickly Last reported case in 1977; certified by WHO to be eradicated (i.e., eliminated worldwide) as of 1980.
Bacteria Streptococcosis Streptococcus suis pigs direct contact with infected pigs or pork products, especially through cuts or abrasions, or inhalation of contaminated aerosols
Virus Swine influenza Swine influenza virus pigs close contact 2009–10; 2009 swine flu pandemic; Mexico.
Parasite Taenia crassiceps infection Taenia crassiceps wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes contact with soil contaminated with feces
Virus Tick-borne encephalitis Tick-borne encephalitis virus birds, rodents, horses tick bite (primarily by Ixodes ricinus)
Virus Thogotovirus infection Thogotovirus livestock, humans tick bite
Parasite Toxocariasis Toxocara spp. dogs, foxes, cats ingestion of eggs in soil, fresh or unwashed vegetables or undercooked meat
Parasite Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii cats, livestock, poultry, rodents exposure to cat feces, organ transplantation, blood transfusion, contaminated soil, water, grass, unwashed vegetables, unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked meat First identified in 1908 in a gundi in Tunisia and a rabbit in Brazil.[17]
Parasite Trichinosis (trichinellosis) Trichinella spp. rodents, pigs, horses, bears, walruses, dogs, foxes, crocodiles, birds eating undercooked meat
Bacteria Tuberculosis (white death, consumption) Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle, deer, llamas, pigs, domestic cats, wild carnivores (foxes, coyotes) and omnivores (possums, mustelids and rodents) milk, exhaled air, sputum, urine, feces and pus from infected animals
Bacteria Tularemia (rabbit fever) Francisella tularensis lagomorphs (type A), rodents (type B), birds ticks, deer flies, and other insects including mosquitoes
Virus Valtice fever (Ťahyňa virus virus infection) Bunyavirus rodents mosquito bite[18]
Virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus horses, donkeys, zebras, birds, rodents mosquito bite
Virus Wesselsbron disease Wesselsbron virus sheep, cattle mosquito bite
Virus West Nile fever West Nile virus birds, horses, primates, dogs, cats, and incidentally reptiles and amphibians mosquito bite First identified in 1937 in the West Nile sub-region of Uganda. Later emerged in the Western Hemisphere in 1999 during an outbreak in New York.[19]
Virus Western equine encephalitis Western equine encephalitis virus horses, birds mosquito bite
Bacteria Yersiniosis Yersinia enterocolitica pigs, rodents, cattle ingestion of contaminated food or water
Virus Zika fever Zika virus chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, monkeys, baboons mosquito bite, sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and sometimes bites of monkeys 2015–16 epidemic in the Americas and Oceania.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Information in this table is largely compiled from: World Health Organization. "Zoonoses and the Human-Animal-Ecosystems Interface". Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  2. ^ Mikesell, P.; Ivins, B. E.; Ristroph, J. D.; Vodkin, M. H.; Dreier, T. M.; Leppla, S. H. (1983). "Plasmids, Pasteur, and anthrax". ASM News. 49 (7).
  3. ^ Knoke, M.; Bernhardt, Hannelore; Schwesinger, G. (2003). "Frühe Beschreibung einer pulmonalen Aspergillose 1847 aus Greifswald". Mycoses. 46 (S1): 37–41. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2003.tb00036.x. ISSN 0933-7407.
  4. ^ "Bird flu (Avian influenza) - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic.
  5. ^ Prusiner SB (May 2001). "Shattuck lecture--neurodegenerative diseases and prions". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (20): 1516–1526. doi:10.1056/NEJM200105173442006. PMID 11357156.
  6. ^ "Why Omicron-infected white-tailed deer pose an especially big risk to humans". Fortune.
  7. ^ Ajello, Libero (1974). "Natural history of the dermatophytes and related fungi". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata. 53 (1–4): 93–110. doi:10.1007/bf02127200. ISSN 0301-486X.
  8. ^ Letvin NL, Eaton KA, Aldrich WR, Sehgal PK, Blake BJ, Schlossman SF, et al. (May 1983). "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a colony of macaque monkeys". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (9): 2718–2722. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.2718L. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.9.2718. PMC 393899. PMID 6221343.
  9. ^ a b Daniel MD, Letvin NL, King NW, Kannagi M, Sehgal PK, Hunt RD, et al. (June 1985). "Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques". Science. 228 (4704): 1201–1204. Bibcode:1985Sci...228.1201D. doi:10.1126/science.3159089. PMID 3159089.
  10. ^ King NW, Hunt RD, Letvin NL (December 1983). "Histopathologic changes in macaques with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)". The American Journal of Pathology. 113 (3): 382–388. PMC 1916356. PMID 6316791.
  11. ^ "Parasites – Leishmaniasis". CDC. 27 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  12. ^ "Leishmaniasis". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  13. ^ a b Clark L. "How Armadillos Can Spread Leprosy". Smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  14. ^ Shute N (22 July 2015). "Leprosy From An Armadillo? That's An Unlikely Peccadillo". NPR. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  15. ^ Rezza, Giovanni; Chen, Rubing; Weaver, Scott C. (2017). "O'nyong-nyong fever: a neglected mosquito-borne viral disease". Pathog Glob Health. 111 (6): 271–275. doi:10.1080/20477724.2017.1355431. PMC 5694854. PMID 28829253.
  16. ^ Service, M. W., ed. (January 2001). Encyclopedia of arthropod-transmitted infections of man and domesticated animals. UK: CABI Publishing. doi:10.1079/9780851994734.0000. ISBN 978-0-85199-473-4.
  17. ^ Dubey, Jitender P. (2008). "The history of Toxoplasma gondii—the first 100 years". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 55 (6): 467–475. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x. PMID 19120791.
  18. ^ Bennett, Richard S; Gresko, Anthony K; Murphy, Brian R; Whitehead, Stephen S (2011-03-24). "Tahyna virus genetics, infectivity, and immunogenicity in mice and monkeys". Virology Journal. 8 (1): 135. doi:10.1186/1743-422x-8-135. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 3080826. PMID 21435229.
  19. ^ Chancey, C. (2015). "The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus". BioMed Research International. 2015: 1–20. doi:10.1155/2015/376230. PMC 4383390. PMID 25866777.
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