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List of sovereign states in the 1860s

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This is a list of sovereign states in the 1860s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1860 and 31 December 1869. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states

[edit]

A

[edit]
Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

[edit]
Abemama – Kingdom of Abemama[1]
Capital: Abemama 		Widely recognized state.
 Abuja – Abuja Emirate
Capital: Abuja 		Widely recognized state.
Afghanistan – Emirate of Afghanistan[2]
Capital: Kabul 		Widely recognized independent state.
 Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[3]
Capital: Agadez 		Widely recognized state.
→ Andorra – Principality of Andorra[4]
Capital: Andorra la Vella 		Widely recognized independent state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
 Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[5]
Capital: Angoche 		Widely recognized independent state.
Anhalt – Duchy of Anhalt (from 1863 to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Dessau 		Widely recognized independent state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Anhalt-Bernburg – Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg (to 1863)
Capital: Bernburg 		Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863.
Anhalt-Dessau – Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau (to 1863)
Capital: Dessau 		Widely recognized independent state to 1863. Member of the German Confederation. Merged into the re-unified Duchy of Anhalt in 1863.
Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[6]
Capital: Mbarara 		Widely recognized state.
 Annam – Empire of Annam
Capital: Phú Xuân 		Widely recognized state. Internal imperial system within Chinese tributary.
 Anziku – Anziku Kingdom
Capital: Monsol 		Widely recognized state.
→  Argentina[7]
Capital: Paraná (to 12 December 1861), Buenos Aires (from 12 December 1861) 		Widely recognized state.
Aro – Aro Confederacy
Capital: Arochukwu 		Widely recognized state.
 Ashanti – Asante Union[8]
Capital: Kumasi 		Widely recognized state.
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa[9]
Capital: Aussa 		Widely recognized state.
→ Austria-Hungary / Austria
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania) 		Widely recognized state.
Avaria(to 1864)
Capital: Khunzakh 		Widely recognized state to 1864. Annexed by Russia in 1864.

B

[edit]
 Baden – Grand Duchy of Baden[10]
Capital: Karlsruhe 		Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation.
 Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi[11]
Capital: Massenya 		Tributary state of the Bornu Empire.
Bali – Kingdom of Bali
Capital: Klungkung 		Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali.
 Bamana – Bamana Empire (to 1861)
Capital: Ségou 		Widely recognized state to 1861. Annexed by the Toucouleur Empire in 1861.
  Baol – Kingdom of Baol[12]
Capital: Diourbel 		Widely recognized state.
 Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland[13][14]
Capital: Mongu 		Widely recognized state.
 Basutoland – Kingdom of Basutoland (to 1868)
Capital: Maseru 		Widely recognized state to 1868. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1868.
 Bavaria – Kingdom of Bavaria
Capital: Munich 		Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation.
 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium[15]
Capital: Brussels 		Widely recognized state. Belgium has sovereignty over 1 condominium:
Beni Abbas – Kingdom of Beni Abbas
Capital: Kalâa of Ait Abbas 		Widely recognized state.
 Benin – Kingdom of Benin[16]
Capital: Edo 		Widely recognized state.
 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
Capital: Punakha 		Widely recognized state.
 Biu – Biu Kingdom
Capital: Biu 		Widely recognized state.
Bolivia Bolivia – Bolivian Republic
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative) 		Widely recognized state.
Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora[17]
Capital: Nunue, Vaitape 		Widely recognized state.
Bornu – Bornu Empire[18]
Capital: Ngazargamu 		Widely recognized state.
 Brakna – Brakna Emirate
Capital: Aleg 		Widely recognized state.
Brazil – Empire of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro 		Brazil was a federation of 20 states and one federal district.[a]
 Bremen – Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
Capital: Bremen 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Brunei – Sultanate of Brunei
Capital: Kampong Ayer 		Widely recognized state.
 Brunswick – Duchy of Brunswick
Capital: Brunswick 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda
Capital: Mengo 		Widely recognized state.
Bukhara – Emirate of Bukhara[19]
Capital: Bukhara 		Widely recognized state.
Bulungan – Sultanate of Bulungan
Capital: Tanjung Palas 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Sulu.
Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom
Capital: Hoima 		Widely recognized state.
Burma – Kingdom of Burma[20]
Capital: Mandalay 		Widely recognized state.
 Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi
Capital: Gitega 		Widely recognized state.
Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga
Capital: Bugembe 		Widely recognized state.

C

[edit]
Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia (to 11 August 1863)
Capital: Oudong 		Widely recognized state to 11 August 1863. Annexed by France from 11 August 1863.
→ Canada – Dominion of Canada (from 1 July 1867)
Capital: Ottawa 		Widely recognized state from 1 July 1867. Commonwealth realm.
Cayor – Kingdom of Cayor
Capital: Mboul 		Widely recognized state.
Central Italy – United Provinces of Central Italy (to 22 March 1860)
Capital: Modena 		Widely recognized state to 22 March 1860. Client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia to 22 March 1860. Annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia on 22 March 1860.
Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak[21]
Capital: Champasak 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam.
Cherokee Nation (to 1865)
Capital: Tahlequah 		Widely recognized state to 1865. Incorporated into the United States in 1865.
Chile Chile
Capital: Santiago 		Widely recognized state.
 China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Beijing 		Widely recognized state. China had sovereignty over the following territories:
Circassia – Circassian Parliament (to 21 May 1864)
Capital: Shache 		Widely recognized state. Not recognized by the Russian Empire. Annexed by the Russian Empire on 21 May 1864.
→ Colombia / Granadine Confederation
Capital: Bogotá 		Widely recognized state.
Costa Rica Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San Jose 		Widely recognized state.

D

[edit]
 Dagbon – Kingdom of Dagbon
Capital: Yendi 		Widely recognized state.
Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey[22]
Capital: Abomey 		Widely recognized state.
Dai Nam – Dai Nam Realm
Capital: Phú Xuân 		Widely recognized state. Tributary state of China.
 Damagaram – Sultanate of Damagaram
Capital: Zinder 		Widely recognized state.
 Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti[23]
Capital: N'Délé 		Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga.
 Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur
Capital: Al Fashir 		Widely recognized state to 1874.
 Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen 		Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Dhala – Emirate of Dhala
Capital: Dhale 		Widely recognized state.
Dominican Republic – Second Republic (from 16 August 1865)
Capital: Santo Domingo 		Widely recognized state from 16 August 1865.
 Dosso – Dosso Kingdom
Capital: Dosso 		Widely recognized state.

E

[edit]
→ Ecuador Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito 		Widely recognized state.
→ → El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
Capital: San Salvador 		Widely recognized state.
 Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa 		Widely recognized state.

F

[edit]
Fadhli – Fadhli Sultanate[24]
Capital: Shuqrah 		Widely recognized state.
 Fante – Fante Confederacy (until 1868)
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state from 1868.
France – Empire of the French
Capital: Paris 		Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
Frankfurt – Free City of Frankfurt (to 20 September 1866)
Capital: Frankfurt 		Widely recognized independent state to 20 September 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 20 September 1866. Annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia on 20 September 1866.
Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon
Capital: Timbo 		Widely recognized state.

G

[edit]
 Garo – Kingdom of Garo
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Gaza – Gaza Empire[25]
Capital: Manjacaze 		Widely recognized state.
 Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi
Capital: Afgooye 		Widely recognized state.
 Gera – Kingdom of Gera
Capital: Chala 		Widely recognized state.
 Gomma – Kingdom of Gomma
Capital: Agaro 		Widely recognized state.
Gowa – Sultanate of Gowa
Capital: Jongaya 		Widely recognized state.
Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Capital: Athens 		Widely recognized state.
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City 		Widely recognized state.
 Gumma – Kingdom of Gumma
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Gyaaman – State of Gyaaman
Capital: Sampa, Drobo 		Widely recognized state.

H

[edit]
Ha'il – Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Capital: Ha'il 		Widely recognized state.
Haiti Haiti – Republic of Haiti[26]
Capital: Port-au-Prince 		Widely recognized state.
 Hamburg – Free City of Hamburg (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Dessau 		Widely recognized independent state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
 Hanover – Kingdom of Hanover (to 20 September 1866)
Capital: Hanover 		Widely recognized independent state to 20 September 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 20 September 1866. Annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia on 20 September 1866.
Harar – Emirate of Harar
Capital: Ge 		Widely recognized state.
Hawaii – Kingdom of Hawaii
Capital: Honolulu 		Widely recognized state.
Hesse-Darmstadt – Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
Capital: Darmstadt 		Widely recognized state. Member of the German Confederation to 1866. State of the North German Confederation from 1867.
Hesse-Homburg – Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg (to 24 March 1866)
Capital: Bad Homburg 		Widely recognized state to 24 March 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 1866. Returned to the Grand Duchy of Hesse on 24 March 1866.
Hesse-Kassel – Electorate of Hesse (to 20 June 1866)
Capital: Bad Homburg 		Widely recognized state to 20 June 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 20 June 1866. Annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia on 20 June 1866.
Holstein – Duchy of Holstein (to 30 October 1864)
Capital: Glückstadt 		Widely recognized state to 30 October 1864. In personal union with Denmark to 30 October 1864. Member of the German Confederation to 30 October 1864. Placed under joint rule by the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire from 30 October 1864.
Honduras →  Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Capital: Tegucigalpa 		Widely recognized state.
Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine
Capital: Huahine 		Widely recognized state.
Hunza – State of Hunza
Capital: Baltit 		Widely recognized state.

I

[edit]
 Igala – Igala Kingdom[27]
Capital: Idah 		Widely recognized state.
 Igara – Kingdom of Igara

Capital: Not specified

Widely recognized state.
 Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom
Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀ 		Widely recognized state.
Isaaq – Isaaq Sultanate
Capital: Hargeisa 		Widely recognized state.
 Italy – Kingdom of Italy (from 17 March 1861)
Capital: Rome 		Widely recognized independent state from 17 March 1861.

J

[edit]
→ Japan
Capital: Tokyo City 		Widely recognized state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Jimma – Kingdom of Jimma
Capital: Jiren 		Widely recognized state.
 Jolof – Jolof Kingdom
Capital: Ouarkhokh 		Widely recognized state.

K

[edit]
Kaabu – Kaabu Empire (to 1867)
Capital: Kansala 		Widely recognized state to 1867. Annexed by the Imamate of Futa Jallon in 1867.
 Kaarta – Kingdom of Kaarta
Capital: Diangounté, Nioros 		Widely recognized state.
 Kabulistan – Kingdom of Kabul
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa
Capital: Bonga, Anderaccha 		Widely recognized state.
 Kajara – Kajara Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
Kakongo – Kingdom of Kakongo
Capital: Kinguele 		Widely recognized state.
Kalat – Khanate of Kalat
Capital: Kalat 		Widely recognized state.
Kano – Emirate of Kano
Capital: Takai 		Widely recognized state. Vassal of the Sokoto Caliphate
 Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
Kashgaria – Kashgar Emirate (from 1862)
Capital: Kashgar 		Widely recognized state from 1862.
Kathiri – Hadhrami Kathiri Dynasty in Seiyun
Capital: Seiyun 		Widely recognized state.
 Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate
Capital: Argungu 		Widely recognized state.
 Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom
Capital: Sikasso 		Widely recognized state.
 Khasso – Kingdom of Khasso
Capital: Médine 		Widely recognized state.
Khiva – Khanate of Khiva
Capital: Khiva 		Widely recognized state.
Kokand – Khanate of Kokand
Capital: Kokand 		Widely recognized state.
 Kong – Kong Empire
Capital: Kong 		Widely recognized state.
Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
Capital: Mbanza-Kongo 		Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Korea – Kingdom of Great Joseon
Capital: Seoul 		Widely recognized state.
 Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya
Capital: Grand Cape Mount 		Widely recognized state.
 Kuba – Kingdom of Kuba
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.

L

[edit]
 Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom
Capital: Lafia 		Widely recognized state.
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia 		Widely recognized state.
 Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz 		Widely recognized state.
Limburg – Duchy of Limburg (to 11 May 1867)
Capital: Maastricht 		Widely recognized state to 11 May 1867. Member of the German Confederation. Annexed by the Netherlands on 11 May 1867.
 Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea
Capital: Saqqa 		Widely recognized state.
Lippe – Principality of Lippe (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Detmold 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. Annexed by the Netherlands on 11 May 1867. State of the North German Confederation from 1867.
Loango – Kingdom of Loango
Capital: Buali 		Widely recognized state.
Lower Yafa – Sultanate of Lower Yafa
Capital: Jaʿār 		Widely recognized state.
 Luba – Luba Empire
Capital: Mwibele 		Widely recognized state.
Lübeck – Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck (to 1867)
Capital: Detmold 		Widely recognized state to 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1867.
 Lunda – Luba Empire
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City 		Widely recognized state.

M

[edit]
Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao[29][30]
Capital: Tamontaka 		Widely recognized state.
 Mahra – Sultanate of Mahra
Capital: Qishn 		Widely recognized state.
Majeerteen Sultanate – Majeerteen Kingdom
Capital: Alula 		Widely recognized state.
Maldives – Sultanate of Maldive Islands
Capital: Malé 		Widely recognized state.
Mangareva – Kingdom of Mangareva
Capital: Mangareva 		Widely recognized state.
 Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur
Capital: Imphal 		Widely recognized state.
 Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi
Capital: Manthimba 		Widely recognized state.
Massina – Massina Empire (to 1868)
Capital: Hamdullahi 		Widely recognized state to 1868. Annexed by the Toucouleur Empire in 1868.
 Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
Capital: Bulawayo 		Widely recognized state.
 Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom

Capital: Not specified

Widely recognized state.
Mecklenburg-Schwerin – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Schwerin 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Mecklenburg-Strelitz – Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Neustrelitz 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Merina – Kingdom of Imerina
Capital: Antananarivo 		Widely recognized state.
→ → Mexico Mexico
Capital: Mexico City 		Widely recognized state.
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco 		Widely recognized state.
 Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Capital: Cetinje 		Widely recognized state.
Morocco Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Capital: Fes 		Widely recognized state.
  Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire
Capital: Multiple capitals 		Widely recognized independent state. The following are a number of different kingdoms that make up the Mossi Empire:
  Mthwakazi – Kingdom of Mthwakazi
Capital: Bulawayo 		Widely recognized state.
 Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
Capital: Muscat 		De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.
 Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.

N

[edit]
Nassau – Duchy of Nassau (to 23 August 1866)
Capital: Wiesbaden 		Widely recognized independent state to 23 August 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 23 August 1866. Annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia on 23 August 1866.
Negeri Sembilan
Capital: Seremban 		Widely recognized state.
Nejd – Emirate of Nejd
Capital: Riyadh 		Widely recognized state.
Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu 		Widely recognized state.
 Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam 		Widely recognized state.
Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
Capital: Managua 		Widely recognized state.
 Niue – Kingdom of Niue-Fekai
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
North German Confederation (from 1 July 1867)
Capital: Berlin 		Widely recognized state from 1 July 1867.
 Nri – Kingdom of Nri
Capital: Igbo-Ukwu 		Widely recognized state.
 Nshenyi – Nshenyi Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.

O

[edit]
 Obwera – Obwera Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
Oldenburg – Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Oldenburg 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
 Onitsha – Onitsha Kingdom
Capital: Onitsha 		Widely recognized state.
 Orange Free State[31][32][33][34][35]
Capital: Bloemfontein 		Widely recognized state.
 Oron – Oron Nation
Capital: Oron 		Widely recognized state.
 Orungu – Kingdom of Orungu[36]
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
Capital: Constantinople 		Widely recognized state. The following are autonomous territories of the Ottoman Empire:
 Oyo – Oyo Empire
Capital: Oyo-Ile 		Widely recognized state.

P

[edit]
Pahang – Sultanate of Pahang
Capital: Pekan 		Widely recognized state.
Papal States – State of the Church
Capital: Rome 		Widely recognized state.
 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción 		Widely recognized state.
Patani – Sultanate of Patani[37]
Capital: Patani 		Widely recognized state.
 Pate – Pate Sultanate (to 1870)
Capital: Faza 		Widely recognized state.
Perak – Sultanate of Perak
Capital: Ipoh 		Widely recognized state.
Persia – Sublime State of Persia
Capital: Tehran 		Widely recognized state.
Peru Peru – Peruvian Republic
Capital: Lima 		Widely recognized state.
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon 		Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, vassal state and possession of Portugal:
 Potiskum – Potiskum Emirate
Capital: Potiskum 		Widely recognized state.
 Prussia – Kingdom of Prussia (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Berlin 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.

Q

[edit]
Qu'aiti – Qu'aiti Sultanate of Shihr and Mukalla[38]
Capital: Al-Shihr 		Widely recognized state.

R

[edit]
Raiatea – Kingdom of Raiatea
Capital: Uturoa 		Widely recognized state.
Rapa Nui – Kingdom of Rapa Nui
Capital: Anakena 		Widely recognized state.
Rarotonga – Kingdom of Rarotonga
Capital: Anakena 		Widely recognized state.
Reuss Elder Line – Principality of Reuss Elder Line (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Greiz 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Reuss Junior Line – Principality of Reuss Junior Line (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Greiz 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
→ Romania – Romanian United Principalities
Capital: Bucharest 		Widely recognized state.
 Rujumbura – Rujumbura Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
 Rukiga – Rukiga Kingdom
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state.
Russia – Russian Empire
Capital: Saint Petersburg 		Widely recognized state.
 Rwanda – Kingdom of Rwanda
Capital: Nyanza 		Widely recognized state.
 Ryūkyū Kingdom
Capital: Shuri 		Widely recognized state.

S

[edit]
 Saloum – Kingdom of Saloum (to 1864)
Capital: Kahone 		Widely recognized state to 1864. Annexed by France in 1864.
Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
Capital: Apia 		Widely recognized state.
 San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Capital: San Marino 		Widely recognized state.
 Sarawak – Kingdom of Sarawak
Capital: Kuching 		Widely recognized state.
 Sardinia – Kingdom of Sardinia (to 17 March 1861)
Capital: Turin 		Widely recognized state to 17 March 1861. Annexed by the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861.
Saxe-Altenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Altenburg 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Gotha 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Saxe-Lauenburg – Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Ratzeburg 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Saxe-Meiningen – Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Meiningen 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach – Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Weimar 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Saxony – Kingdom of Saxony (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Dresden 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Schaumburg-Lippe – Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Bückeburg 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Schleswig – Duchy of Schleswig (to 1866)
Capital: Schleswig 		Widely recognized state to 1866. Member of the German Confederation to 1866. Annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866.
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt – Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Rudolstadt 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen – Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Sondershausen 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Selangor – Sultanate of Selangor
Capital: Klang 		Widely recognized state.
Serbia – Principality of Serbia (from 19 April 1867)
Capital: Belgrade 		Widely recognized state.
Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara
Capital: Kota Mambang Segara 		Widely recognized state.
Shilluk Kingdom (to 1861)
Capital: Fashoda 		Widely recognized state to 1861. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1861.
Thailand Siam – Kingdom of Siam
Capital: Bangkok 		Widely recognized state. The following are vassal states of Siam:
 Sine – Kingdom of Sine (to 1867)
Capital: Diakhao 		Widely recognized state to 1867. Disestablished in 1867.
Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate
Capital: Sokoto 		Widely recognized state.
 Solimana – Solimana Chiefdom (to 1869)
Capital: Falaba 		Widely recognized state to 1869. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1869.
Spain
Capital: Madrid 		Widely recognized state. Spain had three colonies, and two possessions:
Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
Capital: Maimbung 		Widely recognized state.
 Sweden and Norway – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
Capital: Stockholm, Christiania 		Personal union of the separate kingdoms of Sweden and Norway.
Switzerland Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern 		Widely recognized state. Switzerland was a federation of 25 cantons.[b]

T

[edit]
 Tagant – Emirate of Tagant
Capital: Tidjikja 		Widely recognized state.
Tahiti – Kingdom of Tahiti
Capital: Tidjikja 		Widely recognized state.
Tonga
Capital: Nuku'alofa 		Widely recognized state.
Tooro – Tooro Kingdom
Capital: Kabarole 		Widely recognized state.
 Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire
Capital: Segou 		Widely recognized state.
 Transvaal – South African Republic
Capital: Pretoria 		Boer republic.
 Trarza – Emirate of Trarza
Capital: Mederdra 		Widely recognized state.
 Tuggurt – Sultanate of Tuggurt
Capital: Tuggurt 		Widely recognized state.
→  Two Sicilies – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (to 12 February 1861)
Capital: Naples 		Widely recognized state to 12 February 1861. Annexed by the Kingdom of Italy on 12 February 1861.

U

[edit]
 United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Capital: London 		Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom:
→ → → →  United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington D.C. 		Widely recognized state. The following are territories of the United States of America:
  Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
Capital: Nişāb 		Widely recognized state.
  Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
Capital: Sa'id 		Widely recognized state.
 Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa
Capital: Mahjaba 		Widely recognized state.
 Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo 		Widely recognized state.

V

[edit]
→  Venezuela
Capital: Caracas 		Widely recognized state.

W

[edit]
 Wadai – Wadai Empire
Capital: Abéché 		Widely recognized state.
 Wahidi Balhaf – Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf
Capital: Balhaf 		Widely recognized state.
 Wahidi Haban – Wahidi Sultanate of Haban
Capital: Habban 		Widely recognized state.
 Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq
Capital: Tosora 		Widely recognized state.
Waldeck-Pyrmont – Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (to 1 July 1867)
Capital: Altenburg 		Widely recognized state to 1 July 1867. Member of the German Confederation. State of the North German Confederation from 1 July 1867.
Wituland – Witu Sultanate
Capital: Witu 		Widely recognized state.
 Wolaita – Kingdom of Wolaita
Capital: Lasho, Dalbo, Sodo 		Widely recognized state.
Württemberg – Kingdom of Württemberg
Capital: Stuttgart 		Widely recognized state.

Y

[edit]
 Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma
Capital: Fofa 		Widely recognized state.
Yeke – Yeke Kingdom
Capital: Bunkeya 		Widely recognized state.

Z

[edit]
 Zabarma – Zabarma Emirate (from 1860)
Capital: Not specified 		Widely recognized state from 1860.
Zanzibar – Sultanate of Zanzibar
Capital: Stone Town 		Widely recognized state.
Zululand – Kingdom of Zulu
Capital: Bulawayo 		Widely recognized state.

States claiming sovereignty

[edit]
Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
Capital: Kutaraja 		Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire.
Alabama – Republic of Alabama[39][40][41][42] (from from 11 January to 4 February 1861)
Capital: Montgomery 		Unrecognized state, incorporated into the United States on 4 February 1861.
Araucanía and Patagonia – Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia (from 17 November 1860 to 5 January 1862)
Capital: Perquenco 		Unrecognized state. Claimed by Argentina and Chile.
Assiniboia – Provisional Government of Assiniboia (from 1869)
Capital: Batoche 		Unrecognized state, Provisional Government. Claimed by the Dominion of Canada.
Buenos Aires – State of Buenos Aires (to 12 December 1861)
Capital: Perquenco 		Unrecognized state. Rejoined Argentina on 12 December 1861.
→ → → → →  Confederate States – Confederate States of America (from 4 February 1861 to 5 May 1865)
Capital: Greensboro 		Unrecognized state. Dissolved on 5 May 1865.

States claiming sovereignty

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Federal District: Federal District.
  2. ^ 25 Cantons: Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Bern, Fribourg, Geneva, Glarus, Graubünden, Lucerne, Neuchâtel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zürich

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Roberts, R. G. (1953). "The Dynasty of Abemama". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 62 (3): 267–277. ISSN 0032-4000.
  2. ^ Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 188. ISBN 9781789140101.
  3. ^ James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
  4. ^ "Andorra". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. November 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  5. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 162. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  6. ^ Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  7. ^ "Argentina". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  8. ^ "Asante empire". Britannica. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  9. ^ Thesiger, Wilfred (1935). "The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate". The Geographical Journal. 85 (1): 1–19. Bibcode:1935GeogJ..85....1T. doi:10.2307/1787031. JSTOR 1787031.
  10. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baden, Grand Duchy of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  11. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bagirmi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
  12. ^ Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38 (1976), pp. 452-458
  13. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barotse and Barotseland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 424–425.
  14. ^ Caplan, Gerald L. (October 1968). "Barotseland: the secessionist challenge to Zambia". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 6 (3): 343–360. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00017456. ISSN 1469-7777. S2CID 153463371.
  15. ^ "Belgium". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  16. ^ Bradbury, R. E. (16 August 2018). "Continuities and Discontinuities in Pre-colonial and Colonial Benin Politics (1897–1951)". Benin Studies. Routledge. pp. 76–128. doi:10.4324/9781351031264-4 (inactive 14 December 2024). ISBN 978-1-351-03126-4. S2CID 159119713. Retrieved 27 January 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
  17. ^ "Bora-Bora". Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  18. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bornu" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
  19. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 115.
  20. ^ Ni, Lee Bih (2013). Brief History of Myanmar and Thailand. Universiti Malaysi Sabah. p. 7. ISBN 9781229124791.
  21. ^ Murdoch, John B. (1974). "The 1901-1902 Holy Man's Rebellion" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol.62.1 (digital image). Siam Heritage Trust: 2–9. Archived from the original (free) on July 13, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2013. Furthest afield were Vientiane and Bassac....
  22. ^ Newbury, C. W. (1959). "A Note on the Abomey Protectorate". Africa. 29 (2): 146–155. doi:10.2307/1157517. JSTOR 1157517. S2CID 145105979.
  23. ^ Garbou, Henri (1912). "La région du Tchad et du Oudaï; études ethnographiques, dialecte Toubou". Bulletin de Correspondence Africaine. XLVII1.
  24. ^ Aitchison, G (1931). A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries. Vol. xi. Government of India. pp. 7–9. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  25. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gazaland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 544–545.
  26. ^ Heinl, Robert (1996). Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1995. Lantham, Maryland: University Press of America. p. 791.
  27. ^ J.S., Boston (1968). The Igala Kingdom. Oxford University Press. p. 84.
  28. ^ Jansen, Marius; Hall, John Whitney; Kanai, Madoka; Twitchett, Denis (1989). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-22352-0. One can date the 'restoration' of imperial rule from the edict of January 3, 1868.
  29. ^ Kalipa, Candidato L.; Lumapenet, Husna T. (December 2021). "The Authorities and Customary Practices of the Buayan Sultanates in the Philippines" (PDF).
  30. ^ Bacani, Benedicto R. (January 2005). "The Mindanao Peace Talks: Another Opportunity to Resolve the Moro Conflict in the Philippines" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2015.
  31. ^ Mathews, George D. (December 31, 1884). Alliance of the Reformed Churches Holding the Presbyterian System: Minutes and Proceedings of the Third General Council : Belfast 1884. Assembly's office – via Google Books. Republic of Orange Free State
  32. ^ Kerr, Robert Pollok (December 31, 1888). The People's History of Presbyterianism in All Ages. Presbyterian Committee of Publication – via Google Books.
  33. ^ Churches, World alliance of reformed (December 31, 1884). Report of proceedings [afterw.] Minutes and proceedings [afterw.] Proceedings of the first (-fifteenth) General Presbyterian council [afterw.] general council of the Presbyterian alliance [afterw.] Alliance of the reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian system – via Google Books. Republic of Orange Free State
  34. ^ Royal Blue Book: Fashionable Directory and Parliamentary Guide. December 31, 1899 – via Google Books. Republic of Orange Free State
  35. ^ The Gospel in All Lands. proprietor. December 31, 1895 – via Google Books. Republic of Orange Free State
  36. ^ Gates, Henry Louis & Kwame Anthony Appiah (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York City: Basic Civitas Books. pp. 2095 Pages. ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
  37. ^ Koch, Margaret L. (1977). "Patani and the Development of A Thai State". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 50 (2 (232)): 69–88. JSTOR 41492172.
  38. ^ McLaughlin, Daniel (2008). "10: Southeast Yemen". Yemen. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 191–198. ISBN 978-1-8416-2212-5.
  39. ^ Smith, William Russell (1861). The History and Debates of the Convention of the People of Alabama, Begun and Held in the City of Montgomery, on the Seventh Day of January 1861: In which is Preserved the Speeches of the Secret Sessions and Many Valuable State Papers. White, Pfister & Company – via Google Books. Republic of Alabama
  40. ^ Virginia (1861). Annual Reports of Officers, Boards and Institutions of the Commonwealth of Virginia – via Google Books. Republic of Alabama
  41. ^ Journal of the House of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky... State Journal Company. 1861 – via Google Books. Republic of Alabama
  42. ^ Congress, United States (1858). The Congressional Globe. Blair & Rives – via Google Books. Republic of Alabama
  43. ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1864 – via Google Books. Republic of Louisiana
  44. ^ Congress, United States (1859). Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856. D. Appleton – via Google Books. Republic of Louisiana
  45. ^ Lossing, Benson John (1866). Origins of rebellion to the Battle of Bull's Run. G. W. Childs – via Google Books. Republic of Louisiana
  46. ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year. 1864 – via Google Books. Republic of Louisiana
  47. ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year. D. Appleton and Company. 1868 – via Google Books. Republic of South Carolina
  48. ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1870 – via Google Books. Republic of South Carolina
  49. ^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1864 – via Google Books. Republic of South Carolina
  50. ^ The American Annual Cyclopædia and Register of Important Events ...: Embracing Political, Civil, Military, and Social Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton. 1863 – via Google Books. Republic of South Carolina
  51. ^ The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events: Embracing Political, Civil, Military, and Social Affairs: Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry. D. Appleton & Company. 1870 – via Google Books. Republic of South Carolina
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