Jump to content

List of power stations in Alaska

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sources of Alaska utility-scale electricity generation, full-year 2023:[1]
  1. Natural gas 52.4 (52.3%)
  2. Hydroelectric 20.7 (20.7%)
  3. Petroleum 13.5 (13.5%)
  4. Coal 10.8 (10.8%)
  5. Wind 2 (2.00%)
  6. Biomass 0.6 (0.60%)
  7. Solar 0.1 (0.10%)
  8. 0 (0.00%)

This is a list of electricity-generating power stations in the U.S. state of Alaska, sorted by type and name. In 2022, Alaska had a total summer capacity of 2,820 MW through all of its power plants, and a net generation of 6,694 GWh.[2] The electrical energy generation mix in 2023 was 52.4% natural gas, 20.7% hydroelectric, 13.5% petroleum, 10.8% coal, 2% wind, 0.6% biomass and 0.1% solar.[1] The nation's only coal plant constructed since 2015 began operations in February 2020 at the University of Fairbanks.[3]

A grid known as "the Railbelt" serves about two-thirds of the state's population; extending from Fairbanks through Anchorage and into the Kenai Peninsula. Many of Alaska's power stations are diesel generators which service isolated communities and their localized transmission and distribution networks. Alaska is second behind Hawaii in the consumption of petroleum for electricity generation. The Alaska Village Electric Cooperative serves 58 communities in rural Alaska. Many rural residential customers receive the Power Cost Equalization subsidy to bring high electric costs closer to what urban residents pay. The state has vast untapped renewable resources, including wind near its coastlines, hydropower in its high-precipitation mountain regions, biomass from its forest and agriculture products, and solar from its rooftops.[3]

Nuclear power stations

[edit]

There were no utility-scale nuclear facilities in the state of Alaska in 2022. A proposed nuclear power station was the Galena Nuclear Power Plant.

Fossil-fuel power stations

[edit]

Data reported by U.S. Energy Information Administration[4]

Coal (lignite)

[edit]
Plant name Location Coordinates Capacity
(MW)[A]
Technology Year
completed
Scheduled
retirement
Refs
Atkinson Power Plant Addition
UA Fairbanks
Fairbanks 64°51′15″N 147°49′20″W / 64.8542°N 147.8221°W / 64.8542; -147.8221 (UofA Fairbanks) 17 Conventional steam coal 2018-2020 TBD [5][6][7]
Aurora Energy LLC
Chena Power Plant
Fairbanks 64°50′52″N 147°44′06″W / 64.8477°N 147.7351°W / 64.8477; -147.7351 (Aurora Energy Chena) 25.7 Conventional steam coal 1952 (Unit ;1-4.7MW)
1952 (Unit 2-2.0MW)
1952 (Unit 3–1.3MW)
1975 (Unit 5-19MW)
TBD (Unit 1)
TBD (Unit 2)
2009 (Unit 3)
TBD (Unit 5)
[8]
Ben J. Atkinson Power Plant
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Fairbanks 64°51′15″N 147°49′20″W / 64.8542°N 147.8221°W / 64.8542; -147.8221 (UofA Fairbanks) 9.1 Conventional steam coal 1964 (Unit 1–0.5MW)
1964 (Unit 2–0.5MW)
1981 (Unit 3–8.1MW)
2020 (Unit 1)
2020 (Unit 2)
TBD (Unit 3)
[9][10]
Central Heat & Power Plant
Eielson Air Force Base
Fairbanks North Star 64°40′17″N 147°04′34″W / 64.6714°N 147.0760°W / 64.6714; -147.0760 (Eielson AFB Central) 20 Conventional steam coal 1952 (Unit 1–0.5MW)
1952 (Unit 2–0.5MW)
1955 (Unit 3–5.0MW)
1969 (Unit 4–5.0MW)
1987 (Unit 5–9.0MW)
TBD (Unit 1)
TBD (Unit 2)
TBD (Unit 3)
TBD (Unit 4)
TBD (Unit 5)
[11]
Clear Air Force Station Power Plant Yukon-Koyukuk 64°17′26″N 149°11′13″W / 64.29056°N 149.18694°W / 64.29056; -149.18694 (Clear AFS Station) 22.5 Conventional steam coal 1960 (Unit 1–7.5MW)
1960 (Unit 2–7.5MW)
1960 (Unit 3–7.5MW)
2016 [12][13]
Healy Power Plant Healy 63°51′15″N 148°57′00″W / 63.8542°N 148.9500°W / 63.8542; -148.9500 (Healy) 75 Conventional steam coal 1967 (Unit 1-25MW)
1998 (Unit 2-50MW)
TBD (Unit 1)
TBD (Unit 2)
[14]
(Fort Wainwright) Power Plant Fairbanks 64°49′32″N 147°38′55″W / 64.8256°N 147.6486°W / 64.8256; -147.6486 (Fairbanks Utility Plants) 22.1 Conventional steam coal 1945 (Unit 1–3.5MW)
1955 (Unit 2–6.2MW)
1955 (Unit 3–6.2MW)
1955 (Unit 4–6.2MW)
1989 (Unit 5–6.2MW)
TBD (Unit 1)
IDLE (Unit 2)
TBD (Unit 3)
TBD (Unit 4)
TBD (Unit 5)
[15]

A Multi-fuel plant, listed is "total net summer capacity" by source.

Petroleum

[edit]

Natural gas

[edit]
Plant name Location Coordinates Capacity
(MW)
Technology Year
completed
Refs
Agrium Kenai Nitrogen Operations Kenai 60°40′24″N 151°22′42″W / 60.6732°N 151.3784°W / 60.6732; -151.3784 (Agrium Kenai) 12.5 Simple cycle (x5) 1977
Anchorage 1 Anchorage 61°13′20″N 149°51′58″W / 61.2221°N 149.8661°W / 61.2221; -149.8661 (Anchorage 1) 75.9 Simple cycle (x2) 1972/2007
Barrow Utqiagvik 71°17′31″N 156°46′43″W / 71.2920°N 156.7786°W / 71.2920; -156.7786 (Barrow) 20.3 Simple cycle (x5),
reciprocating engine (x2)
1977-2001 (17.3MW)
1994 (3.0MW)
Beluga Beluga 61°11′10″N 151°02′08″W / 61.1861°N 151.0356°W / 61.1861; -151.0356 (Beluga) 312.4 Simple cycle (x6) 1968-1978
Bernice Lake Nikiski 60°41′37″N 151°23′15″W / 60.6935°N 151.3874°W / 60.6935; -151.3874 (Bernice Lake) 76.7 Simple cycle (x3) 1971-1981
Eklutna Generation Station Chugiak, Anchorage 61°27′28″N 149°21′05″W / 61.4578°N 149.3514°W / 61.4578; -149.3514 (Eklutna Station) 171 Reciprocating engine (x10) 2015
George M Sullivan Generation Plant 2 Anchorage 61°13′47″N 149°43′00″W / 61.2297°N 149.7167°W / 61.2297; -149.7167 (George Sullivan 2) 346.9 3x1 Combined cycle,
simple cycle
1979/2017 (254.3MW)
1984 (92.6MW)
International Anchorage 61°10′08″N 149°54′40″W / 61.1690°N 149.9110°W / 61.1690; -149.9110 (International) 30 Simple cycle (x2) 1964-1965
Nikiski Co-Generation Nikiski 60°40′35″N 151°22′40″W / 60.6765°N 151.3777°W / 60.6765; -151.3777 (Nikiski Cogen) 80.8 1x1 combined cycle 1986/2013
NSB Nuiqsut Utility Nuiqsut 70°13′14″N 150°59′37″W / 70.2206°N 150.9935°W / 70.2206; -150.9935 (NSB Nuiqsut) 2.2 Reciprocating engine (x3) 2008/2013
Soldotna Soldotna 60°29′58″N 150°59′50″W / 60.4994°N 150.9972°W / 60.4994; -150.9972 (Soldotna) 50 Simple cycle 2014
Southcentral Power Project Anchorage 61°10′03″N 149°54′19″W / 61.1674°N 149.9053°W / 61.1674; -149.9053 (Southcentral) 203.9 3x1 combined cycle 2013
Tesoro Kenai Cogeneration Plant Kenai 60°40′37″N 151°22′53″W / 60.6770°N 151.3815°W / 60.6770; -151.3815 (Tesoro Kenai Cogen) 8.6 Simple cycle (x2) 1988
TNSG North Plant Deadhorse 70°14′07″N 148°23′01″W / 70.2353°N 148.3836°W / 70.2353; -148.3836 (TNSG North) 25.4 Simple cycle (x4) 2008-2014
TNSG South Plant Deadhorse 70°12′00″N 148°28′00″W / 70.2000°N 148.4667°W / 70.2000; -148.4667 (TNSG South) 8.1 Reciprocating engine (x6) 1992-2010

Renewable power stations

[edit]

Data reported by U.S. Energy Information Administration[4]

Biomass

[edit]
Plant name Location Coordinates Capacity
(MW)
Fuel
type
Technology Year
completed
Refs
JBER Landfill Gas Power Plant Anchorage 61°17′10″N 149°36′36″W / 61.2860°N 149.6100°W / 61.2860; -149.6100 (JBER Landfill Gas) 11.5 Landfill gas Reciprocating engine (x5) 2012

Geothermal

[edit]
Plant name Location Coordinates Capacity
(MW)
Technology Year
completed
Refs
Chena Geothermal Plant Fairbanks North Star 65°03′11″N 146°03′20″W / 65.05306°N 146.05556°W / 65.05306; -146.05556 (Chena Hot Springs) 0.4 ORC generator (x2) 2006 [16][17]

Hydroelectric

[edit]
Plant name Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Number of
turbines
Year completed Refs
Allison Creek Valdez 61°05′04″N 146°21′12″W / 61.0844°N 146.3533°W / 61.0844; -146.3533 (Allison Creek) 6.5 1 2016
Annex Creek Juneau 58°19′03″N 134°06′04″W / 58.3176°N 134.1010°W / 58.3176; -134.1010 (Annex Creek) 4.0 2 1915
Beaver Falls Ketchikan 55°22′47″N 131°28′13″W / 55.3798°N 131.4703°W / 55.3798; -131.4703 (Beaver Falls) 5.4 3 1947/1954
Black Bear Lake Craig 55°28′35″N 133°08′52″W / 55.4765°N 133.1477°W / 55.4765; -133.1477 (Black Bear Hydro) 4.5 1 1995
Blue Lake Hydro Sitka 57°09′06″N 135°13′47″W / 57.1516°N 135.2297°W / 57.1516; -135.2297 (Blue Lake) 15.9 3 2014
Bradley Lake Kenai Peninsula 59°46′43″N 150°56′25″W / 59.7786°N 150.9402°W / 59.7786; -150.9402 (Bradley Lake) 126 2 1991
2018 (upgraded)[A]
[18]
Chester Lake Metlakatla 55°07′01″N 131°32′45″W / 55.1169°N 131.5459°W / 55.1169; -131.5459 (Chester Lake) 1.3 1 1988
Cooper Lake Kenai Peninsula 60°23′32″N 149°39′56″W / 60.3923°N 149.6656°W / 60.3923; -149.6656 (Cooper Lake) 19.4 2 1961
Eklutna Hydro Project Matanuska-Susitna 61°28′31″N 149°09′00″W / 61.4752°N 149.1501°W / 61.4752; -149.1501 (Eklutna Hydro) 44.4 2 1955
Goat Lake Hydro Skagway 59°32′09″N 135°12′44″W / 59.5357°N 135.2123°W / 59.5357; -135.2123 (Goat Lake) 4.0 1 1997
Gold Creek Juneau 58°18′39″N 134°25′03″W / 58.3107°N 134.4174°W / 58.3107; -134.4174 (Gold Creek) 1.6 3 1914/1951
Green Lake Sitka, Alaska 56°59′11″N 135°07′22″W / 56.9863°N 135.1228°W / 56.9863; -135.1228 (Green Lake) 18.6 2 1982
Humpback Creek Valdez Cordova 60°36′46″N 145°40′46″W / 60.6128°N 145.6794°W / 60.6128; -145.6794 (Humpback Creek) 1.2 3 1991
Kasidaya Creek Hydro Skagway 59°24′26″N 135°20′27″W / 59.4072°N 135.3408°W / 59.4072; -135.3408 (Kasidaya Creek) 3.0 1 2008
Ketchikan Ketchikan 55°20′41″N 131°38′00″W / 55.3446°N 131.6334°W / 55.3446; -131.6334 (Ketchikan Hydro) 4.2 3 1938/1952/1954
King Cove Aleutians East 55°03′42″N 162°18′37″W / 55.0617°N 162.3103°W / 55.0617; -162.3103 (King Cove Hydro) 0.7 1 1995
Lake Dorothy Juneau 58°13′57″N 134°03′12″W / 58.2325°N 134.0533°W / 58.2325; -134.0533 (Lake Dorothy) 14.3 1 2009
Newhalen
(Tazimina)
Iliamna 59°53′57″N 154°41′55″W / 59.8991°N 154.6987°W / 59.8991; -154.6987 (Tazimina Hydro) 0.8 2 1998 [19]
Pelican Pelican 57°57′26″N 136°13′12″W / 57.9571°N 136.2201°W / 57.9571; -136.2201 (Pelican Hydro) 0.6 2 1984
Purple Lake Metlakatla 55°05′29″N 131°32′42″W / 55.0913°N 131.5450°W / 55.0913; -131.5450 (Purple Lake) 3.9 3 1956/1962
Salmon Creek 1 Juneau 58°19′37″N 134°27′47″W / 58.3269°N 134.4631°W / 58.3269; -134.4631 (Salmon Creek 1) 8.5 1 1984
Silvis Ketchikan 55°22′53″N 131°31′04″W / 55.3814°N 131.5178°W / 55.3814; -131.5178 (Silvis Hydro) 2.1 1 1958
Skagway Skagway 59°27′16″N 135°18′47″W / 59.4545°N 135.3131°W / 59.4545; -135.3131 (Skagway Hydro) 1.0 4 1909/1957/
1981/1987
Snettisham Juneau 58°08′29″N 133°44′13″W / 58.1415°N 133.7370°W / 58.1415; -133.7370 (Snettisham Hydro) 78.2 3 1973/1990
Solomon Gulch Valdez Cordova 61°04′58″N 146°18′12″W / 61.0828°N 146.3033°W / 61.0828; -146.3033 (Solomon Gulch) 12.0 2 1982
South Fork Klawock 55°33′48″N 132°53′28″W / 55.5633°N 132.8911°W / 55.5633; -132.8911 (South Fork Hydro) 2.0 1 2005
Swan Lake Ketchikan 55°36′55″N 131°21′22″W / 55.6152°N 131.3561°W / 55.6152; -131.3561 (Swan Lake) 22.6 2 1984
Terror Lake Kodiak Island 57°41′10″N 152°53′42″W / 57.6861°N 152.8950°W / 57.6861; -152.8950 (Terror Lake Hydro) 33.6 3 1984/2014
Tyee Lake Hydroelectric Facility Wrangell 56°12′59″N 131°30′15″W / 56.2164°N 131.5043°W / 56.2164; -131.5043 (Tyee Lake) 22.6 2 1983
Whitman Ketchikan 55°19′41″N 131°31′51″W / 55.3281°N 131.5308°W / 55.3281; -131.5308 (Witman Hydro) 2.1 2 2015

A The "Battle Creek Project" increased the Bradley Lake hydro facility's production by about 10 percent.[20]

Solar

[edit]
Plant name Location Coordinates Capacity
(MW)
Year
completed
Refs
GVEA Solar Farm Fairbanks 0.65 2018 [21]
Houston Solar Farm Matanuska-Susitna 61°35′14″N 149°47′21″E / 61.5871°N 149.7892°E / 61.5871; 149.7892 (Houston Solar Farm) 8.5 2023 [22]
Willow Solar Farm Matanuska-Susitna 1.2 2020 [23]

Wind

[edit]
Additional data reported by the United States Wind Turbine Database[24]
Plant name Location Coordinates Capacity (MW) Number of
turbines
Year
completed
Refs
Bethel Turbine Bethel 60°46′53″N 161°53′04″W / 60.7814°N 161.8844°W / 60.7814; -161.8844 (Bethel Turbine) 0.9 1 2018
Chevak Wind Chevak 61°31′29″N 165°36′27″W / 61.5246°N 165.6075°W / 61.5246; -165.6075 (Chevak Wind) 0.4 4 2009
Delta Wind Farm Delta Junction 64°00′50″N 145°35′48″W / 64.0139°N 145.5967°W / 64.0139; -145.5967 (Delta Wind) 1.9 3 2008/2009/2013
Emmonak Wind Emmonak 62°47′01″N 164°33′37″W / 62.7836°N 164.5604°W / 62.7836; -164.5604 (Emmonak Wind) 0.4 4 2011
Eva Creek Wind Ferry 64°03′29″N 148°53′06″W / 64.0581°N 148.8851°W / 64.0581; -148.8851 (Eva Creek Wind) 24.6 12 2013
Fire Island Wind Anchorage 61°07′48″N 150°14′37″W / 61.1300°N 150.2436°W / 61.1300; -150.2436 (Fire Island Wind) 18 11 2012
Gambell Wind Gambell 63°46′44″N 171°42′42″W / 63.7788°N 171.7116°W / 63.7788; -171.7116 (Gambell Wind) 0.3 3 2010
Hooper Bay Wind Hooper Bay 61°32′09″N 166°05′48″W / 61.5359°N 166.0966°W / 61.5359; -166.0966 (Hooper Bay Wind) 0.3 3 2008
Kasigluk Wind Kasigluk 60°52′16″N 162°30′48″W / 60.87111°N 162.51333°W / 60.87111; -162.51333 (Kasigluk Wind) 0.3 3 2006 [25]
Klondike Turbine Seward 60°07′34″N 149°25′56″W / 60.1261°N 149.4322°W / 60.1261; -149.4322 (Klondike Turbine) 1.5 1 2001
Kotzebue Hybrid Wind Kotzebue 66°50′16″N 162°33′25″W / 66.8378°N 162.5569°W / 66.8378; -162.5569 (Kotzebue Wind) 4.5 19 1997/1999/2002/
2005/2006/2012
Pillar Mountain Wind Kodiak Island 57°47′13″N 152°26′26″W / 57.7869°N 152.4406°W / 57.7869; -152.4406 (Pillar Mountain Wind) 9 6 2009/2012
Quinhagak Wind Quinhagak 59°44′24″N 161°54′52″W / 59.7400°N 161.9144°W / 59.7400; -161.9144 (Quinhagak Wind) 0.3 3 2010
Sand Point Wind Aleutians East 55°20′23″N 160°29′50″W / 55.3397°N 160.4972°W / 55.3397; -160.4972 (Sand Point Wind) 1 2 2011
Savoonga Wind Savoonga 63°41′29″N 170°29′54″W / 63.6915°N 170.4983°W / 63.6915; -170.4983 (Savoonga Wind) 0.2 2 2008
Selawik Wind Selawik 66°36′30″N 160°01′07″W / 66.6084°N 160.0186°W / 66.6084; -160.0186 (Selawik Wind) 0.26 4 2004
Shaktoolik Wind Shaktoolik 64°21′39″N 161°12′14″W / 64.3609°N 161.2040°W / 64.3609; -161.2040 (Shaktoolik Wind) 0.2 2 2012
Snake River Wind
(Newton Peak)
Nome 64°34′00″N 165°25′53″W / 64.5667°N 165.4313°W / 64.5667; -165.4313 (Snake River Wind) 2.6 17 2013/2015
St. Mary's Turbine Pitkas Point 62°02′05″N 163°15′03″W / 62.0348°N 163.2508°W / 62.0348; -163.2508 (St. Mary's Turbine) 0.9 1 2019
Toksook Bay Wind Toksook Bay 60°31′36″N 165°06′53″W / 60.52667°N 165.11472°W / 60.52667; -165.11472 (Toksook Bay Wind) 0.3 3 2006 [26]
Tuntutuliak Wind Tuntutuliak 60°20′15″N 162°39′46″W / 60.3374°N 162.6627°W / 60.3374; -162.6627 (Tuntutuliak Wind) 0.5 5 2012
Unakleet Wind Nome 60°54′33″N 160°46′12″W / 60.9092°N 160.7701°W / 60.9092; -160.7701 (Unakleet Wind) 0.6 6 2009

Storage power stations

[edit]

Data reported by U.S. Energy Information Administration[4]

Battery

[edit]
Plant name Location Coordinates Discharge
capacity
(MW)
Technology Year
completed
Refs
Battery Energy Storage System Fairbanks North Star 64°49′00″N 147°43′30″W / 64.8167°N 147.7250°W / 64.8167; -147.7250 (Fairbanks BESS) 40 Batteries 2003
ESS Battery Microgrid Kodiak Island 57°47′57″N 152°24′15″W / 57.7992°N 152.4042°W / 57.7992; -152.4042 (Kodiak ESS Battery Microgrid) 3.0 Batteries 2012
Eyak Service Center BESS Valdez Cordova 60°32′26″N 145°44′27″W / 60.5405°N 145.7408°W / 60.5405; -145.7408 (Eyak BESS) 1.0 Batteries 2019
Kotzebue Hybrid Kotzebue 66°50′16″N 162°33′25″W / 66.8378°N 162.5569°W / 66.8378; -162.5569 (Kotzebue Storage) 1.2 Batteries 2015
Soldotna 93 Batteries 2022

Flywheel

[edit]
Plant name Location Coordinates Discharge
capacity (MW)
Technology Year completed Refs
Flywheel Energy Storage System Microgrid Kodiak Island 57°46′48″N 152°26′38″W / 57.7801°N 152.4438°W / 57.7801; -152.4438 (Flywheel Storage Microgrid) 2.0 Flywheels 2015

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Alaska, Fuel Type-Check all, Annual, 2001–23". www.eia.gov. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  2. ^ "Alaska Electricity Profile". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Alaska Electricity Profile Analysis". U.S. EIA. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Energy Information Administration (September 15, 2020). "Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B)". eia.gov. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020.
  5. ^ "Combined heat and power plant". University of Alaska. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  6. ^ "Atkinson Power Plant". www.kuac.org. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  7. ^ "Here's the nation's only new coal plant. Is it the last?". Energy & Environmental News. April 15, 2019.
  8. ^ "Chena Power Plant". Global Energy Monitor. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  9. ^ "Ben Atkinson Building". University of Alaska. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  10. ^ "UA Fairbanks Power Plant". Global Energy Monitor. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  11. ^ "Eilson AFB Central Heat & Power Plant". Global Energy Monitor. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  12. ^ "Out with the old, Clear AFS closes coal plant". Colorado Springs Military Newspaper Group. October 18, 2016.
  13. ^ "Clear Air Force Stations: Air Force Reviewed Costs and Benefits of Several Options before Deciding to Close the Power Plant" (PDF). Government Accountability Office: Report GAO-14-550. May 31, 2014.
  14. ^ "Healy Power Plant". Global Energy Monitor. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  15. ^ "Fort Wainwright Power Plant". Global Energy Monitor. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
  16. ^ "400kW Geothermal Power Plant at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska" (PDF). Chena Power, LLC. February 4, 2007.
  17. ^ Jennifer Bogo (February 1, 2008). "Geothermal Power in Alaska Holds Hidden Model for Clean Energy". Popular Mechanics.
  18. ^ "Bradley Lake Hydroelectric Project". Alaska Energy Authority. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  19. ^ Suzanna Caldwell (September 28, 2016). "After almost 20 years, Iliamna hydro project finally hits its stride". Anchorage Daily News.
  20. ^ "Expansion of Bradley Lake hydro facility gets underway". Alaska Public Radio. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  21. ^ Elwood Bremmer (February 19, 2020). "The world's most unlikely solar farms". Alaska Daily News.
  22. ^ Fanelli, Michael (August 31, 2023). "Mat-Su Borough welcomes Alaska's biggest solar farm". Alaska Public Media. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  23. ^ Jody Ellis (November 18, 2019). "Alaska's largest solar farm opens in Willow". British Broadcasting Company.
  24. ^ "The U.S. Wind Turbine Database". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  25. ^ "Systems Performance Analyses of Alaska Wind-Diesel Projects" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. April 30, 2009. Report DOE/GO-102009-2710
  26. ^ "Turbines on the Tundra". New York Times. February 18, 2009.