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List of Self-Proclaimed Republics in Ukraine

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Not to be confused with Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine.
pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine in 2014

This is a list of Self-Proclaimed Republics in Ukraine that emerged following the 2014 Euromaidan Revolution. The establishment of these republics has been a subject of international debate and conflict.

Background

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From the end of February 2014, in the aftermath of the Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity, which resulted in the ousting of Russian-leaning Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, demonstrations by Russian-backed,[1][2][3] pro-Russian, and anti-government groups (as well as pro-government demonstrations) took place in Crimea, Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv and Odesa. The unrest, which was supported by the Russian military and intelligence services,[4] belongs to the early stages of the Russo-Ukrainian War.[5][6][7]

List of self-proclaimed republics in Ukraine

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State Proclamation Successful? Status Notes
 Republic of Crimea (and
 Sevastopol) 		March 11, 2014[8] Yes A Republic and Federal City of Russia On 11 March 2014, the Supreme Council of Crimea and the Sevastopol City Council adopted a joint resolution unilaterally declaring independence from Ukraine, citing the precedent of Kosovo to justify the move to secede.[9][10] The declaration has been declared illegal and condemned by many nations, notably the European Union, Ukraine and the United States.[11][12]

On March 16th, following a referendum, The Republic was incorporated into Russia, with Sevastopol becoming a Federal city.

 Donetsk People's Republic 7 April 2014[13] Yes A Republic of Russia On 6 April 2014, pro-Russian rebel leaders in Donetsk Oblast announced a referendum on joining the Russian Federation, scheduled for no later than 11 May 2014.[14] The following day, a rally of 1,000–2,000 people in Donetsk advocated for a Crimea-style referendum on independence from Ukraine. After the rally, 200–1,000 separatists[15][16] stormed the Regional State Administration building, demanding a referendum to join Russia. When their demands were not met, the separatists declared the establishment of the Donetsk People's Republic.[13]

On 30 September 2022, Russia's president Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine in an address to both houses of the Russian parliament. The United Nations, Ukraine, and many other countries condemned the annexation.[17]

Kharkov People's Republic 7 April 2014[18] No An Oblast in Ukraine On April 7, at a pro-Russian rally in Kharkiv, which gathered near the regional state administration, a list of alternative deputies was announced, which formed the "Council of Deputies of the Kharkov Territorial Community", designed to perform the duties of the Kharkov Regional Council, and the creation of a sovereign Kharkov People's Republic was announced.[19] Two days later, the separatists were forced out of the regional administration building by the Police.[18]
Odessa People's Republic 16 April 2014[20] No An Oblast in Ukraine In Odessa, an internet group "Odessa Anti-Maidan" has declared the Odessa People's Republic, and urged residents to block traffic in the city.[20] The appeal, published on their website, stated that power in the region belonged solely to its inhabitants.[20] Despite these actions, leaders of the Odessa Anti-Maidan denied involvement in the declaration, stating they had no plans to establish such a republic and denied any connection to the website.[21] On 28 October, the SBU said they had foiled a plot to create a People's Republic in the region by the Russian intelligence and security services.[22]
6 April 2015[23] No A document titled "Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Odessa People’s Republic," was released on April 6, 2015. The declaration cited the events in Kyiv in February 2014 and in Odessa in May 2014 as justification for withdrawing from Ukraine and forming an emergency Cabinet of Ministers. The head of state emphasized that this measure was intended to protect the region from attacks by right-wing radical groups allegedly introduced into the former Odessa region under orders from the Kyiv authorities.[23][24][25]
 Luhansk People's Republic 27 April 2014[26] Yes A Republic of Russia On 5 March 2014, following the seizure of the president's office in Kyiv and the flight of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, a crowd in Luhansk proclaimed Aleksandr Kharitonov as the "People's Governor." Four days later, Kharitonov's supporters stormed the government building, forcing the newly appointed Governor Mykhailo Bolotskykh to resign.[27] On 27 April 2014, pro-Russian activists declared the "Luhansk People's Republic" and demanded amnesty for protesters, official status for the Russian language, and a referendum on Luhansk's status.[28]

On 30 September 2022, Russia's president Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts of Ukraine in an address to both houses of the Russian parliament. The United Nations, Ukraine, and many other countries condemned the annexation.[17]

Kiev People's Republic Never[Note 1] No An Oblast in Ukraine From March 2014 to January 2015 a VK community distributed materials calling for violent seizure of power in Ukraine, and called for the creation of the Kyiv People's Republic.[29] On 29 April, 2015, the SBU detained two people, seizing computer equipment and separatist campaign materials.[30]
  1. ^ The group has been active from March 2014 to January 2015, but there has been no official proclamation made.


References

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  1. ^ "Pro-Russia protesters occupy regional government in Ukraine's Donetsk". Reuters. 2014-03-03. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  2. ^ "Putin's Neo-Nazi Helpers". Human Rights in Ukraine. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  3. ^ Malyarenko, Tetyana; Galbreath, David (2016). "Paramilitary motivation in Ukraine: beyond integration and abolition" (PDF). Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 16 (1): 113–138. doi:10.1080/14683857.2016.1148414. S2CID 56351688.
  4. ^ MIKHEIEVA, OKSANA (2021-12-21), "Motivations of Pro-Russian and Pro-Ukrainian Combatants in the Context of the Russian Military Intervention in the Donbas", The War in Ukraine’s Donbas, Central European University Press, pp. 67–82, doi:10.7829/j.ctv26jp68t.8, ISBN 9789633864203, S2CID 245625967, retrieved 2023-08-05
  5. ^ Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017). Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine (PDF) (Report). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. pp. 33–34.
  6. ^ Mitrokhin, Nikolay (2015). "Infiltration, Instruction, Invasion: Russia's War in the Donbass" (PDF). Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society. 1 (1): 220–221. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  7. ^ Wilson, Andrew (2016-04-20). "The Donbas in 2014: Explaining Civil Conflict Perhaps, but not Civil War". Europe-Asia Studies. 68 (4): 631–652. doi:10.1080/09668136.2016.1176994. ISSN 0966-8136. S2CID 148334453.
  8. ^ "О независимости Крыма". Archived from the original on 2014-03-19. Retrieved 2025-02-25.
  9. ^ "Парламент Крыма принял декларацию о независимости". Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2025-02-24.
  10. ^ "Crimean Declaration of Independence | Economic and Political Weekly". www.epw.in. 2014-08-27. Retrieved 2025-02-24.
  11. ^ "Crimean parliament formally applies to join Russia". BBC News. 2014-03-17. Retrieved 2025-02-24.
  12. ^ AFP. "Russia: Crimea independence is 'absolutely lawful'". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2025-02-24.
  13. ^ a b "Ukraine crisis: Protesters declare Donetsk 'republic'". BBC News. 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2025-02-19.
  14. ^ "Regional legislators proclaim industrial center Donetsk People's Republic". ITAR-TASS. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  15. ^ Kendall, Bridget (7 April 2014). "Ukraine: Pro-Russians storm offices in Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  16. ^ Протестующие в Донецке требуют провести референдум о вхождении в РФ [Protesters in Donetsk want to hold a referendum on joining the Russian Federation] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 6 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014.
  17. ^ a b Trevelyan, Mark (2022-09-30). "Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony". Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
  18. ^ a b Rudenko, Olga (2014-04-08). "Kharkiv settles down, while pro-Russian separatists still hold buildings in Luhansk, Donetsk - Apr. 08, 2014". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 2025-02-19.
  19. ^ "Сепаратизм: проголошено "Харківську народну республіку" | Мобільна версія | Новини на Gazeta.ua". 2014-04-09. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 2025-02-19.
  20. ^ a b c "Одеські сепаратисти в інтернеті оголосили "Одеську республіку"". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2025-02-19.
  21. ^ "Одеський Антимайдан божиться, що ніякої республіки не оголошував". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2025-02-19.
  22. ^ Schreiber, William (2014-07-10). "SBU: Russian plot to start Odesa People's Republic foiled - Jul. 10, 2014". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 2025-02-19.
  23. ^ a b "Одесская Народная Республика объявила о своей независимости и выходе из состава Украины - Агентство Информационных Сообщений". vg-news.ru. Retrieved 2025-02-24.
  24. ^ "Одесская народная республика объявила о своей независимости и выходе из состава Украины". Озерск74Пресс. Retrieved 2025-02-24.
  25. ^ "Одесская Народная Республика объявила о своей независимости и выходе из состава Украины". ПриветСочи (in Russian). Retrieved 2025-02-24.
  26. ^ "Separatists Declare 'People's Republic' In Ukraine's Luhansk". RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  27. ^ Nikulenko, T. The SBU Colonel Zhyvotov: with torture they were forcing the father of former chief of Luhansk SBU to convince his son to come to Donetsk, and when he refused, they killed him (Полковник СБУ Животов: Отца экс-главы Луганской СБУ пытками принуждали вызвать сына в Донецк, а когда он отказался – убили) Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Gordon.ua. 2 November 2016
  28. ^ "TASS: World – Federalization supporters in Luhansk proclaim people's republic". TASS. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  29. ^ "Творців "Київської республіки" у "ВКонтакте" відправили під суд". LB.ua. 2015-06-22. Retrieved 2025-02-19.
  30. ^ "СБУ затримала двох киян за заклики до створення КНР". LB.ua. 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2025-02-19.
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