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List of African American newspapers in Tennessee

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A front page of the Maryville Republican from 1867.

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in Tennessee. It includes both current and historical newspapers.

More than 100 such papers have been published in Tennessee.[1] The first was The Colored Tennessean, first published in Nashville on April 29, 1865.[2]

Newspapers currently in publication are highlighted in green in the list below.

Newspapers

[edit]
City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Athens Watchman 1891[3] 1895[3]
Chattanooga The Chattanooga Advocate 1915[4] 1900s[4] Weekly[4]
  • LCCN sn98069675
  • OCLC 38450720
Chattanooga
  • Blade[3]
  • Chattanooga Weekly Blade[5]
 1898[3] 1916[3] Weekly[5]
Chattanooga Citizen 1947[3] 1947[3]
Chattanooga Colored Citizen 1908[3] 1911[3]
Chattanooga Chattanooga Courier 1990s[6] 1990s[6] Weekly[6]
Chattanooga Defender 1917[3] 1937[3]
Chattanooga The Chattanooga Enterprise 1969[7] 1900s[7] Weekly[7]
Chattanooga Freeman 1896[3] 1897[3]
Chattanooga Harambee 1974[3] 1974[3]
Chattanooga Independent Tribune 1886[3] 1886[3]
Chattanooga Industrial Searchlight 1899[3] 1903[3]
Chattanooga Journal 1973[3] 1974[3]
Chattanooga Justice 1887[8] 1887[3] Weekly[8]
  • Published by Horn, Wilson & Co.[9]
Chattanooga
  • News Weekly
  • Chattanooga News Weekly (1986–1989)[11]
 1986[11] 1994[10] Weekly[10]
Chattanooga Sun 1913[12] 1915[12]
Chattanooga National Democracy 1918[12] 1921[12]
Chattanooga
  • Chattanooga News Chronicle
  • Chattanooga Chronicle
 current Weekly
Chattanooga The Chattanooga North Star 1982[13] 1980s[13] Weekly[13]
Chattanooga Observer 1890[12] 1895[12]
  • Distinct from later Observer in 20th century.[12]
Chattanooga Chattanooga Observer 1927[12] or 1928?[14] 1966[12] Weekly[14]
Chattanooga Radiance 1978[12] 1978[12]
Chattanooga Southern American 1884[12] 1887[12]
Chattanooga Tribune 1928[12] 1931[12]
Clarksville News Herald 1913[12] 1917[12]
Clarksville Negro Index 1901[12] 1903[12]
Clarksville Sun 1950s[15] 1950s[15]
Columbia Headlight 1893[15] 1895[15]
Columbia Columbia Index 1901[16] 1900s[16] Monthly newspaper[16]
Fayetteville Advocate 1900[15] 1905[15]
Fayetteville Rising Sun 1895[15] 1899[15]
Franklin The Black Perspective Inside/Out 1981[17] 1980s[17] Monthly newspaper[17]
  • Edited by Robert W. Blair.[17]
Gallatin The Major 1905[15] 1914[15] Twice monthly[18]
  • Attested from at least 1906.[18]
Jackson
  • Afro-American Sentinel[19]
  • The Afro-American Sentinel[20]
 1890[19] 1890[15] Weekly[19]
Jackson Afro-American Standard 1903[15] 1906[15]
Jackson Community Focus 1985[21] 1987[21] Weekly[21]
  • Edited by Martha Robinson.[21]
Jackson Gazette 1910[15] 1912[15]
Jackson The Jackson Headlight 1899[15] or 1900[22] 1900[15] Weekly[23]
Jackson The Metro Forum 1989[24] ? Weekly[24]
  • Edited by Bill Marable. Published by Bobby Lee.[24]
  • Attested through at least 1993.[24]
Jackson News 1906[15] 1907[15]
Knoxville Knoxville Bulletin 1881[25] ?
Knoxville Knoxville Crusader 1963[26] ?[26] Weekly[26]
  • Edited by G.J. Hill.[26]
Knoxville The East Tennessee News 1906[15] or 1908?[27] 1948[15] Weekly[27]
  • Published by Webster L. Porter.[27]
Knoxville The Enlightener 1989[28] 1990s[28] Weekly[28]
Knoxville Enquirer 1939?[29] 1939?[29]
Knoxville The Knoxville Examiner 1982[30] ? Biweekly[30]
Knoxville The Examiner 1878[25] 1878[29]
Knoxville The Knoxville Express 1982[31] 1982[31] Biweekly[31]
  • Edited by R.J. Booker.[31]
Knoxville Flashlight Herald 1931[29] 1963[29]
Knoxville Gleaner 1891[29] 1900[29] Founded by printer and attorney James Leonard Smith.[32]
Knoxville Herald 1927[29] 1935[29]
Knoxville Independent Call 1952[29] 1961[29]
Knoxville Keyana 1974[33] 1974[33] Weekly[33]
Knoxville The Keyana Spectrum 1974[34] 1975[33] Weekly[34]
Knoxville Messenger 1908[33] 1910[33]
Knoxville Monitor 1944[33] 1954[33]
Knoxville
1887[35] or 1888[38] 1895[35] or 1892[33] Biweekly[35] or weekly[36]
  • Published by Patterson Brothers & Co.[35]
Knoxville New South 1887[39] 1895[39]
Knoxville Public Guide 1934[39] 1938[39]
Knoxville Review 1904[39] 1910[39]
Knoxville The Righteous Tribe 1973[40] ?[40] Biweekly[40]
Knoxville The Knoxville Spectrum 1974[41] or 1975[39] 1975[41] Weekly[41]
Knoxville Times 1964[39] 1966[39]
Knoxville Voice 1949[39] 1949[39]
Liberty Afro-American 1899[39] 1902[39]
Maryville
1879[39] 1882[39]
Maryville The Maryville Monitor 1872[42] 1874[42] Monthly newspaper[42]
  • Published by W.B. Scott & Co.[42]
Maryville
1867[43] 1878[43] or 1877[39] Weekly[43]
Memphis African American Voice 1994?[44] ?[44] Monthly newspaper[44]
Memphis Afro-American 1895[45] 1895[45]
Memphis
  • Bluff City News
  • The Bluff City News[46]
 1902[45] or 1903[47] or 1904?[46] 1920[45] Weekly[47]
Memphis Colored Citizen 1900[45] 1921[45]
Memphis Dublin Weekly Bulletin 1920[48] 1922[48]
Memphis The Greater Memphis & Mid-South Silver Star News 1980s[49] 1998[49] Weekly[49]
Memphis Head and Hand 1902?[48] 1902?[48]
Memphis Headlight 1886[48] 1888[48]
Memphis
1888[51] 1892[50]
Memphis Index 1923[48] 1936[48]
Memphis The Jerusalem Chronicle 1990[53] current Monthly[53]
Memphis Journal 1936[48] 1938[48]
Memphis Mid-South Express 1979[48] 1980s[54] Weekly[54]
  • Published by M. Latroy A. Williams Publishing Co.[54]
Memphis The Mid-South Tribune 1996[55] Weekly[55]
Memphis Mid-Weekly Progress 1905[48] 1910[48]
Memphis The Moon Illustrated Weekly 1905[56] or 1906[48] 1906[56] Weekly[56]
Memphis The New Tri-State Defender 1961[57] 1967[57] Weekly[57]
Memphis Outlook 1902[48] 1906 + 1920s[48]
Memphis Record 1920[48] 1922[48]
Memphis Scimitar 1898[58] 1900[58]
Memphis The Memphis Sentinel 1940[59] 1900s[59] Weekly[59]
Memphis Signal 1901[58] 1916[58]
Memphis The Memphis Silver Star News 1980s[60] 1989[60] Weekly[60]
Memphis Star Times 1954[58] 1957[58]
Memphis Sun 1913[58] 1913[58]
Memphis Times 1918[58] 1937[58]
Memphis The Times-Herald 1959[61] 1900s[61] Weekly[61]
Memphis
1951[62] current Weekly[62]
Memphis The Tri-state Tribune 1920s[64] or 1930[58] 1932[58] Weekly[64]
Memphis Memphis Triangle 1920s[65] or 1930[58] 1932[58] Weekly[65]
  • Billed as the "[l]argest circulated Negro weekly newspaper in the Mid-South."[65]
Memphis Memphis Watchman 1884?[66] 1889?[66] Weekly[66]
  • Edited by J. Thomas Turner.[66]
Memphis Weekly Planet 1872[58] 1872[58] Weekly
Memphis Memphis World 1931[67] 1972[58] Twice weekly[67] or weekly[68]
Morristown Reporter 1920[69] 1921[69]
Murfreesboro The Murfreesboro News 1954[70] or 1956[69] 1966[69] Monthly newspaper[70]
  • Published by Pearl Wade.[70]
Murfreesboro The Murfreesboro Union 1920[71] 1900s[71] [71]
  • Attested through at least 1939.[71]
Nashville 780 Countdown 1962[72] 1964[72]
Nashville The Block Bulletin 1947[74] or 1950[69] 1950s[73] Monthly newspaper[74]
  • Published by Solid Block. Edited by George W. Harvey.[74]
Nashville
  • Capitol City Defender[75]
  • Capital City Defender[69]
 1963[75] 1965[69] Twice monthly[75]
  • Published by H.C. Savage.[75]
Nashville Citizen 1893[69] 1905[69]
Nashville The City Examiner 1960[69] or 1962[76] 1962?[76] Weekly[76]
  • Published and edited by Mrs. W.A. Mason.[76]
Nashville Nashville Clarion 1896[77] or 1902[69] 1937[69] Weekly[77]
  • Attested through at least 1931.[77]
Nashville The Colored Tennessean 1865[78] 1866[78] or 1867[69] Weekly[78]
  • First African American newspaper in Tennessee, first published April 29, 1865.
  • Founded by William B. Scott.
Nashville The Nashville Commentator 1948[80] 1971[79] Weekly[80]
Nashville Corner Stone 1881[79] 1892[79]
Nashville The Nashville Defender 1938[81] 1943[79] Weekly[81]
  • Edited by D.J. Fabree.[81]
Nashville The Ebony Gazette 1975[82] 1976[79] Weekly[82]
  • Edited by Norman G. Simons.[82]
Nashville Emigration Herald 1879[79] 1879[79]
Nashville Free Lance 1885[79] 1887[79]
Nashville
  • Nashville Globe And Independent[84]
  • The Nashville Globe and Independent[85]
 1930s[84] 1960[83] Weekly[85]
  • Formed by the merger of the Nashville Globe and Nashville Independent.[84]
Nashville The Nashville Globe 1906[86] 1930s[86] Weekly[86]
Nashville The Herald Examiner 1976[87] 1976[83] Biweekly[87] or irregular[88]
  • Published by Robert J. Sye.[87]
Nashville Herald and Pilot 1879[83] 1879[83]
Nashville Independence News 1972[89] ?[89] Biweekly[89]
  • Published by the Nashville Urban League.[89]
Nashville Nashville Independent 1929[83] or 1931[90] 1938[83] Weekly[90]
  • Merged with Nashville Globe to become the Nashville Globe and Independent.[91]
Nashville Metropolitan 1979[83] 1979[83]
Nashville Metropolitan Times 1980[93] 1997[92] Weekly[93]
  • Published by Latham Communications, Inc. Edited by Bruce Honick.[92]
Nashville Metropolitan Weekly 1980[94] 1980s[94] Irregular[94]
Nashville The Mid-State Observer 1978[95] 1970s[83] Weekly[95] or irregular[96]
  • Published by The Eagle Press. Edited by Lou Taylor.[95]
Nashville Neighborhood Times 1959[97] 1962[97] Monthly newspaper (two summer months combined)[97]
Nashville News 1914[83] 1918[83]
Nashville Nashville News-Star 1960[98] 1961[83] Weekly[98]
Nashville Palladium 1883[83] 1909[83]
Nashville
1988[100] current Weekly[99]
Nashville The Nashville Sun 1950[102] ?[102] Weekly[102]
  • Published by Central Southern Publishing Co., Inc. Edited by L.D. Williams (1950) and W.N. Daniel (1951).[102]
Nashville
1865[104] or 1866[103] 1867[103] or 1866[104] Weekly[103]
  • Published by Scott, Waring and Co. Edited by W.B. Scott.[103]
Nashville The Tennessee Star 1886[105] 1891[105] Weekly[105]
  • Edited by George T. Robinson.[105]
Nashville Sun 1950[72] 1951[72]
Nashville Times Mirror Tennessee 1997[106] 1998[106] Weekly[106]
Nashville Tribune 1912[72] 1913[72]
Nashville The Tennessee Tribune 1992[107] current Weekly[107]
Nashville Uplift 1973[72] 1976[72]
Nashville The Urban Journal 1998[108] ? Weekly[108]
Nashville Weekly Pilot 1878 / 1879[72] 1879 / 1879[72]
Nashville Nashville World 1932[72] 1938[72] Weekly[109]
Nashville Yours 1949[72] 1949[72]
Paris Headlight 1909[72] 1911[72]
Winchester Negro Enterprise 1899[72] 1900[72]

See also

[edit]

Works cited

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Brown 1982, p. 9.
  2. ^ Shannon 1983, p. 313.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Brown 1982, p. 197.
  4. ^ a b c "About The Chattanooga advocate. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1915-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "About Chattanooga weekly blade. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 19??-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c "About Chattanooga courier. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 199?-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c "About The Chattanooga enterprise. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1969-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  8. ^ a b "About Justice. [online resource] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1887-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  9. ^ "About Justice. [volume] (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1887-18??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  10. ^ a b "About News weekly. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1989-1994". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  11. ^ a b "About Chattanooga news weekly. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1986-1989". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Brown 1982, p. 198.
  13. ^ a b c "About The Chattanooga north star. (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 1982-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  14. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 145, ¶ 1504.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Brown 1982, p. 199.
  16. ^ a b c "About Columbia index. [volume] (Columbia, Tenn.) 1901-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  17. ^ a b c d "About The black perspective inside/out. ([Franklin, Tenn.]) 1981-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  18. ^ a b "About The major. (Gallatin, Tenn.) 190?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  19. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 26, ¶ 259.
  20. ^ "About The Afro-American sentinel. (Jackson, Tenn.) 1890-189?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  21. ^ a b c d "About Community focus. (Jackson, Tenn.) 1985-1987". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  22. ^ "About The Jackson headlight. [volume] (Jackson, Tenn.) 1900-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  23. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 309, ¶ 3244.
  24. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 360, ¶ 3770.
  25. ^ a b c d Lewis L. Laska (March 1, 2018). "William F. Yardley". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 9, 2020. In 1878 Yardley was the publisher and editor of Knoxville's first black newspaper, the Knoxville Examiner. In 1882 he organized and published another newspaper, the Knoxville Bulletin.
  26. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 329, ¶ 3437.
  27. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 203, ¶ 2119.
  28. ^ a b c "About The enlightener. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1989-199?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Brown 1982, p. 200.
  30. ^ a b "About The Knoxville examiner. [volume] ([Knoxville, Tenn.]) 1982-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  31. ^ a b c d "About The Knoxville express. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1982-1982". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  32. ^ Who's who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent. 1915. p. 248.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brown 1982, p. 201.
  34. ^ a b "About The Keyana spectrum. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1974-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  35. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 404, ¶ 4204.
  36. ^ a b "About The Knoxville Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1887-1888". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  37. ^ "About The Weekly Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1887-1887". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  38. ^ "About Negro world. [volume] (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1888-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Brown 1982, p. 202.
  40. ^ a b c "About The righteous tribe. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1973-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  41. ^ a b c "About The Knoxville spectrum. (Knoxville, Tenn.) 1974-1975". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  42. ^ a b c d "About The Maryville monitor. [volume] (Maryville, Tenn.) 1872-1874". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  43. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 354, ¶ 3707.
  44. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 14, ¶ 136.
  45. ^ a b c d e f Brown 1982, p. 203.
  46. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 110, ¶ 1145.
  47. ^ a b c "About Bluff City news. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1903-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Brown 1982, p. 204.
  49. ^ a b c "About The greater Memphis & Mid-South silver star news. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 198?-1998". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  50. ^ a b c Kenneth W. Goings (October 7, 2019). "Memphis Free Speech". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 10, 2020. The Free Speech received national attention in 1892 for its coverage of the so-called Curve Riot.
  51. ^ Brown 1982, p. 81.
  52. ^ Brown 1982, pp. 81–82.
  53. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 313, ¶ 3288.
  54. ^ a b c "About Mid-South express. (Memphis, Tenn.) 197?-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  55. ^ a b "About The Mid-South tribune. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1996-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  56. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 375, ¶ 3909.
  57. ^ a b c "About The new tri-state defender. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1961-1967". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Brown 1982, p. 205.
  59. ^ a b c "About The Memphis sentinel. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1940-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  60. ^ a b c "About The Memphis silver star news. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 198?-1989". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  61. ^ a b c "About The Times-herald. (Memphis, Tenn.) 1959-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  62. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 568, ¶ 5931.
  63. ^ "About The tri-state defender. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1951-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  64. ^ a b "About The Tri-state tribune. (Memphis, Tenn) 192?-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  65. ^ a b c "About Memphis triangle. [online resource] (Memphis, Tenn.) 192?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  66. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 357, ¶ 3749.
  67. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 358, ¶ 3750.
  68. ^ "About Memphis world. [volume] (Memphis, Tenn.) 1931-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Brown 1982, p. 206.
  70. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 379, ¶ 3959.
  71. ^ a b c d "About The Murfreesboro union. [online resource] (Murfreesboro, Tenn.) 1920-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Brown 1982, p. 209.
  73. ^ "About The block bulletin. (Nashville, Tenn.) 194?-195?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  74. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 109, ¶ 1129.
  75. ^ a b c d "About Capitol city defender. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1963-1???". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  76. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 154, ¶ 1606.
  77. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 385, ¶ 4026.
  78. ^ a b c "About The colored Tennessean. [online resource] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1865-1866". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  79. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brown 1982, p. 207.
  80. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 385, ¶ 4027.
  81. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4028.
  82. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 204, ¶ 2132.
  83. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Brown 1982, p. 208.
  84. ^ a b c "About Nashville globe and independent. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 193?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  85. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4029.
  86. ^ a b c d "About The Nashville globe. [online resource] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1906-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  87. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 274, ¶ 2877.
  88. ^ "About The herald examiner. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1976-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  89. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 294, ¶ 3094.
  90. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4030.
  91. ^ "About Nashville independent. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1931-193?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  92. ^ a b "About Metropolitan times. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 198?-1997". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  93. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 362, ¶ 3788.
  94. ^ a b c "About Metropolitan weekly. ([Nashville, Tenn.) 1980-198?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  95. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 363, ¶ 3801.
  96. ^ "About The mid-state observer. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1978-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  97. ^ a b c "About Neighborhood times. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1959-1962". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  98. ^ a b "About Nashville news-star. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1960-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  99. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4032.
  100. ^ a b "About Nashville pride. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1988-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  101. ^ Pride Publishing Group. "Nashville Pride Newspaper, Nashville Community Newspaper". Retrieved February 10, 2020. The Nashville PRIDE newspaper was founded on January 15, 1988 by Dr. Larry D. Davis and Dr. Cynthia E. Hodge.
  102. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 386, ¶ 4033.
  103. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5807.
  104. ^ a b c "About The colored Tennessean. [volume] (Nashville, Tenn.) 1865-1866". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  105. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 556, ¶ 5809.
  106. ^ a b c "About Times mirror Tennessee. (Nashville, Tenn.) 1997-1998". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  107. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 557, ¶ 5811.
  108. ^ a b "About The urban journal. (Nashville, TN) 1998-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  109. ^ "About Nashville world. (Nashville, Tenn.) 193?-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
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