Leon O. Morgan
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Leon Owen (Tom) Morgan Jr. (October 25, 1919 – July 29, 2002) was an American academic and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin.[1] He co-discovered the chemical element americium along with Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg and Ralph A. James.[2][3][4]
During World War II, he worked under Seaborg on plutonium chemistry in the Manhattan Project in Chicago and in 1944 on the discovery of transuranic elements by irradiating plutonium at the cyclotron in Berkeley.[5][6]
Early life and education
[edit]Morgan was born in Oklahoma City in 1919.[4] He was the youngest son of Leon Owen Morgan Sr and Catherine J Reitermann. He graduated from Classen High School in 1937 and graduated summa cum laude from Oklahoma City University in 1941.[7] He then entered the University of Texas at Austin, earning his master's degree in chemistry in 1942.[8] The school would eventually[when?] name the Leon O. Morgan Graduate Fellowship in his honour.[9]
Early career
[edit]During World War II, Morgan worked on the Manhattan Project, aiming to develop the atomic bomb. He was assigned to the University of Chicago, where he joined the Nuclear Chemistry Metallurgy Research Group under Nobel Laureate Glenn T. Seaborg. There, he worked on the chemistry of plutonium processing, which led to his involvement in the isolation of curium and the discovery of americium in 1944-45. After the war, Morgan completed his PhD under Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1947.[10][1]
Scientific career
[edit]Search for new elements
[edit]Morgan was part of the Laboratory of Metallurgy (LabMet) at the University of Chicago,[10][11] directed by Glenn T. Seaborg. With sufficient plutonium available, Seaborg instructed chemists Ralph A. James and Leon O. Morgan to irradiate plutonium in the Berkeley cyclotron, sending samples to Chicago for analysis by Albert Ghiorso.[12] They confirmed the presence of americium by identifying characteristic alpha particles emitted by the activated samples.[2][13][13]
Discovery of americium
[edit]Americium was discovered in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Morgan, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium-239, an isotope of plutonium, with high energy neutrons. This formed plutonium-240, which was itself bombarded with neutrons, turning into plutonium-241, which then decayed into americium-241 through beta decay.[14] This was done at the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory, now known as Argonne National Laboratory.[13][15][16][17][14][excessive citations] The element is named after the Americas, not the United States of America as is sometimes stated.[15]
Academic career
[edit]In 1947, after completing his PhD, Morgan joined the Department of Chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin, where he retired as professor emeritus in 1993.[18] He initiated a nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry program focusing on elements such as tungsten, rhenium, and osmium, and the study of electrochemical processes.[18] His grad students included Harold M. Goff and Conrad C. Hinckley.[1]
He directed the first-year chemistry program, taught various classes, and supervised many graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. In the mid-1950s, Morgan investigated nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, contributing to the development of the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan (SBM) theory, which laid the groundwork for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),[18] a critical diagnostic tool in medicine.
Morgan served in various capacities at the university, including graduate advisor in chemistry, chairman of the Graduate School, member of the University Intercollegiate Athletics Council, and chairman of the Advisory Committee after his retirement.
He was chairman of the University’s Intercollegiate Athletics Council for Men, 1979-87, and served as a member of the Council from 1968-72 and again from 1988-89. Following his retirement from teaching, he served as President of the UT Austin Retired Faculty-Staff Association and as Chairman of the Advisory Committee to the UT Austin Faculty Center.[7]
His later research focused on the dissolution of transition metal coordination complexes, emphasizing biological interest structures like the iron-porphyrin structures in hemoglobin and cytochrome c.[18]
Other positions
[edit]Beyond his academic career, Morgan consulted with colleagues at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in New Mexico and was an associate editor of the ACS Journal of Physical Chemistry.[citation needed][when?]
Personal life and death
[edit]While in graduate school he met his future wife Mary Elizabeth "Betty" Boyd. They married on December 27, 1942. After completing their Masters Degrees in 1943, they moved to Chicago where they worked on the Manhattan Project at the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago. They had four children.[7] Morgan died on July 29, 2002, in Austin, at the age of 82.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Chemistry Tree - Leon Owen Morgan". academictree.org. Archived from the original on 2024-11-09. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
- ^ a b Jaffe, Bernard (2012-07-12). Crucibles: The Story of Chemistry from Ancient Alchemy to Nuclear Fission. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-14184-8.
- ^ United States Government Publications Monthly Catalog. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1949.
- ^ a b NAMES OF SCIENTISTS ASSOCIATED WITH DISCOVERIES OF ELEMENTS OF PERIODIC TABLE. Archived 2015-11-06 at the Wayback Machine John Andraos 2002 - 2005
- ^ Communications, Emmis (February 1962). The Alcalde. Emmis Communications.
- ^ Hoffman, Darleane C.; Ghiorso, Albert; Seaborg, Glenn T. (2000-01-21). Transuranium People, The: The Inside Story. World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-78326-244-1.
- ^ a b c ""Explosion" in Welch Hall!". repositories.lib.utexas.edu.
- ^ a b "Leon O. (Tom) Morgan - Nuclear Museum". ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/. Archived from the original on 2024-04-15. Retrieved 2024-07-23.
- ^ "College & Department Fellowships | Graduate School". gradschool.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2025-02-07.
- ^ a b "It's Elemental - The Element Americium". education.jlab.org. Archived from the original on 2024-08-30. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
- ^ Hofmann, Sigurd (2018-10-08). On Beyond Uranium: Journey to the End of the Periodic Table. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-6517-0.
- ^ Choppin, Gregory; Liljenzin, Jan-Olov; Rydberg, Jan; Ekberg, Christian (2013-09-05). Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-397868-4.
- ^ a b c Seaborg, Glenn Theodore (1994). Modern Alchemy: Selected Papers of Glenn T. Seaborg. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1440-1.
- ^ a b "It's Elemental - The Element Americium". education.jlab.org. Archived from the original on 2024-08-30. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
- ^ a b "95. Americium - Elementymology & Elements Multidict". elements.vanderkrogt.net. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
- ^ "The New Element Americium (Atomic Number 95). Seaborg, G.T.; James, R.A.; Morgan, Leon O., January 1948" (PDF). www.orau.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-12-05.
- ^ Emsley, John (2011-08-25). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.
- ^ a b c d "Leon O Morgan - Chem & Biochem - UT Austin". canov.jergym.cz. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2024-07-23.