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Grmoščica

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Coordinates: 45°49′05″N 15°55′00″E / 45.818021°N 15.916657°E / 45.818021; 15.916657
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(Redirected from Kustošijanka)
Grmoščica
Črnomerec with Milerov breg in the foreground and Grmoščica in the background.
Highest point
Elevation239.26 metres (785.0 ft)
Coordinates45°49′05″N 15°55′00″E / 45.818021°N 15.916657°E / 45.818021; 15.916657[1]
Geography
Grmoščica is located in Croatia
Grmoščica
Grmoščica
Map
Parent rangeZagrebačka gora

Grmoščica or Grmošćica is a hill on Medvednica mountain in central Croatia, just north of Zagreb. Its highest peak is 239 m.[1]

Etymology

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The form Grmoščica is Kajkavian, whereas the form Grmošćica is a correction according to the Croatian standard. It consists of a root inherited from Proto-Slavic grъmъ + -oš + -čica.[2] A dialectal form Grmovčica is also encountered.[3]: 188  Both spellings continue to be used.[4]: 20  Certain historical forms attest to grmļski + -ica.[5]: 622 

In other dialects, the word grmoščica is used to refer to the mushroom Desarmillaria tabescens[6]: 18  or Armillaria tabescens.[7]: 19 

Biology

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Flora

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Trees include Castanea sativa,[8] Fagus sylvatica,[8] Quercus petraea,[8] Salix alba,[9]: 23  S. purpurea,[9]: 56  and others.

There is currently a Robinia pseudoacacia infestation, and foresters are trying to force the growth of native Q. petraea and F. sylvatica to combat it. The local C. sativa population is still badly affected by Cryphonectria parasitica.[8]

The lichen species found on oak bark on the hill are Flavoparmelia caperata[10]: 26  and Hypogymnia physodes.[10]: 25 [11]: 106, 115 

Basidiomycetes include Amanita caesarea, Hygrophorus eburneus, Laeticutis cristata,[12] Lycoperdon perlatum, Russula cyanoxantha.[13]: 30 

Fauna

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Insects include Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata[14]: 113  and the invasive species Dryocosmus kuriphilus, the latter a risk for the spread of Cryphonectria parasitica.[15]: 500 [16]: 162 

Geoscience

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Geology

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Grmoščica is home to some of the most active landslides in Zagreb.[17]: 146  A large area of the forest on Grmoščica is under private ownership, which has resulted in forest loss, which has led to landslide formation.[18] The main landslide, the Grmoščica Landslide, spans an area of 2 hectares (4.9 acres), with a depth of 5–9 metres (16–30 ft). The first, partial[19] stage of landslide remediation was completed at the end of 2007,[20] in response to some recent wet mass movement.[21] Some have had to leave their homes because of the landslide even after remediation.[22][23] The landslide is still active as of 2025.[24]

Speleology

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See also: List of caves on Zagrebačka gora
Primary entrance to Kustošijanka

Kustošijanka is a cave with two entrances and 44 m of passageway on the north slope of a valley on the east side of Grmoščica. It is located on the fault line dividing Grmoščica in half from northeast to southwest. Its entrance is at an elevation of 155 m. The caver Darko Višek learned of its existence in conversation with local resident Vlado Krapljan, who was among the visitors who left many names and dates inscribed on the walls of the cave in their childhood. It formed in Upper Pontian layers of marlstone, duststone, and sandstone: "Rhomboidea layers", deposited in brackish conditions.[25] Thanks to being on a landslide-prone part of the hill,[26] the entrance became covered at some point after 1993 and could only be passed following digging in 2010.[27]

Clay pit

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An inactive 15.85 ha clay pit remains in situ on the southeast side of the hill.[28]: 12 

Forest Park

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The Forest Park Grmoščica [hr] is 76.9 hectares (190 acres) in area, of which 63.6 hectares (157 acres) is forested, of which 46.81 hectares (115.7 acres) is state owned. The average wood stock is 274.6 cubic metres (9,700 cu ft) per hectare, and average current annual increment 7.6 cubic metres (270 cu ft) per hectare.[8]

A reforestation project ran concurrent with its designation as a forest park in the 1960s.[29] The forest park was also to serve as a windbreak for the landslide.[30]: 104  It is planned to renew the Populus population in two cuts, to bring in 15,000 Q. petraea seedlings per hectare and to reforest cleared areas with Picea abies, Pinus species an others.[8]

The park is one of the few places in Zagreb where dogs are allowed without a leash.[31]: 17 

Recreation

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The arrangement of the Forest Park Grmoščica for recreation has been described as "neglected" by authorities.[32][33]: 23  This began to change following the inclusion of the addition of recreational infrastructure to the park plan.[34]: 207  A series of new downhill bicycle routes were added in 2021,[35]: 37  although the majority of routes had been constructed on private initiative.[36]

One of the earliest and more successful branches of the Croatian Pin Bowling Federation [hr], Grmoščica, founded in 1938,[37] meets on the hill.[38]: 7 [39]: 251  Within Yugoslavia, they won the male national cup 9 times.[40]

Grmoščica sometimes hosts Mountain biking races, including the Grma mini DH competition in April 2011 won by Berislav Topol,[41] the Downhill Grma competition in May 2015,[42][43] an Enduro race in 2021 won by Frano Liović[44] and an XCO competition in March 2022.[45]

The view from the top of Grmoščica has been described as "the most beautiful view of Zagreb".[46]

History

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The oldest surviving mention of the hill is in a 1217 document[47]: 152  under the name Gremla.[48]: 17, 25  At the time, it belonged to the Kaptol cathedral chapter,[49]: 183  bordering Gradec across the Kustošak. It was next mentioned as "Girymla" in a 1221 land grant of King Andrew II of Hungary,[50]: 200  and as "Geremla" in the 1334 Kaptol statute.[51]: 43  The hill itself was known in those days as "Muddy hill" (Latin: Mons limosus), because of its clay. Nearby was the Panteluč hill, which remains unidentified. According to Dobronić, it cannot have been Pantovčak.[49]: 186 

On 21 February 2018, a dead male body was found in the forest near the Zeleni vrh street.[52][53]

Infrastructure

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The Roman road known in medieval times as Magna strata, in use at least as late as the 14th century, ran along its southern foot, somewhat north of Ilica.[49]: 186  Grmoščica also gave its name to several streets in Zagreb, including (as of the 1950s) Grmoščica I, Grmoščica V and Grmoščica ogranak II and III.[54]: 8 

Ecclesiastically, Grmoščica belongs to the Gajnice [hr] parish, founded 4 April 1971 when it was split from Stenjevec.[55]

In SFRY times, a outing site at the address Grmoščica 44 was operated by the now-defunct Hospitality Enterprise "Černomerec" (Serbo-Croatian: Ugostiteljsko poduzeće "Černomerec"), which also ran the "Mokrice" restaurant on Ilica 241 and the inns "Borčec" (Ilica 229) and "Banja Luka" (Ilica 285).[56] There was also a feather factory on Grmoščica.[57]

A singing society in Zagreb bears the name "Grmoščica".[58]: 156  Its badge features a golden harp over a Croatian tricolour.[59]

References

[edit]
Main article: Grmoščica bibliography
  1. ^ a b Državna geodetska uprava (1954–2010). Hrvatska osnovna kartau mjerilu 1:5000 (Map).
  2. ^ Jonke, Ljudevit (1956-01-01). "Grmoščica, Laščina, Medveščak, Peščenica ili Grmošćica. Lašćina, Medvešćak, Pešćenica?". Jezik: časopis za kulturu hrvatskoga književnog jezika. 5 (1): 30–31. eISSN 1849-174X.
  3. ^ Ivančan, Ljudevit (1902-10-28). "Crkva Svih Svetih u Stenjevcu". Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. 6: 187–191. ISSN 0350-7165.
  4. ^ Babić, Stjepan (1994-10-01). "Primjedbe na primjedbe o Hrvatskome pravopisu". Jezik: časopis za kulturu hrvatskoga književnog jezika. 42 (1): 18–21. eISSN 1849-174X.
  5. ^ Skok, Petar (1974). Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 1.
  6. ^ Gljivarski vikend: proljeće/ljeto. n.d.
  7. ^ Džalto, Ivana (2021-11-08) [2021-05-19]. Fitonimija u Parčićevu Rječniku hrvatsko-talijanskome iz 1901. godine [Phytonymy in Rječnik hrvatsko-talijanski (1901) written by Dragutin Antun Parčić] (Thesis). Rijeka: Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Matić, Slavko; Prpić, Branimir (1997). "Program njege, obnove i održavanja, te ekološke i socijalne funkcije park-šuma na području grada Zagreba" (PDF). Šumarski list. 121 (5–6): 225–242. ISSN 0373-1332.
  9. ^ a b Grudiček, Dominik (2021-11-23) [2021-10-15]. Vrbe (Salix spp.) u zbirkama Herbarium Croaticum i Herbarij Ive i Marije Horvat (Thesis). Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
  10. ^ a b Kušan, Fran (1928). "Predradnje za floru lišajeva Hrvatske". Acta Botanica Croatica. 3: 1–40. ISSN 0365-0588.
  11. ^ Seifter, Katharina (2015). Vorarbeiten zu einem Katalog der Flechten Kroatiens (PDF) (Thesis). Graz: Karl-Franzens-Universität.
  12. ^ Vouk, Valentin; Pevalek, Ivo (1916). "Prilog poznavanju bazidiomiceta sjeverne Hrvatske". Prirodoslovna istraivanja Hrvatske i Slavonije (in Serbo-Croatian). 8: 18–24.
  13. ^ Blagaić, Kamilo (1921). "Prilozi flori viših gljiva okolice Plitvičkih jezera". Glasnik Hrvatskoga prirodoslovnoga društva. 33 (1): 10–44.
  14. ^ Koren, Toni; Hlavati, Dina; Rojko, Ivana; Zadravec, Mladen (2012-12-13). "First checklist of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of Croatia along with new faunistical records". Acta Entomologica Serbica. 17 (1–2). eISSN 2406-1581.
  15. ^ Hrašovec, Boris; Matošević, Dinka; Pernek, Milan (2010-10-31). "Prvi nalaz kestenove ose šiškarice (Drycosmus kuriphilus) u Hrvatskoj" [First Record of Oriental Chestnut Gall Wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) in Croatia]. Šumarski list. 134 (9–10): 497–502. eISSN 1846-9140.
  16. ^ Lukić, Ivan (2012-11-15). "Mogućnost jačanje zaraze rakom kore pitomoga kestena zbog pojave kestenove ose šiškarice u Hrvatskoj" [Potential increase in chestnut blight infection due to the appearance of oriental chestnut gall wasp in Croatia]. Radovi. 44 (2): 159–165. eISSN 1849-0875.
  17. ^ Guberina, Boris; Kalinić, Pavle (2016-04-11). "Critical Infrastructures Protection in the City Region of Zagreb". National Security and the Future. 17 (1–2): 135–152. eISSN 1846-1425.
  18. ^ Kapec, Davorin (2016). "Privatne šume Grada Zagreba nekad i danas". Hrvatska revija (1). eISSN 1334-2037.
  19. ^ JL (2008-03-31). "'Pet noći nismo spavali, jedva čekamo sanaciju'". Jutarnji (in Serbo-Croatian). eISSN 1849-3009.
  20. ^ Institut IGH (n.d.). "Grmoščica Landslide in Zagreb". IGH. Archived from the original on 2023-05-30.
  21. ^ Vincek, Hrvoje (2006-05-02). "Rijeka blata ruši kuće na Grmoščici". Jutarnji (in Serbo-Croatian). eISSN 1849-3009.
  22. ^ ldp (2013-04-11). "Obitelj iz Grmoščice: Još jedna kiša i gotovi smo!". Večernji list (in Serbo-Croatian). eISSN 1333-9222.
  23. ^ sen/VLM (2013-06-08). "Obitelj Petan: Iz klizeće kuće sele se u novi stan u Sopnici". Večernji list (in Serbo-Croatian). eISSN 1333-9222.
  24. ^ Josipović, Tajana (2025-08-06). "Grade zgrade na klizištu u Zagrebu, stanovnici strahuju: 'Noćima ne spavamo, slušamo kako se zemlja trga. Ovo je opasno'". Večernji list (in Serbo-Croatian). eISSN 1333-9222. Archived from the original on 2025-08-08.
  25. ^ Jelić, Marijana (2010-05-05). "Špilja Kustošijanka". DDISKF.
  26. ^ Ferić, Pavle; Krkač, Martin; Mihalić, Snježana (2012). "Visual mapping of landslides from LiDAR imagery, Zagreb, Croatia". Monitoring and analyses for disaster mitigation of landslides, debris flow and floods. University of Rijeka. pp. 130–133. ISBN 978-953-6953-30-1.
  27. ^ Višek, Darko (2010-05-05). "Kako sam došao do Kustošijanke ili Kustošija ima špilju". DDISKF.
  28. ^ Marunić, Bartul (2024-03-18) [defended 2024-02-22]. Sanacija napuštenih površinskih kopova [Reclmation of abandoned surface mines] (Thesis). Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
  29. ^ Furač, Truda (1965). "Rezultati akcija sadnje "Stabla mladosti"". Hortikultura (in Serbo-Croatian). 11 (2–3): 73–74. ISSN 0018-5337.
  30. ^ Popović, Mirjana (1965). "Zelene površine i njihov značaj u urbanističkom programu grada Zagreba". Hortikultura (in Serbo-Croatian). 11 (2–3): 101–109. ISSN 0018-5337.
  31. ^ Skuliber, Karla (2018-07-09) [defended 2018-07-03]. Korištenje javnih površina i prostorne prakse šetača pasa: primjer zagrebačke Trešnjevke (Thesis). Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
  32. ^ Balić, Anđela (2021-12-12). Održivi oblici prometa i javne zelene površine kao element urbane održivosti na primjeru grada Zagreba [Sustainable forms of transport and public green spaces as an element of urban sustainability on the example of the city of Zagreb] (Thesis). Zagreb: Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
  33. ^ Davies, Clive; et al. (2021-04-30). "Governance, institutional and economic frameworks for Urban Forests as Nature-Based Solutions (UF- NBS) (D1.4)". Zenodo. CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research.
  34. ^ Grad Zagreb (2016). Generalni urbanistički plan Grada Zagreba: izmjene i dopune 2016. (Tekstualni dio plana, knjiga I - odredbe za provođenje) (PDF). Zagreb.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  35. ^ Marušić, Marko (2021-10-25) [defended 2021-09-23]. Razvoj glavnih biciklističkih ruta u gradu Zagrebu [Development of the main bicycle routes in the City of Zagreb] (Thesis). Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
  36. ^ Radovanović, Vanja (2014-06-06). "Donosimo prijedloge za pet alternativnih zagrebačkih izleta". Pogledaj.to.
  37. ^ Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža (2002). "Grmoščica". Hrvatska enciklopedija. Vol. 4. ISBN 953-6036-34-7.
  38. ^ Slavica Klarić, Mirko (2015-12-11) [published 2015-09-28]. Bowling u sportskoj rekreaciji (Thesis). Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
  39. ^ Lešić, Ljiljana (2016-04-19) [defended 2016-01-18]. Motivacija za ostvarenje rezultata i unapređenje kvalitete rada hrvatskog sporta na primjeru Hrvatskog kuglačkog saveza (Thesis). Zagreb: College of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Managemnet Nikola Šubić Zrinski.
  40. ^ Liović, Miroslav (n.d.). "Prvaci Jugoslavije 1947-1991" (PDF). Kuglački savez Osječko-baranjske županije.
  41. ^ JL (2011-04-11). "Adrenalin se vratio u Zagreb: Grmoščicu okupirali bajkeri željni brzine i - graha". Jutarnji (in Serbo-Croatian). eISSN 1849-3009.
  42. ^ Downhill Grma (2015). "Downhill Grma". Downhill Grma. Archived from the original on 2015-08-01.
  43. ^ Downhill Grma (2015-05-22). "Downhill Grma". Biciklijade. Archived from the original on 2015-05-22.
  44. ^ URBforDAN (2021-05-09). "MTB Enduro Zagreb Grmoščica 2021". MyRaceResult. Archived from the original on 2021-09-23.
  45. ^ BK Dugo Selo (2022-02-25). "XCO SPRING TROPHY - 1. kolo". Biciklijade (in Serbo-Croatian). Archived from the original on 2022-02-25.
  46. ^ Vitas, Zoran (2017-03-20). "Najljepši pogled na Zagreb spašen je od spaljenih olupina". Večernji list (in Serbo-Croatian). eISSN 1333-9222.
  47. ^ Smičiklas, Tadija (1905). "Andrija kralj ugarski i hrvatski potvrdjuje na prošnju prepozita zagrebačkoga Ciriaka sve darovnice učinjene toli od kraljeva koli od inih darovatelja crkvi zagrebačkoj". Diplomatički zbornik Kraljevine Hrvatske, Dalmacije i Slavonije (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 3. pp. 150–157.
  48. ^ Brgles, Branimir (2010). "Toponimija na području Susedgradskog vlastelinstva u srednjovjekovnim i ranonovovjekovnim izvorima" [Toponymy of the Susedgrad manor in historical sources]. Folia onomastica Croatica (19) (published 2011-12-29): 9–36. eISSN 1848-7858.
  49. ^ a b c Dobronić, Lelja (1952). "Topografija zemljišnih posjeda zagrebačkog kaptola prema izvorima XIII. i XIV. stoljeća" [Topography of the Land Owned by the Zagreb Chapter According to Sources of the XIII. and XIV. Centuries]. Rad Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti: Odjel za filozofiju i društvene nauke (in Serbo-Croatian). 3: 171–256.
  50. ^ Smičiklas, Tadija (1905). "Andrija kralj ugarski i hrvatski vraća banu Ohuzu zemlju Kamešnicu pod Kalnikom, a crkvi zagrebačkoj, koja ju je dotle uživala daje u zamjenu zemlje Rodoš, Viduše, Kupuk i Braten". Diplomatički zbornik Kraljevine Hrvatske, Dalmacije i Slavonije (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 3. pp. 199–201.
  51. ^ Tkalčić, Ivan Krstitelj (1874). "De censibus prediorum et equitaturarum". Monumenta historica episcopatus Zagrabiensis [Historical Monuments of the Zagreb Bishopric] (in Latin). Vol. 2. pp. 43–45.
  52. ^ Karakaš Jakubin, Hajdi (2018-02-21). "Horor u šumi na Zelenom vrhu: Građanin u šetnji uočio prizor beživotnog tijela, odmah je alarmirao policiju". Jutarnji list (in Serbo-Croatian). eISSN 1849-3009.
  53. ^ VL (2018-02-21). "Usred bijela dana pronađeno mrtvo muško tijelo". Večernji list (in Serbo-Croatian). eISSN 1333-9222.
  54. ^ Epoha (n.d.). Popis ulica i trgova i plan Grada Zagreba.
  55. ^ Zagrebačka nadbiskupija (2023-06-23). "Župa Sv. Josipa Radnika". Šematizam zagrebačke nadbiskupije. pp. 415–416.
  56. ^ Turistički savez za kotar Zagreb (1956). Zagreb 1956 (in Serbo-Croatian).
  57. ^ Kovačićek, Tina (2016-09-12). "Projekt La Grma: Kako je stara tvornica perja postala najljepši prostor za vjenčanja u Zagrebu?". Gloria (in Serbo-Croatian). ISSN 1330-7975.
  58. ^ Horvat, Rudolf (1942). Hrvatska na mučilištu (in Croatian).
  59. ^ Mirnik, Ivan (2001). "Značke hrvatskih i drugih pjevačkih društava" [Badges of Croatian and other choral societies]. Academia (in Serbo-Croatian).
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