Jump to content

James Charnley House

Coordinates: 41°54′27.5″N 87°37′39.7″W / 41.907639°N 87.627694°W / 41.907639; -87.627694
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from James A. Charnley House)

This article is about the house in Chicago, Illinois. For the bungalow in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, see Charnley–Norwood House.
James Charnley House
The exterior of the Charnley House as it appeared in 2023
(2023)
James Charnley House is located in Central Chicago
James Charnley House
James Charnley House is located in Illinois
James Charnley House
James Charnley House is located in the United States
James Charnley House
Map
Interactive map
Location1365 North Astor Street, Chicago, Illinois
Coordinates41°54′27.5″N 87°37′39.7″W / 41.907639°N 87.627694°W / 41.907639; -87.627694
Built1892[3]
ArchitectLouis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright
NRHP reference No.70000232[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPApril 17, 1970[1]
Designated NHLAugust 6, 1998[4]
Designated CLAugust 20, 1972[2]

The James Charnley House (also known as the Charnley–Persky House) is a historic house museum at 1365 North Astor Street, along the Gold Coast, in the Near North Side of Chicago in Illinois, United States. It was designed by Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, both of the architectural firm Adler & Sullivan, for the lumber magnate James Charnley. Completed in 1892, it is one of Sullivan's few residential works and one of the only buildings where both Sullivan and Wright were significantly involved in the design. The house is owned by the Society of Architectural Historians (SAH), which operates the Charnley–Persky House Museum and uses the building as a headquarters. The Charnley–Persky House is designated as a Chicago landmark and a National Historic Landmark.

Charnley bought the site in 1890 and hired Sullivan, a family friend, to design the house. Construction began in July 1891; the Charnley family moved into the house in May 1892 and lived there until 1902. After moving out, the Charnley family rented the house to three families, selling it to their tenant Redmond D. Stephens in 1911. Stephens sold the house in 1918 to real estate investor James B. Waller Jr., whose son James B. Waller III extended the house to the south in the 1920s. The Waller family owned the house until 1969, and Hawley L. Smith Jr. owned the house during the early 1970s. Lowell Wohlfeil bought the Charnley House in 1979 and renovated it. The building was resold again in 1986 to the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), which converted it into the headquarters of the SOM Foundation. The philanthropist Seymour Persky purchased the house in 1995 and donated it to the SAH, which renamed it the Charnley–Persky House in his honor.

The Charnley–Persky House has three stories and a basement with a facade of Roman brick and stone. The facade on Astor Street is divided vertically into three parts: a main entrance with a balcony loggia in the center, and brick pavilions on either side. The third level is separated from the lower levels by a limestone course. The interior of the house has decorative woodwork throughout, with built-in bookcases and fireplaces. On the first story are a living room and a dining room, which flank a three-story stair hall at the center. The second and third stories contain bedrooms, and there were originally servants' quarters on the third story as well. In addition, the basement includes utilitarian spaces like a butler's pantry, storage space, and a laundry room.

Site

[edit]

The Charnley House is located at 1365 North Astor Street[5][6] (originally 99 Astor Street[7]), at the southeast corner with Schiller Street in the Gold Coast neighborhood of Chicago in Illinois, United States.[8] The site measures 83 by 35 feet (25 by 11 m) across.[8] Because Astor Street runs at an angle to Chicago's street grid, the site is roughly parallelogram in shape, with the longer dimension being along Astor Street to the west.[6] The house itself measures about 65 feet (20 m) wide on Astor Street and 25 feet (7.6 m) deep from west to east.[8][7] There is a courtyard to the south, measuring 20 by 25 feet (6.1 by 7.6 m) across, and a driveway to the east of both the house and the courtyard, measuring 84 by 10 feet (25.6 by 3.0 m).[8] The Palmer Mansion once existed on the same city block to the east.[9][10]

The building stands on reclaimed land one block from the western shore of Lake Michigan.[11][10] The area north of Oak Street, including the Charnley site, was sandy marshland through the 1870s.[12] The businessman Potter Palmer acquired the Charnley site and several adjacent lakefront parcels from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago starting in the late 1870s, with plans to redevelop the land as an upscale residential district.[13][14] Palmer received permission to reclaim land from Lake Michigan in 1882.[10] Some of the reclaimed land became Palmer Court, a 325-by-550-foot (99 by 168 m) site bounded by Astor Street to the west, Schiller Street to the north, and Banks Street to the south.[13] Palmer sold off the western section of Palmer Court to property owners, including James Charnley,[13][15] a businessman from a wealthy Philadelphia family.[16][17]

History

[edit]

The house is named for James Charnley, who moved to Chicago in 1866 and cofounded the lumber firm Bradner, Charnley & Co. with two family members.[16][18][19] Charnley moved to a new residence approximately every other year.[20] He married Helen Douglas, the daughter of Illinois Central Railroad president John Douglas, in 1871[18] or 1872.[16][19] Over the following decade, Charnley founded several more firms.[16][19] The family hired the firm of Burnham and Root in 1882 to design a house on Lake Shore Drive.[17][18] That house, with wide porches facing Lake Michigan, was poorly suited to Chicago's cold winters[18] and ultimately was razed in 1913.[20] James, Helen, and their son Douglas had moved several times by the 1890s.[7][21]

Charnley ownership

[edit]

Development

[edit]

In July 1890, the Charnley family bought a site at the southeast corner of Astor and Schiller streets for $27,500 (equivalent to $851,000 in 2023).[22][23] The site originally measured 83.5 by 125 feet (25.5 by 38.1 m) across.[11][23] Unlike many of their neighbors, who built detached houses in the middle of their properties, the Charnleys wanted to sell off their land to encourage higher-density development.[9] Shortly after acquiring the land, the family sold part of the site to the Otis family.[24][25] The Otis tract, measuring 25 feet (7.6 m) wide, was immediately east of where the Charnleys' house was to be built. The Charnleys subsequently sold the easternmost 75 feet (23 m) of their land, east of the Otis tract, to two other families, earning $27,450 (equivalent to $850,000 in 2023) from these sales.[25] Having sold off 80% of their land, the Charnley family retained only the corner plot,[25][26] which represented a net expenditure of $50 (equivalent to $1,548 in 2023).[25]

The Charnleys hired Louis Sullivan—a family friend who, along with Dankmar Adler, was a partner in the architectural firm of Adler & Sullivan—to design their Astor Street house.[18][21][27] Sullivan had previously designed adjacent vacation homes for the Charnleys and himself in Ocean Springs, Mississippi.[18][27] At the time of the Charnley House's construction, the block had a malt house, some apartment buildings, and some one- or two-family houses.[28] Sullivan was busy designing the World's Columbian Exposition on Chicago's South Side at the time, so he delegated much of the design work to Frank Lloyd Wright, a draftsman at Adler & Sullivan.[29] Wright, who later attributed the design entirely to himself, wrote that he had sketched out the plans at his house in Oak Park, Illinois.[30]

Adler & Sullivan had prepared plans for a Romanesque Revival residence at Astor and Schiller streets by June 1891;[22][31] the cost was estimated at $25,000 (equivalent to $766,000 in 2023).[31][32] Work began that July, and the facade was finished by November.[22] The Charnleys also received the Otis family's permission in November 1891 to construct a party wall between their respective properties.[25]

Usage and sale

[edit]
The original symmetrical facade as it appeared in 1892; the building at right was later demolished

The house was completed in May 1892,[22] and the Charnley family lived there for about a decade.[22][33] The family employed two full-time maids (who had their own bedrooms) and periodically hired other servants as well. From the outset, the house was equipped with utilities such as electricity, which meant the Charnleys did not need a large staff, as was the case with older mansions.[34] Though the Charnley family was prominent enough to be listed in Chicago's Blue Book of Selected Names, they kept a low profile. The family seldom entertained more than a few visitors, and few diary entries, letters, or photographs, or original decorations from the house's early years are known to exist.[33]

Due to the limited space available, James and Helen Charnley may have shared one of the second-floor bedrooms, while Helen's brother John used the other second-floor bedroom. Douglas and one of his friends probably shared the third-floor bedroom.[35] Douglas Charnley moved back into the house after graduating from Yale University in 1896,[36] and Charnley's nephew James Charnley Jr. is also recorded as having lived there.[37][38] The 1900 United States census cites James, Helen, and Douglas Charnley and John Douglas as living there, along with lumber dealer and two female servants from Sweden.[39] After being diagnosed with a kidney disease, James sold off his companies, retired, and moved to Camden, South Carolina, with Helen in 1902. Douglas Charnley also left the house around that time, moving to various countries.[36]

After moving out, the Charnley family continued to own the building for a decade, renting it to various people,[22][36] including other members of Chicago's elite.[40] The businessman Joseph Winterbotham and his wife are recorded as having moved into the house by September 1901,[41] living there for two years.[42] The next residents, Ogden Trevor McClurg and his wife, moved into the house in August 1903[43][44] and also lived there for two years.[42][45] Redmond D. Stephens and his wife leased the house in November 1905 after the McClurgs moved out.[45] Stephens bought the house outright in 1911 for $24,000 (equivalent to $571,000 in 2023),[46] and the Stephens family continued to live there until 1918.[22][47] By then, the house carried the address 1365 Astor Street.[48]

Later residential use

[edit]

Waller ownership

[edit]
View of the house's eastern facade in the late 20th century. An annex has been built on the south, or right, side of the house.
An annex was added to the south (at right) in 1926.[49]

The Charnley House was purchased in August 1918 by real estate investor James Breckinridge Waller Jr.,[50] whose family would own it for half a century.[47][51] James Waller Jr. already owned the land to the east,[47] which had previously been part of the Charnley family's holdings.[47] Waller Jr. may have purchased the house with the intention of eventually redeveloping the site,[47] though a contemporary Chicago Daily Tribune article did not report on the existence of any such plans.[50] James Waller Jr. died at the house in August 1920,[52] and he bequeathed the Astor Street house and the adjacent vacant land to his son James B. Waller III.[53] The younger Waller bought a site to the east in 1925 or 1926, adjoining the Binderton Apartments, for $35,000 (equivalent to $482,000 in 2023).[46][54] Waller likely considered redeveloping the Binderton Apartments and the Charnley House, but these plans were canceled after the Wall Street crash of 1929.[46]

James Waller III built a southern annex to the house in 1926; the annex's facade was designed in a similar style to the original house.[49] The southern extension included a kitchen on the first floor, three additional bedrooms on the top two floors, and porches on the first and second floors.[47][51] In addition, the third-story servant rooms and the bathrooms were modified, part of the adjacent vacant lot was converted into a courtyard, and a door was added to the eastern wall.[51] The fireplaces were boarded up during World War II to conserve energy.[55] James III lived in the house until his death in 1949.[22][47] His widow Nettie Waller retained the residence, putting her efforts into preserving the property at at time when many of Chicago's homes were being redeveloped.[22][56] Nettie told the Chicago Tribune in 1966 that the surrounding area was "the best neighborhood in the city" and that she did not know where she would relocate if she were to sell the house.[56] By then, the house had garnered large amounts of attention from visitors, including architects and students, and Nettie no longer was surprised when people tried to enter.[57]

Smith and Wohlfeil ownership

[edit]
The loggia (balcony) on Astor Street as seen from the side

Nettie sold the house in 1969.[22][58] The Charnley House's subsequent owner—Hawley L. Smith Jr., who also owned four nearby residences on Schiller Street—spent $50,000 renovating the building and renting it to tenants.[55] By the 1970s, the house's owner planned to construct condominiums east of the house. The Charnley House would have been subdivided, becoming an entryway for the condominium building.[59][60] This prompted the architect John Vinci to begin looking for someone to buy the house from the developers.[59] The house hosted an interior-design exhibit during 1975.[61] Though the house had been placed for sale by the late 1970s, few people expressed interest in acquiring it.[62]

Lowell Wohlfeil eventually bought the house in 1979 and moved in with the architect Larry Duvall.[63] Wohlfeil hired Vincy to design several alterations to the house.[63][64] After the house was renovated, Wohlfeil wanted to sell it for $1.2 million.[64][65] Potential buyers balked at the house's high price and by the fact that Wohlfeil required the buyer to preserve the building. Furthermore, many people expressed interest in buying the house only because they wanted they to walk through it.[65] After failing to attract many bidders, Wohlfeil had lowered his price to $895,000 by 1983.[64] The house remained unsold for three more years because Wohlfeil was unsatisfied with the bids he did receive.[65]

Institutional use

[edit]

SOM and Persky ownership

[edit]

In April 1986, the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) offered to buy the house.[65][66] SOM finalized its purchase that year,[3][67] converting the house into a headquarters for the SOM Foundation.[68][69] The SOM Foundation's director Léon Krier planned to use the Charnley House as a research studio.[68][70] Although the house's original architectural drawings had been lost,[66] SOM attempted to restore the house to its original appearance,[67][69] and John A. Eifler of SOM was commissioned to conduct the restoration.[66][71] This work included demolishing the southern annex, refinishing the wooden trim, replacing mechanical systems, and removing peeling plaster.[66][72] In addition, SOM replaced the roof and hired a German artisan to repair the foyer mosaic.[66] The firm spent about $1.7 million on the renovation,[73] which was finished by 1988.[66] Afterward, visitors could also make appointments to access the house during weekdays.[74] For its renovation of the Charnley House, SOM received a citation of merit from the American Institute of Architects' (AIA) Chicago chapter in 1990.[75]

The SOM Foundation vacated the Charnley House in 1993, relocating to Michigan Avenue; the foundation said it was losing $100,000 annually just by occupying the house.[73] The foundation announced in 1994 that it wished to sell the house for $2 million.[76] The director of the Chicago Athenaeum museum organized a committee to advocate for the house's preservation.[73] The developer Seymour Persky leased the house in September 1994, buying the option to buy it outright.[76] Persky said at the time that he had become enamored with the house because it was similar to the Auditorium Building, which Adler & Sullivan and Wright had designed in the Chicago Loop.[77] Persky originally considered renovating the home into a gallery and adding a curator's apartment.[78]

Society of Architectural Historians ownership

[edit]

In December 1994,[72] Persky offered the house to the Society of Architectural Historians (SAH), which at the time was based in Philadelphia.[40][79] Persky offered to give the SAH money to buy the house if the society agreed to move to Chicago;[77][79] he said this arrangement would be simpler than donating the house to the society.[80] The SAH's members accepted Persky's gift in January 1995,[81] and Persky gave the SAH $1.65 million to buy the property.[72][77] The SAH moved into the house that October,[77][82] renaming the building the Charnley–Persky House to honor his donation.[77][80] Initially, the SAH did not plan to open the Charnley House to the public as a museum.[81] By the time the SAH moved into the building, it had decided to host tours to raise money;[77] these tours began in April 1996.[72] In addition to moving its headquarters there, the SAH operated the Charnley–Persky House Museum in the house.[83]

By the early 2000s, tours of the house's exterior were hosted on Saturdays nine months a year,[84] and the SAH's seven staff members used the Charnley–Persky House's rooms as offices.[85] The SAH received money to waterproof the basement during that decade. When workers were digging trenches for the waterproofing project, they discovered artifacts such as ink bottles, china, and teapots, most of which dated from the 1890s.[26] Subsequently, Lake Forest College conducted archeological excavations at the site in the 2010s.[86][87]

The Charnley–Persky House's basement was severely damaged during a flood in August 2014,[88][89] which occurred after a water pipe under a neighboring street burst during a storm.[90] Within three months of the flood, the SAH had raised $36,000 for a restoration, including a $10,000 matching funds grant from the Weese family and $5,000 each from the Alphawood Foundation and Richard H. Driehaus Foundation.[90] The SAH announced in May 2015 that repairs to the house had been completed.[91] In 2016, the SAH hired Harboe Architects to devise a conservation plan for the house, coinciding with the 125th anniversary of the building's completion.[88] The SAH hosted an architectural-awards gala that year to raise money for the house.[92] Since 2018, the Charnley–Persky House has been part of the Frank Lloyd Wright Trail, a collection of 13 buildings designed by Wright in Illinois.[93][94]

Architecture

[edit]

The Charnley–Persky House was designed by Adler & Sullivan, with Louis Sullivan as the architect in charge. Frank Lloyd Wright, then a draftsman at the firm, also worked on the building's design;[88][90] it was one of several buildings that he helped design under Sullivan.[95] Although the house was extensively detailed in architectural publications, the original materials and design details themselves are poorly documented.[96] This is complicated by the fact that Adler & Sullivan's original records no longer exist, having been destroyed by fire.[24] The Charnley–Persky House is one of a small number of residences that Sullivan designed,[90][55] as the firm typically did not design residences.[55][71] It is also the only residential design to which Sullivan and Wright both contributed significantly,[85] and it may be the only surviving design that both men substantially worked on.[90] Wright is cited as having described the building as the United States' "first modern house",[65][26] though the author Rebecca Graff says that this quote originated in a Prairie School Review editorial.[24]

Sources disagree on the extent of Sullivan's and Wright's involvement. The New York Times cites Wright as the primary architect,[65] and the historian Arlene Sanderson writes that Wright was probably responsible for the drawings while Sullivan reviewed them.[5][97] The journalist Brendan Gill stated in 1987 that the facade's materials, the use of paired windows, and the second-story loggia were all influenced by Sullivan, who had borrowed these features from other architects.[98] The art historian Paul Sprague attributes the Astor Street's facade and symmetry to Sullivan, while he cites Wright as having designed the entrance and interior.[59] Gill wrote that "almost every authority gives the house to Wright" even though Sullivan was more involved with the design,[99] while a New York Times reporter wrote that the facade evoked the "decisive collaboration of Frank Lloyd Wright".[69] The design also includes elements of Wright's later Prairie style,[55] such as a brick-and-limestone facade, a horizontal massing,[77][100] rectangular forms,[71] and an overhanging roof.[101] Wright claimed full credit for the design later on in his career,[76][99] particularly after Sullivan died.[30]

Facade

[edit]
The northern elevation on Schiller Street
The eastern elevation on Astor Street
The southern elevation

The Charnley–Persky House rises three stories, with a raised limestone basement topped by Roman brick.[8][98] Like many contemporary buildings, the Charnley's facade is divided horizontally into three sections: a base, midsection, and capital.[102][103] The brick, originally tinted light orange, was darkened during the 1980s renovation.[71] Limestone courses run horizontally above the second and third stories.[8][102] The windows lack frames[8][104] and are decorated with fretwork, similar to the windows in Sullivan's other buildings.[101] In contrast to contemporary Chicago residences, where the decorations were spread across the facade,[102] the ornamentation on the Charnley–Persky House is limited to the second-floor balcony on Astor Street and on the cornice above the third story,[102][104] Ventilation grilles are embedded into the facade at the third story,[35] which is much shorter than the first and second stories.[102] The copper roof, with four low chimneys, appears nearly flat due to its very shallow pitch.[105]

Astor Street elevation

[edit]
The front door

The primary elevation of the Charnley–Persky House's facade is to the west, along Astor Street, and is divided into three vertical bays of unequal width.[8][102] The basement and the center bay's first floor are both clad in limestone, creating an enframement around the first-story entrance.[8][103][104] The first through third stories of the outer bays, and the third story of the center bay, are clad with brick.[8][104] The basement has square windows with iron grilles.[8]

At the middle of the center bay, a limestone stoop with three steps ascends to an oak door with a metal grille.[8][106] There are casement windows on either side of the door, which have art glass panes bearing circular motifs.[8] On the second story, a wooden loggia (also described as a balcony[107][108]) protrudes over the main entrance, sheltering it.[8][109][104] The loggia includes a balustrade and either Doric[108] or Tuscan-style columns, which support a frieze and a copper cornice. There are bead, oval, and foliate motifs on the loggia's balustrade and frieze. The first- and second-story windows in the outer bays have plain rectangular windows topped by brick lintels. On the third story, all three bays have two square casement windows each.[8]

Other elevations

[edit]

The northern elevation on Schiller Street is clad with gray limestone and yellow brick in a similar manner to the eastern elevation. The limestone basement has four square windows with grilles, while the first and second floors each have a large casement window at the middle of the facade. The third story of the northern elevation has small limestone windows.[8] The eastern elevation has a plain brick facade with a single window on the southern portion of the second story.[8][24] Though the eastern elevation was intended as a party wall, no other structure was ever built adjacent to the house's eastern elevation; a courtyard separates the house from the nearest building to the east.[24][110] The southern elevation is divided into a protruding center bay with casement windows, in addition to recessed outer bays. Within the southern elevation's outer bays, the first and second stories have double-hung windows, while the third story has casement windows.[8]

Interior

[edit]

The interior has 4,500 square feet (420 m2) of space across three stories and a basement.[7][26] At its greatest extent in the 1940s, the house had eleven rooms, although it was reduced to eight rooms following the 1980s renovation.[7] The rooms are arranged around a stair hall, which occupies the center third of the house.[111] The stair hall is abnormally large compared with contemporary American townhouses, which usually had compact stair halls to maximize usable space.[112] The stair hall extends through the third story, acting as an atrium, which is flanked by rooms on either side.[111][112][113] A reporter for the Financial Times suggested that the stair hall might have been an example of Wright "beginning to break up 'the box'".[113] There is a second stairway in the rear, which was used by servants.[7][114]

On the first floor are the Charnley–Persky House's family rooms and several rooms for servants.[7][115] There are only two family rooms (the living room–library and dining room), much fewer than in other mansions of the time.[116] The first story is arranged in a tripartite plan,[117] with the living room–library and dining room on opposite ends of the stair hall.[106][118][119] The upper stories are devoted to bedrooms and servants' quarters.[120][118] There are three main bedrooms, each with their own fireplaces, bathrooms, and closets.[120] The main rooms are generally decorated with oak woodwork, while pine is used for ancillary spaces like closets.[111] When the building was completed, it had modern utilities like electricity and a central heating system,[34] though the Charnleys also equipped the principal rooms with fireplaces.[55][121]

Lowell Wohlfeil, a former owner of the house, described the interior as "thin and small", in contrast to the wide appearance of the exterior.[122] Although Sullivan's biographer David van Zanten described the interiors as comprising "a single, grand enfilade",[123] the architectural historian Robert Twombly disputes van Zanten's conclusion that the rooms were intentionally laid out in that manner.[124]

First story

[edit]
Floor plan of the first floor (bottom) and second floor (top)

Just inside the Charnley–Persky House's front door is a foyer with oak panels and a green, white, and brown tiled floor.[106] Five steps ascend to a door leading to the stair hall;[106][111] these stairs were placed indoors due to the limited space available.[125] The stair hall itself measures 8 feet (2.4 m) east–west and 24 feet (7.3 m) north–south.[106] A fireplace is located on the eastern wall of the stair hall, opposite the foyer's door.[111][126] The fireplace hearth is surrounded by multicolored ovals, while the rest of the hall has beige plaster walls.[106][111] Archways lead north and south to adjacent rooms, and arched alcoves with seats flank the door to the west and the fireplace to the east.[111][127][128] The archways in the hall contrast with the rectangular windows on the house's facade.[128] The stair is concealed behind a wall[129] and is accessed by an archway on one side of the fireplace.[111][126][119]

North of the stair hall is the living room–library,[111][116] which combined the functions of a typical mansion's library, sitting room, and parlor.[130] The room measures 18 by 22 feet (5.5 by 6.7 m) across[116] and has 4.5-foot-high (1.4 m) bookcases on all four walls.[111] The living room's north and east walls have built-in bookcases; the south wall's bookcase abuts an archway from the stair hall; and the east wall's bookcases flank a fireplace with a marble surround. The cornices at the top of each wall are made of quarter-sawn oak.[111][130]

South of the stair hall is the dining room, measuring 18 by 15.5 feet (5.5 by 4.7 m) across,[116] with a dark mahogany wainscoting. On the dining room's southern wall is an outwardly-angled bay, as well as a fireplace with a marble surround and a mosaic-tile hearth.[114][131] The tops of the walls have mahogany cornices, similar to those in the living room–library.[131] There is a sink, dumbwaiter, and cupboards in the butler's pantry just east of the dining room. The dumbwaiter descends to a similar pantry in the basement.[132]

[edit]
Floor plan of the third floor

The second story has two bedrooms, two bathrooms, and closets; the loggia to the west is accessed from both the stair hall and the southern bedroom.[7][114] A grille of vertical wooden rods separates the stairs from the rest of the stair hall.[114][129] At the middle of the hall is a light well with a carved balustrade.[114] An art-glass double door on the stair hall's western wall, flanked by inglenooks, leads to the outdoor loggia along Astor Street.[114][119] The second-floor stair hall also has one frosted-glass window at either end and two rectangular indentations on its eastern wall.[133] The bedrooms to the north and south have oak trim, various windows, closets with built-in furniture, and fireplaces.[120][132] The southern bedroom, measuring 16 by 18 feet (4.9 by 5.5 m),[120] was used as the master bedroom; its fireplace mantel is made of birdseye maple and yellow tiles. The master suite's bathroom has the only east-facing window in the entire house.[132] The northern bedroom, measuring 15 by 17 feet (4.6 by 5.2 m),[120] has a walnut fireplace mantel with mauve tiles, and it formerly also had a bathroom.[132] Both bedrooms' western walls have grilles facing the balconies.[109]

The third story was built with another bedroom, a linen closet, and two maids' bedrooms.[35][133] The stair hall has an oak balustrade at the third story. Similarly to the second floor, the stair hall has one frosted-glass window at either end and two rectangular indentations on its eastern wall.[133] A skylight illuminates the third story.[55][106] The linen closet is just west of the stair hall, with built-in drawers flanking a pair of windows.[133] To the north of the third-floor stair hall is a bedroom with four windows and an adjoining storage room (originally a bathroom). The northern third-story bedroom has a fireplace with an oak-and-terracotta tile hearth.[133] To the south of the stair hall were originally two servants' bedrooms, which were later merged.[35][133] The servants' bedrooms, unusually large for their time, shared a bathroom.[35] The southern third-story room also has a storage room (originally a bathroom), which connects with the service stair.[133]

The basement is accessed by the service staircase and includes utilitarian spaces like a butler's pantry, storage space, and a laundry room.[127][134] The eastern portion of the basement includes a kitchen with a sink, a stove hood, and a dumbwaiter from the first-floor butler's pantry. The service kitchen has a window and a door leading outside to a courtyard.[127][133] The southwestern corner of the basement has a bathroom, which was originally used to store food. There is also a wine cellar under the entrance stoop, as well as a coal-delivery and storage vault immediately north of this.[134][135] The basement also has a square storage room at its northern end. which originally functioned as a laundry room. In addition, the basement has radiators on the ceiling (which could heat the rooms above), and it originally had a wooden floor, which was replaced with concrete in the 1980s.[134]

Impact

[edit]

Reception and media

[edit]
A window next to the main entrance on Astor Street

When the Charnley House was finished, it appeared in architectural publications such as Inland Architect, Northwestern Architect, The American Architect, and Architectural Record.[136] The house's design was extensively covered in architectural publications starting in the 1930s,[96] After 1970, many architectural publications did not pay much attention to the design.[137] An article from the Springfield Daily Republican called it "a little masterpiece" from Wright's time as an apprentice with Adler & Sullivan,[138] while the Chicago Tribune wrote in 1954 that the house could be considered as either an early example of Wright's style or a more well-developed work by Sullivan.[139] The Tribune further wrote in 1972 that architectural experts considered the house "one of the earliest examples of Wright's genius".[58] The historian Robert McCarter said in 1996 that the house was "one of the greatest works of architecture of its period", ranking it above similar works by firms like McKim, Mead & White.[104]

Brendan Gill characterized the interior layout as having a "rigid matter-of-factness", broken up only by the central stair hall.[127] Elizabeth Collins Cromley wrote in 2004 that, despite the house's corner location, it "seems withdrawn, its personality reserved for interior expression alone".[28] The same year, an article in The New York Times characterized the exterior as having "made no concessions to its fussier Victorian neighbors" and that the interior design "signals a love of abstract forms for their own sake".[140] The Associated Press described the house as a "pivotal work of modern architecture",[141] and the Chicago Tribune similarly wrote in 2015 that the building was an important modern-style design that blended elements of Wright's simplistic design and Sullivan's decorations.[79] A reporter for the Financial Times suggested that the stair hall might have been an example of Wright "beginning to break up 'the box'".[113]

Dominican University in River Forest, Illinois, contains a sculptured wall with a depiction of the Charnley–Persky House.[142] The house and 28 other buildings in Chicago were documented in 1965 as part of the Historic American Building Survey.[49][57] The building was the subject of the 2004 book The Charnley House,[143] and the 2010s archeological studies at the house are described in Rebecca Graff's 2020 book Disposing of Modernity.[144] In addition, pictures of the house were displayed in the visitor center at Taliesin, Wright's home and studio in Wisconsin, during 2012.[145]

Landmark designations

[edit]

Chicago's Commission on Architectural Landmarks designated the Charnley House as one of the city's first landmarks in 1958; this designation had no legal force.[49][146] The American Institute of Architects' Chicago chapter gave the building's owners a plaque in 1960, recognizing the building as a landmark.[147] In 1972, the Commision on Chicago Historical and Architectural Landmarks held hearings on the possibility of designating the building as an official Chicago Landmark.[58] The house was designated a landmark on August 20, 1972,[2] despite its owner's opposition.[58] The Charnley–Persky House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), having been designated in 1970.[49] It was re-added to the NRHP as a National Historic Landmark in 1998.[4] The house is also part of the Astor Street District, a Chicago Landmark district, and the Gold Coast Historic District, an NRHP district.[16]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 15, 2006.
  2. ^ a b "Charnley House". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  3. ^ a b Wolfe, Gerard R. (1996). Chicago: In and Around the Loop. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 404–406. ISBN 0-07-071390-1.
  4. ^ a b "James Charnley House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
  5. ^ a b Sanderson 2001, p. 39.
  6. ^ a b "Zoning Website". City of Chicago. January 1, 1980. Archived from the original on November 13, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Longstreth 2004, p. 102.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r National Park Service 1998, p. 4.
  9. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 52.
  10. ^ a b c Graff 2020, p. 44.
  11. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 51.
  12. ^ Longstreth 2004, p. 75.
  13. ^ a b c Longstreth 2004, p. 78.
  14. ^ Centennial History of the City of Chicago. Its Men and Institutions. Biographical Sketches of Leading Citizens. Chicago Inter Ocean. 1905. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-361-40014-2. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  15. ^ Graff 2020, pp. 44–45.
  16. ^ a b c d e Graff 2020, p. 46.
  17. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 4.
  18. ^ a b c d e f National Park Service 1998, p. 13.
  19. ^ a b c Longstreth 2004, p. 5.
  20. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 43.
  21. ^ a b Graff 2020, p. 47.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j National Park Service 1998, p. 14.
  23. ^ a b "Items". Chicago Tribune. July 6, 1890. p. 7. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  24. ^ a b c d e Graff 2020, p. 48.
  25. ^ a b c d e Longstreth 2004, p. 53.
  26. ^ a b c d Mullen, William (July 28, 2010). "Getting the dirt on Gilded Age high society". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  27. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 8.
  28. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, pp. 126–127.
  29. ^ "Meeting the Gold Coast". Chicago Tribune. October 28, 2001. p. 17.46. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  30. ^ a b Graff 2020, pp. 48–49.
  31. ^ a b "Among Architects and Builders". Chicago Tribune. July 5, 1891. p. 14. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "Contract News". Stone. Vol. 4, no. 111. July 1, 1891. p. 98. ProQuest 913057418.
  33. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 101.
  34. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 123.
  35. ^ a b c d e Longstreth 2004, p. 122.
  36. ^ a b c Longstreth 2004, pp. 22–23.
  37. ^ "It Is J. Charnley, Jr". The Inter Ocean. November 24, 1897. p. 8. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  38. ^ "Suicide Is Identified". The Alton Telegraph. November 25, 1897. p. 1. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  39. ^ Longstreth 2004, p. 55.
  40. ^ a b Graff 2020, p. 49.
  41. ^ "In the Society World". Chicago Tribune. September 22, 1901. p. 44. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  42. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, pp. 23–24.
  43. ^ Dearborn, Willie (August 20, 1903). "The Whirl of Society". The Inter Ocean. p. 6. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  44. ^ "In the Society World". Chicago Tribune. August 20, 1903. p. 7. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  45. ^ a b "In the Society World". Chicago Tribune. November 18, 1905. p. 10. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  46. ^ a b c Longstreth 2004, p. 68.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g Longstreth 2004, p. 24.
  48. ^ "Society and Entertainments". Chicago Tribune. October 2, 1919. p. 19. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  49. ^ a b c d e Longstreth 2004, p. 25.
  50. ^ a b "James B. Waller Buys Residence in Astor Street". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 11, 1918. p. 18. ProQuest 174402903.
  51. ^ a b c McKinney, Megan (January 14, 2018). "The Charnley House Wallers". Classic Chicago Magazine. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2025.
  52. ^ "James B. Waller Dies Suddenly; Heart Disease". Chicago Tribune. August 4, 1920. p. 1. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  53. ^ "Mrs. John Borden and Brother Get $600,000 Estate". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 26, 1920. p. 15. ProQuest 174703247. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  54. ^ Chase, Al (January 13, 1926). "Syndicate Buys the New York Life Building". Chicago Tribune. p. 32. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g Bukro, Casey (May 21, 1972). "Throwing Charnley House Into the Landmark Arena". Chicago Tribune. p. 157. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  56. ^ a b Taylor, Lynn (August 18, 1966). "Elegant Old Street Yields to Progress". Chicago Tribune. p. 15. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  57. ^ a b Hutchinson, Louise (February 21, 1965). "Architectural Landmark's Owner Is Hostess to Busloads: Adler Home in Astor St. Is 'Open House'". Chicago Tribune. p. B1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179806395.
  58. ^ a b c d "Architects Urge Landmark Status for Charnley House". Chicago Tribune. June 1, 1972. p. 9. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  59. ^ a b c Hoffmann, Donald (July 18, 1976). "A Matter of Eternal Vigilance". The Kansas City Star. p. 104. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  60. ^ Gapp, Paul (July 18, 1976). "Builders knock on Astor Street's historic doors". Chicago Tribune. p. 38. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  61. ^ Markoutsas, Elaine (May 16, 1975). "Variety: The charms of Charnley". Chicago Tribune. p. 42. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  62. ^ "Action line". Chicago Tribune. August 28, 1977. p. 47. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  63. ^ a b National Park Service 1998, pp. 14–15.
  64. ^ a b c Carroll, Margaret (June 24, 1983). "Planetarium exhibit fit for the stars". Chicago Tribune. p. 115. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  65. ^ a b c d e f Greenhouse, Steven (May 11, 1986). "National Notebook; Chicago: Selling A Wright". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  66. ^ a b c d e f Landis, Dylan (October 23, 1988). "Old Gold Coast". Chicago Tribune. p. 381. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  67. ^ a b Gapp, Paul (November 23, 1986). "New institute to focus on architecture". The Indianapolis Star. p. 162. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  68. ^ a b Gapp, Paul (October 5, 1986). "Institute is born". Chicago Tribune. p. 286. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  69. ^ a b c Welchman, John (April 26, 1987). "Louis Sullivan's Chicago". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  70. ^ Campbell, Robert (September 30, 1986). "Krier to Lead Environmental Institute". The Boston Globe. p. 22. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  71. ^ a b c d Storrer, William Allin (1993). The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University of Chicago Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-226-77624-8. (S.009)
  72. ^ a b c d National Park Service 1998, p. 15.
  73. ^ a b c Klages, Karen E. (April 17, 1994). "3 Landmarks in Search of New Caretakers". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 283744855.
  74. ^ Sawyers, June (November 20, 1992). "On the streets where they lived Without much fanfare, history stays just around the corner:". Chicago Tribune. p. 46. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 283355338.
  75. ^ Gapp, Paul (June 10, 1990). "Imaginative reconstruction rules interior-design awards". Chicago Tribune. p. 356. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  76. ^ a b c Storch, Charles (February 14, 1995). "Architecture Group to Move to Charnley Site". Chicago Tribune. pp. 2.1, 2.7. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 24, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  77. ^ a b c d e f g Wangensteen, Betsy (November 11, 1995). "Gift Brings New Luster to Gold Coast Landmark". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  78. ^ "Names". Chicago Tribune. January 1, 1995. p. 258. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  79. ^ a b c Kamin, Blair (March 23, 2015). "Seymour H. Persky, architectural preservationist, dies at 92". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  80. ^ a b Laureman, Connie (July 18, 2000). "To Preserve and Protect". Chicago Tribune. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  81. ^ a b Storch, Charles (February 14, 1995). "Calling Charnley House a home". Chicago Tribune. p. 135. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  82. ^ "Jazzing it up". Chicago Tribune. October 19, 1995. p. 297. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  83. ^ O'Connor Davis, Susan (2022). Historic Illinois: A Tour of the State's Top National Landmarks. Globe Pequot. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-4930-5540-1. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  84. ^ Jacobs, Jodie (July 14, 2004). "Tours uncover neighborhoods' richness ; Guides, book reveal hidden treasures". Chicago Tribune. p. 34. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 420245634.
  85. ^ a b Smith, Sid (March 22, 2002). "For scholarly society, no state is too architecturally bankrupt". Chicago Tribune. pp. 5.1, 5.5. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 419567560. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  86. ^ "Students Dig for Lost Treasures in the Gold Coast". WTTW News. July 29, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  87. ^ "Students Digging Up Historical Artifacts At Gold Coast Site". CBS Chicago. July 28, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  88. ^ a b c Busta, Hallie (February 16, 2016). "Society of Architectural Historians Plots a Future for the Charnley-Persky House". Architect. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  89. ^ Tufano, Lizzie Schiffman (August 20, 2014). "Flood Damages Landmark Charnley-Persky House Designed by Sullivan, Wright". DNAinfo Chicago. Archived from the original on November 29, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  90. ^ a b c d e Kostek, Jackie (November 6, 2014). "Donations Pour in for Flood-Damaged Landmark Charnley-Persky House". DNAinfo Chicago. Archived from the original on November 29, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  91. ^ "Charnley-Persky House Flood Restoration Work Complete". Society of Architectural Historians (Press release). May 15, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  92. ^ Messner, Matthew (November 4, 2016). "Society of Architectural Historians announces Awards of Architectural Excellence". The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  93. ^ Malone, David (May 8, 2018). "Illinois Office of Tourism unveils new Frank Lloyd Wright Trail". Building Design+Construction. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
  94. ^ "13 Wright sites on Illinois trail". Los Angeles Times. May 4, 2018. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
  95. ^ "An unvarnished look at Frank Lloyd Wright". The Sheboygan Press. June 28, 1992. p. 25. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  96. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 1.
  97. ^ Gill 1987, pp. 95–96.
  98. ^ a b Gill 1987, p. 95.
  99. ^ a b Gill 1987, pp. 94–95.
  100. ^ Henderson, Lyndee (2010). Illinois Off the Beaten Path®: A Guide to Unique Places. Off the Beaten Path Series. Globe Pequot. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7627-6675-8. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  101. ^ a b Tancill, Karen B. (May 15, 1988). "Avenue charms, diverts". The Journal Times. pp. 1E, 2E. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  102. ^ a b c d e f Longstreth 2004, p. 12.
  103. ^ a b Sanderson 2001, pp. 39–40.
  104. ^ a b c d e f McCarter 1997, p. 19.
  105. ^ National Park Service 1998, pp. 4–5.
  106. ^ a b c d e f g Longstreth 2004, p. 104.
  107. ^ Longstreth 2004, p. 215.
  108. ^ a b Van Zanten 2000, p. 113.
  109. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 121.
  110. ^ Longstreth 2004, pp. 53–54.
  111. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k National Park Service 1998, p. 5.
  112. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, pp. 12–15.
  113. ^ a b c Ure-Smith, Jane. "City with the Wright stuff: Chicago is the place to learn about American architecture". Financial Times. ProQuest 250205272.
  114. ^ a b c d e f National Park Service 1998, p. 6.
  115. ^ National Park Service 1998, pp. 5–6.
  116. ^ a b c d Longstreth 2004, p. 112.
  117. ^ McCarter 1997, p. 20.
  118. ^ a b Sanderson 2001, p. 40.
  119. ^ a b c Van Zanten 2000, p. 99.
  120. ^ a b c d e Longstreth 2004, p. 120.
  121. ^ Longstreth 2004, p. 124.
  122. ^ Davis, Douglas (January 10, 1983). "Reviving the Wright Stuff". Newsweek. Vol. 101, no. 2. p. 41. ProQuest 1866766310.
  123. ^ Van Zanten 2000, p. 101.
  124. ^ Twombly, Robert (August 9, 2001). "Sullivan's City: The Meaning of Ornament for Louis Sullivan". CAA.Reviews. ProQuest 89145988.
  125. ^ Longstreth 2004, pp. 104, 106.
  126. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, pp. 16–17.
  127. ^ a b c d Gill 1987, p. 96.
  128. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 110.
  129. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 15.
  130. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, p. 115.
  131. ^ a b Longstreth 2004, pp. 116–117.
  132. ^ a b c d National Park Service 1998, pp. 6–7.
  133. ^ a b c d e f g h National Park Service 1998, p. 7.
  134. ^ a b c National Park Service 1998, pp. 7–8.
  135. ^ Longstreth 2004, pp. 124–125.
  136. ^ Longstreth 2004, p. 2.
  137. ^ Longstreth 2004, p. 33.
  138. ^ McGausland, Elizabeth (December 8, 1940). "Frank Lloyd Wright at Modern Museum". The Springfield Daily Republican. p. 56. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  139. ^ Small, Alex (January 10, 1954). "Old Mansions Pass and With Them an Epoch". Chicago Tribune. p. 55. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  140. ^ Woodward, Richard B. (April 2, 2004). "Driving; On the Road To Modern America". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
  141. ^ Burghart, Tara (September 3, 2006). "Chicago prepares to celebrate Louis Sullivan's 150th birthday". The Rock Island Argus. Associated Press. p. 8. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  142. ^ "Pieces of Chicago in Rosary sculpture". News Journal. October 1, 1975. p. 59. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  143. ^ Sokol, David M. (Spring 2006). "Chicago Architecture". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. Vol. 99, no. 1. pp. 70–77. ProQuest 232489829.
  144. ^ Moss, William (July 2021). "Disposing of Modernity: The Archaeology of Garbage and Consumerism during Chicago's 1893 World's Fair. REBECCA S. GRAFF. 2020. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. xvi + 203 pp. $85.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-8130-6649-3". American Antiquity. 86 (3): 661–662. doi:10.1017/aaq.2021.36. ISSN 0002-7316.
  145. ^ "Photo exhibit set for Wright visitor center". Ventura County Star. April 22, 2012. p. 43. Retrieved February 28, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  146. ^ Franke, Jeanne (February 16, 1964). "Architects Select Best-Designed Buildings of Chicago". Chicago Tribune. p. 6. ISSN 1085-6706. Retrieved February 27, 2025 – via newspapers.com.
  147. ^ "38 Structures to Be Honored as Landmarks: Plaques to Be Given Owners at Fete". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 7, 1960. p. 21. ProQuest 182457224.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Charnley_House&oldid=1278220671"