Help:IPA/Punjabi

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Standard Punjabi pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Punjabi phonology, Gurmukhi, and Shahmukhi for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.

Consonants IPA Latin Gurmukhi Shahmukhi English Approximation Notes b b ਬ ਭ ب بھ butter In all positions In word-medial and word-final positions d d ਦ ਧ د دھ duck In all positions In word-medial and word-final positions dʒ j ਜ ਝ ج جھ jug In all positions In word-medial and word-final positions ɖ ḍ ਡ ਢ ڈ ڈھ guard (Rhotic dialects) In all positions In word-medial and word-final positions ɡ g ਗ ਘ گ گھ gut In all positions In word-medial and word-final positions ɦ h ਹ ہ ahead j y ਯ ي yuck k k gh ਕ ਘ ک گھ scab In all positions In word-initial positions kʰ kh ਖ کھ cab l l ਲ ل leaf ɭ ḷ ਲ਼ لؕ garlic (Rhotic dialects) Characters specifically for /ɭ/ are of recent origin and non-universal. The sound /ɭ/ may be represented by unmarked ਲ/ل in ungeminated non-initial positions m m ਮ م much n n ਨ, ੰ ن not ɳ ṇ ਣ burn The Perso-Arabic character for this sound, ݨ, is of recent origin and usually not used ɲ ñ ਞ, ੰ canyon ŋ ṅ ਙ, ੰ bang p p p ਪ ਭ پ بھ spot In all positions In word-initial positions pʰ ph ਫ پھ pot ɾ r ਰ ر American atom ɽ ṛ ੜ ڑ garter (Rhotic dialects) s s ਸ س sun t t dh ਤ ਧ ت دھ stub In all positions In word-initial positions tʰ th ਥ ٹھ tub tʃ c jh ਚ ਝ چ جھ catch In all positions In word-initial positions tʃʰ ch ਛ چھ choose ʈ ṭ ḍh ਟ ਢ ٹ ڈھ carts In all positions In word-initial positions ʈʰ ṭh ਠ ٹھ trip ʋ v ਵ و vat Preceding front vowels w w wore Preceding mid and back vowels Marginal consonants f~ɸ f ਫ਼ ف fuss Realized as pʰ in rural/conservative sociolects. Can be an allophone of /pʰ/ ɣ ġ ਗ਼ غ similar to a French r Realized as /g/ in non-elite sociolects q q ਕ਼ ق somewhat like caught Realized as /k/ in virtually all sociolects r rr ੱਰ رّ Trilled R Realized as /ɾ/ in rural/conservative sociolects ʃ ś ਸ਼ ش shoe While mostly nativized, can be realized as /s/ in certain sociolects. Can be an allophone of /tʃʰ/ ʂ ṣ ਸ਼ ش harsh Allophone of /ʃ/ in learned clusters with retroflex plosives x x ਖ਼ خ Scottish Loch Realized as /kʰ/ in non-elite sociolects z z ਜ਼ ز zoo Realized as /dʒ/ in rural/conservative sociolects

Vowels IPA Latin Gurmukhi Shahmukhi English Approximation Notes ə a ਅ, - ـَ about a ā ਆ, ਾ آ, ـا taco Allophone of /aː/ preceding geminated consonants aː father e e ਏ, ੇ ے space Allophone of /eː/ preceding geminated consonants, and of stressed /ɪ/ eː ē say ɛː ai ਐ, ੈ fairy ɪ i ਇ, ਿ ـِ sit i ī ਈ, ੀ ی easter Allophone of /iː/ preceding geminated consonants iː need o o ਓ, ੋ و soap Allophone of /oː/ preceding geminated consonants, and of stressed /ʊ/ oː ō border (Received Pronunciation) go (General American) ɔː au ਔ, ੌ dog (Received Pronunciation) song (General American) ʊ u ਉ, ੁ ـُ book u ū ਊ, ੂ و sudoku Allophone of /uː/ preceding geminated consonants uː moon ◌̃ ̃ ੰ, ਂ ◌٘‎ - Nasalized vowel Suprasegmentals IPA Example Notes ◌̆ [pənˈdʒaːbə̆] Panjābă "Punjab" shortened vowel ˈ◌ syllable stress (placed before stressed syllable) ◌ː [ˈəsːiː] assī "eighty" doubled consonant or long vowel á, é, ... ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾ کوڑھا kohṛā 'leper' high, or low-rising tone à, è, ... ਘੋੜਾ گھوڑا ghoṛā 'horse' low, or high-falling tone