Glaesserella parasuis
| Glaesserella parasuis | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Kingdom: | Pseudomonadati |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Pasteurellales |
| Family: | Pasteurellaceae |
| Genus: | Glaesserella |
| Species: | G. parasuis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Glaesserella parasuis (Biberstein & White 1969) Dickerman et al. 2020[1]
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Haemophilus parasuis Biberstein & White 1969 | |
Glaesserella parasuis (formerly known as Haemophilus parasuis) is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is best known as the causative agent of Glässer's disease in pigs.
History and taxonomy
[edit]Originally described as Haemophilus parasuis by Biberstein and White in 1969, it was reclassified into the newly created genus Glaesserella in 2020 based on comprehensive phylogenomic analyses.[1]
Morphology
[edit]Glaesserella parasuis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus. Cells typically appear as short rods or coccobacilli, often forming pairs or short chains. It is non-motile and non-spore-forming.[2]
Growth conditions
[edit]The bacterium requires enriched media containing NAD (V factor) and exhibits optimal growth under aerobic conditions at 37 °C. Colonies typically appear small, smooth, and translucent on chocolate agar or blood agar supplemented with NAD.[2]
Clinical significance
[edit]Glaesserella parasuis is the causative agent of Glässer's disease, an infectious condition characterized by polyserositis (inflammation of serosal surfaces), arthritis, meningitis, and pneumonia, primarily affecting young piglets.[3]
Epidemiology
[edit]The bacterium commonly colonizes the upper respiratory tract of pigs, and outbreaks of disease typically occur when piglets are under stress or have compromised immunity, such as during weaning.[4]
Clinical signs
[edit]Affected animals may exhibit fever, respiratory distress, lameness, joint swelling, and neurological symptoms. Mortality rates can be significant without appropriate treatment or preventive measures.[3]
Diagnosis
[edit]Diagnosis involves clinical observations, necropsy findings (such as fibrinous polyserositis), and laboratory confirmation through bacterial isolation and molecular techniques such as PCR.[5]
Treatment and prevention
[edit]Treatment typically involves antibiotics. Preventive measures include vaccination, good biosecurity practices, and stress minimization, particularly during weaning.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Dickerman, A.; Bandara, A.B.; Inzana, T.J. (2020). "Phylogenomic analysis of Haemophilus parasuis and proposed reclassification to Glaesserella parasuis, gen. nov., comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (1): 180–186. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003730. PMID 31592757.
- ^ a b Kielstein, P.; Rapp-Gabrielson, V. J. (1992). "Designation of 15 serovars of Haemophilus parasuis on the basis of immunodiffusion using heat-stable antigen extracts". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 30 (4): 862–5. doi:10.1128/jcm.30.4.862-865.1992. PMC 265175. PMID 1572971.
- ^ a b Olvera, A.; Segalés, J.; Aragon, V. (2007). "Update on the diagnosis of Haemophilus parasuis infection in pigs and novel genotyping methods". The Veterinary Journal. 174 (3): 522–529. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.10.017. PMID 17175186.
- ^ a b Macedo, N.; Gottschalk, M.; Strutzberg-Minder, K.; Van, C.N. (2021). "Molecular characterization of Glaesserella parasuis strains isolated from North America, Europe and Asia by serotyping PCR and LS-PCR". Veterinary Research. 52 (1) 68. doi:10.1186/s13567-021-00935-9. PMC 8117636. PMID 33980312.
- ^ Howell, K.J.; Peters, S.E.; Wang, J.; Hernandez-Garcia, J.; Weinert, L.A.; Luan, S.L.; Wren, B.W. (2015). "Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid molecular serotyping of Haemophilus (Glaesserella) parasuis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 53 (12): 3812–3821. doi:10.1128/JCM.01991-15. PMC 4652097. PMID 26424843.