Gender Construction in African Literature

Gender construction in African literature is the portrayal of male and female characters in works written by African writers. The pre-colonial era sees women as weak and confined to domestic roles, which have been perpetuated in early literary works. Gender roles in African societies are socially determined rather than biologically assigned. Contemporary African writers began to correct these inaccuracies, offering a more nuanced portrayal of women and gender roles.

Gender Fluidity in African Cultures

In Yoruba culture, the gender identity is flexible and based on age rather than biological sex. In Yoruba culture, individuals are categorized as senior or junior, with no gender-specific terms in the Yoruba lexicon for these roles. Therefore, the social standing, economic power, and contribution to society are more significant than biological sex in determining one's role in Yoruba society. Similarly, Igbo culture exhibits gender fluidity. The cultural acceptance of women taking on male roles, such as females becoming husbands or fathers, to ensure the continuity of lineage. This fluidity challenges the rigid gender binaries often imposed by Western ideologies and underscores the complexity of gender roles in African societies.

Early Literary Depictions of Women

Early African literary works, predominantly written by men, often portrayed women as weak, subservient, and of low status. Feminist critics observe that these depictions of women reflect the patriarchal nature of civilization, where gender roles are culturally constructed to favour men. Such portrayals not only alienate female readers but also perpetuate the idea that women should aspire to male qualities, leading to a sense of double consciousness and insecurity among women. The emergence of African feminist theorists such as Mary Kolawole, Oyeronke Oyewumi, Molara Ogundipe-Leslie, Chikwenye Ogunyemi, Catherine Acholonu, Ifi Amadiume et al., readdressed the backdrop of an overtly patriarchal social order which stifles women under the authority of men.

The Rise of African Women Writers

The late 20th century saw a surge in African women's writing, addressing the misrepresentations of African womanhood in earlier literature. Writers like Flora Nwapa (Efuru, Idu), Ama Ata Aidoo (Anowa), Buchi Emecheta (Second Class Citizen, The Joys of Motherhood), and Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo (The Last of the Strong Ones) have been instrumental in redefining the image of African women in literature. These writers highlight the struggles and resilience of African women, challenging patriarchal norms and advocating for gender equality. Also, contemporary male writers such as Tawfiq al-Hakim, Ngugi Wa Thiongo, Mukowa Wa Ngugi, Peter Abraham, Léopold Sedar Senghor, Sembene Ousmane, John Kolosa Kargbo, Bayo Adebowale, Femi Osofisan, Ahmed Yerima etc. have also joined this movement, creating strong, purpose-driven female characters.

Conclusion

African literature has evolved to challenge traditional gender roles and patriarchal norms, offering a more inclusive and empowering portrayal of women. While patriarchal influences still exist in African society, African literature and criticism focus on the contributions of females in the society despite the limiting codes. Contemporary African writers have played a crucial role in this transformation, creating female characters who navigate cultural restrictions and emerge as leaders and saviours. Through their works, African writers are not only addressing the injustices faced by women but also advocating for a more equitable and just society.