Elodea canadensis
| Elodea canadensis | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Hydrocharitaceae |
| Genus: | Elodea |
| Species: | E. canadensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Elodea canadensis Michx., 1803
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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List
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Elodea canadensis (American waterweed or Canadian waterweed or pondweed) is a perennial aquatic plant, or submergent macrophyte, native to most of North America.[3][4][5] It has been introduced widely to regions outside its native range.
Distribution
[edit]The native range of the species includes most of North America, from British Columbia east to Nova Scotia, south to California, and southeast to northern Florida, in rivers and lakes from sea level up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) altitude, primarily in lime-rich waters.[3]
Description
[edit]Young plants initially start with a seedling stem with roots growing in mud at the bottom of the water; further adventitious roots are produced at intervals along the stem, which may hang free in the water or anchor into the bottom. It grows indefinitely at the stem tips, and single specimens may reach lengths of 3 m (9.8 ft) or more.
The leaves are bright green, translucent, oblong, 6–17 mm long and 1–4 mm broad, borne in whorls of three (rarely two or four) round the stem.[6] It lives entirely underwater, the only exception being the small white or pale purple flowers which float at the surface and are attached to the plant by delicate stalks. These stalks, or hypanthia, are the lower part of the petals joined to form a floral tube. This floral tube can be up to 30 cm (12 in) in length, while only 1 mm in width,[7] for a length to width ratio of 300 fold. However, according to one article, this ratio can sometimes be as much as one thousand fold.[8]
It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants. The flowers have three small white petals; male flowers have 4.5–5 mm petals and nine stamens, female flowers have 2–3 mm petals and three fused carpels. The fruit is an ovoid capsule, about 6 mm long containing several seeds that ripen underwater. The seeds are 4–5 mm long, spindle-shaped and smooth. It flowers from May to October.[3][4][5][9]
It grows rapidly in favorable conditions and can choke shallow ponds, canals, and the margins of some slow-flowing rivers. It requires summer water temperatures of 10–25 °C and moderate-to-bright light levels.[9]
It is closely related to Elodea nuttallii, which generally has narrower leaves under 2 mm broad. It is usually fairly easy to distinguish from its relatives, like the Brazilian Egeria densa and Hydrilla verticillata. These all have leaves in whorls around the stem; however, Elodea usually has three leaves per whorl, whereas Egeria and Hydrilla usually have four or more. Egeria densa is also a larger, bushier plant, with longer leaves.[10]
Cultivation and uses
[edit]It is frequently used as an aquarium plant. Propagation is by cuttings.[11]
As an invasive species
[edit]It is an invasive species in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Europe has been particularly affected, with the first records dating back as far as 1836 in County Down, Ireland, and in Great Britain in 1841;[12][13] it is now abundant in both Ireland and Great Britain.[14] The species' presence has been confirmed in all continental European countries,[15] spreading through ponds, ditches and streams, which were often choked with its rank growth.[16][9][10]
Gallery
[edit]-
Ditch with a dense colony of flowering plants -
Illustration showing leaf and flower detail -
Close up image of the leaf tip
References
[edit]
- ^ NatureServe (2024). "Elodea canadensis". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ^ "Elodea canadensis Michx". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
- ^ a b c Flora of North America: Elodea canadensis
- ^ a b Plants of British Columbia: Elodea canadensis Archived 2020-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Jepson Flora: Elodea canadensis
- ^ Rose, Francis (2006). The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 485–486. ISBN 978-0-7232-5175-0.
- ^ Bailey, Liberty Hyde, ed. (1935). Cyclopedia of Horticulture. New York: MacMillan and Co. p. Vol. 1 p. 1110.
- ^ Wilie, Robert B. (January 1904). "The Morphology of Elodea canadensis". Botanical Gazette. 37 (1): 4.
- ^ a b c Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- ^ a b Native Freshwater Plants: American Waterweed Archived 2005-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hiscock, P. (2003). Encyclopedia of Aquarium Plants Interpret Publishing, United States and Canada ISBN 0-7641-5521-0.
- ^ Simpson, D.A. (1984). "A short history on the introduction and spread of Elodea Michx. in the British Isles". Watsonia. 15: 1–9.
- ^ Hackney, P. 1992.(Ed.) Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland. Institute of Irish Studies and The Queen's University of Belfast. ISBN 0-85389-446-9 (HB)
- ^ "Canadian Waterweed Elodea canadensis Michx". PlantAtlas. Retrieved 2025-06-18.
- ^ Poulis, Georgios; Zervas, Dimitrios (2017-12-20). "First confirmed record of Elodea canadensis Michx. (Hydrocharitaceae) in Greece". Hacquetia. 16 (2): 175–179. Bibcode:2017Hacq...16..175P. doi:10.1515/hacq-2017-0001. ISSN 1854-9829.
- ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Water-thyme". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 410.
