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Eduardo Propper de Callejón

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Eduardo Propper de Callejón
Born(1895-04-09)9 April 1895
Madrid, Spain
Died11 January 1972(1972-01-11) (aged 76)
London, England
NationalitySpanish
OccupationDiplomat
Known forSaving the lives of thousands of refugees seeking to escape Nazi terror during World War II
Spouse
Hélène Fould-Springer
​
​
(m. 1929; died 1972)​
Children2
RelativesRaymond Bonham Carter (father-in-law)
Helena Bonham Carter (maternal grandfather)
Katherine Propper (great-granddaughter)

Eduardo Propper de Callejón (9 April 1895 – 11 January 1972) was a Spanish diplomat who is remembered mainly for having facilitated the escape of thousands of Jews from Occupied France during World War II between 1940 and 1944.

He was the father-in-law of the British banker Raymond Bonham Carter and the maternal grandfather of the British actress Helena Bonham Carter,[1][2] as well as a great-grandfather of American film director and screenwriter Katherine Propper.[3]

Career

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Propper de Callejón entered the Spanish diplomatic service in June 1918. His initial stations were at embassies in Brussels (1918-1920), Lisbon (1924-1926), Vienna (1926-1930, where he met his wife), and Cairo (1930).[4]

Following the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931 when King Alfonso XIII fled Spain, Eduardo Propper de Callejón resigned from the Spanish Foreign Service. [5]

Propper stayed in Paris throughout the Spanish Civil War and was chosen in April 1939 to be a Spanish emissary to France before war had broken out.[5]

Propper de Callejón was First Secretary of the Spanish Embassy in Paris when France surrendered to Nazi Germany on 20 June 1940. Five months earlier, to prevent the Wehrmacht from plundering the art collection that his wife's family kept at the Château de Royaumont, he declared the castle to be his main residence in January 1940 so that it would be treated in the same privileged way as the accommodation of any other diplomat.[5] Among the art works thus saved are a triptych of Van Eyck (one of Adolf Hitler's favourite painters), and paintings by Renoir, Rembrandt, Gainsborough, Dubuffet and Picasso.[6]

In June 1940, Propper de Callejón issued from the Spanish Consulate in Bordeaux, thousands of transit visas to Jews and others escaping Europe, which allowed these refugees to legally enter Spain to reach Portugal.[7] Propper disobeyed direct orders (needing prior authorization from Madrid) to sign special transit visas, saving thousands of Jewish lives and the lives of many others during WWII.[5] Portuguese Consul Aristides de Sousa Mendes signed transit visas allowing thousands to flee Europe through politically-neutral Portugal, where Lisbon was the crucial port of exit.

After moving to the embassy’s new seat in Vichy, Propper continued to provide visas to refugees against orders.[8] When Spanish Foreign Minister Ramón Serrano Suñer learnt that Propper de Callejón was issuing visas without prior authorization, he had him demoted and transferred to the Consulate of Larache in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco.[5][9] Before his departure, General Philippe Pétain himself awarded Propper de Callejón the Cross of the Legion of Honor (Croix Officiel de la Légion d’Honneur) in 1941 for Propper's efforts in finalizing the Franco-German armistice.[5][10]

In a letter written 14 March 1941 from Suñer to Spain's Ambassador to France José Félix de Lequerica, Suñer describes the French government's award to Propper de Callejón as serving the interests of the French Jewry and the French Journalists at the expense of the Spanish Nationalist cause.[5][11]

Afterwards, Propper de Callejón would be posted to Tangier (1941), Rabat (1941-1945), Zurich (1945-1949), Washington, D.C. (1949-1955), Ottawa (1955-1958), and Oslo (1958-1963), where he served as a member of the Spanish Foreign Service. With his former colleague Ambassador Lequerica, Propper was instrumental in establishing diplomatic relations between the United States and Franco's Spain, leading to the Pact of Madrid.[5]

In 1963, Propper de Callejón was still coming to terms with Suñer's decision to punish his actions in Bordeaux, a decision from which his career had never quite recovered.

Family

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Propper de Callejón's father, Maximilian "Max" Propper, was a Bohemian Jew and banker, and his mother, Juana de Callejón (of the Kennedy Massicot family), was a Spanish Catholic born in New Orleans and the daughter of the Spanish Consul to the U.S. during the American Civil War, Juan de Callejón Villegas (1816-1890).[5] They raised him as well as his two older brothers in the Catholic faith.

He married his wife, Baroness Hélène Fould-Springer, in December 1929 in France. His wife was a socialite and painter. She was from a notable Jewish Franco-Austrian banking family, the daughter of Baron Eugène Fould-Springer (a French banker descended from the Ephrussi family and the Fould dynasty) and Marie Cécile "Mitzi" von Springer (whose father was Austrian-born industrial magnate Baron Gustav von Springer and whose mother was from the de Königswarter family). Hélène's younger sister was the prominent Paris art patron and philanthropist Liliane "Lily" de Rothschild (Baroness Élie de Rothschild, 1916–2003) of the prominent Rothschild family (who had also married within the von Springer family in the 19th century).

The Fould family patriarch, Beer Leon Fould (1767-1855) was said to be the inspiration for the Baron de Nuncingen in Balzac’s Comédie Humaine.[5]

Personal life

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Propper de Callejón identified as a devout Catholic.[5] His wife Hélène "Bubbles" Propper de Callejón (née Fould-Springer) converted to Catholicism after WWII.[12] He had two children. His eldest son Felipe Propper de Callejón (1930-2024) made New York City his lifelong residence, becoming an American citizen in 1994.[13] His daughter Elena Bonham Carter (née Propper de Callejón) married British banker Raymond Bonham Carter, making Golders Green in London her residence.[14]

Between 1936 and 1939, Propper de Callejón worked in Paris and divided his time between a flat in Paris on Rue de Surène and the Fould-Springer estate, the Chateau Royaumont (acquired in 1923 by Eugène Fould-Springer and his wife) located near Chantilly north of Paris.[15]

Legacy

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Righteous
Among the Nations
By country

He never gained public recognition for his heroic acts before his death in 1972 in London after an operation.[16] It is unknown exactly how many lives he saved due to the consulate's registries being burned after the war, but it is estimated to be in the thousands.[5]

In 2007, he was officially recognized as a Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem, the Holocaust remembrance authority in Israel.[17] That was accomplished by the testimony of Austrian Archduke Otto von Habsburg, who had disclosed his knowledge of Propper de Callejón's actions at the Nazi occupation of France during an interview with Felix Pfeifle for the film Felix Austria (2012). Propper de Callejón personally signed the transit visas for Archduke Otto von Hapsburg and his mother, Empress Zita to escape Europe.[5]

In 2019, research conducted for the televised Channel 4 documentary program My Grandparents' War discovered physical passports found by an American descendent revealing Propper de Callejón's signatures from 1940. The family he saved included the man who would go on to be the founder of UNICEF, Ludwik Rajchman .[18][19]

Propper de Callejón stands out as the only foreign representative to have encountered the Jewish refugee crisis in Vichy who himself had considerable Jewish heritage despite identifying as a Spanish Loyalist and Catholic.

Notable people issued visas by Propper de Callejón

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Filmography

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My Grandparents' War, Season 1, Episode 1 on (PBS, U.S.) and (Channel 4, U.K.).[22][23]

See also

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Sources

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  • Cervantes Institute of New York, Tribute to Eduardo Propper de Callejón. Bordeaux 1940: The Humanitarian Work of a Spanish Diplomat (exp. catalogue), New York, Instituto Cervantes - The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation, 2006
  • M. Paldiel, Diplomat Heroes of the Holocaust , Jersey City, KTAV Publishing House, 2007, p. 204
  • JA Lisbona, “Eduardo Propper and de Callejón. The Granting of Transit Visas,” in Beyond the Call of Duty: The Humanitarian Response of the Foreign Service to the Holocaust , Madrid, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, 2015, pp. 265–280
  • McAuley, James K. (2012). Decision in Bordeaux: Eduardo Propper de Callejón, the Problem of the Jewish Refugees, and Actor-Network Theory in Vichy France, 19401-1941. Harvard University. OCLC 795840444.

References

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  1. ^ Costa, Maddy (3 November 2006). "It's all gone widescreen". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  2. ^ Barber, Lynn (20 April 1997). "Helena Bonham Carter: 'Couldn't she just wear a babygro?'". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
  3. ^ Hall, Michael (8 February 2023). "This Twentysomething Texan Is Already an Award-Winning Film Director". Texas Monthly. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  4. ^ Proyectos, HI Iberia Ingeniería y. "Historia Hispánica". historia-hispanica.rah.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m McAuley, James K. (2012). Decision in Bordeaux: Eduardo Propper de Callejón, the Problem of the Jewish Refugees, and Actor-Network Theory in Vichy France, 1940-1941. Harvard University. pp. 1–50.
  6. ^ "Baron Elie de Rothschild Dies at 90". Wine Spectator. 6 August 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  7. ^ "Holocaust memorial honors Spanish diplomat". NBC News. 12 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  8. ^ "Eduardo Propper de Callejon, Spain". Yad Vashem, World Holocaust Remembrance Center. March 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
  9. ^ "Holocaust memorial honors Spanish diplomat". NBC News. 12 March 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  10. ^ Proyectos, HI Iberia Ingeniería y. "Historia Hispánica". historia-hispanica.rah.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  11. ^ "Diplomatic Rescue by Country - Part 3". Rescue in the Holocaust. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  12. ^ Pfefferman, Naomi (30 July 2008). "Helena Bonham Carter: Jewish mother?". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016.
  13. ^ "FELIPE de CALLEJO Obituary (2024) - New York, NY - New York Times". Legacy.com. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  14. ^ "Helena Bonham Carter—Jewish mother? | Hollywood Jew | Jewish Journal". web.archive.org. 2 September 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  15. ^ Pryce-Jones, David (2015). "Escaping the Nazis in style: Journeys in France and Spain, 1940-41". Quadrant. 59 (6): 24–29.
  16. ^ "Eduardo Propper y Callejón". The Times. 29 January 1972. p. 14.
  17. ^ Frazer, Jenni (8 February 2008). "How Helena's grandfather was finally recognised as a true hero". The Jewish Chronicle. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008.
  18. ^ My Grandparents’ War | Helena Bonham Carter | Season 1 | Episode 1. Retrieved 27 April 2025 – via www.pbs.org.
  19. ^ Fed, The (10 September 2024), "2 – My paternal grandparents", Henry Monath, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-1-5261-8650-8, retrieved 27 April 2025
  20. ^ Algemeiner, The (7 April 2021). "British Actress Helena Bonham Carter Explores WWII Heroism of Her Grandparents in New Series - Algemeiner.com". www.algemeiner.com. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  21. ^ Rifkind, Hugo (30 November 2019). "My Grandparents' War review — what did the Bonham Carter family do in the war? Everything". www.thetimes.com. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  22. ^ Hanly, Francis (4 April 2021), "Helena Bonham Carter", My Grandparents' War, Helena Bonham Carter, Caroline Catz, retrieved 27 April 2025
  23. ^ My Grandparents’ War | Helena Bonham Carter | Season 1 | Episode 1. Retrieved 27 April 2025 – via www.pbs.org.
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