Draft:Therapeutic factors (psychology)
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Therapeutic Factors in Psychology and allied sciences refers to factors that influence the progress of a psychotherapy[1]. therapeutic factors can include client's personality , characteristics of family and environment and socio economic status , religiosity and etc. assessment of therapeutic factors is very helpful for the therapist to estimate the prognosis.[2] A therapist uses these factors to create a Clinical formulation or Tailor a treatment plan to a specific client so that his/her needs be met.
The 4Ps
[edit]The 4Ps refers to Predisposing, Precipitating , Perpetuating and Protective factors. the model proposes a way to create a clinical formulation based on assessment of these four factors.
Predisposing Facors
[edit]They are the inherent vulnerabilities that makes individuals more susceptible to mental health issues rooted in genetics, early life experiences or personality traits.[3]
Precipitating
[edit]these are immediate events or stressors that can trigger mental health issues in a Predisposed individual.[4]
Perpetuating
[edit]these factors maintain or exacerbate the existing mental health issues, often related to negative thought patterns or maladaptive behaviors in an individual.[5]
Protective Factors
[edit]Characteristics or conditions that help mitigate the effects of stress and reduce the likelihood of developing mental health issues.[6]
History
[edit]the concept of predisposing factors emerged from early Psychoanalytic theories during late 19th and early 20th centuries. Freud's works highlighted the impact of early childhood experiences , upbringings and genetics on mental health. this laid the groundwork for understanding how certain personality traits , family history and biological elements can make individuals more vulnerable to mental health issues.[7] the recognition of perpetuating factors became more prominent in mid 20th centuries. the stress vulnerability model developed by researchers like Zubin and Spring in 1970 emphasized that mental health conditions can arise when an individual with certain vulnerability face stressful life events such as loss , trauma , relationship problems. thin understanding helped therapist identify immediate triggers that can exacerbate their condition.[8]
Critics
[edit]Simplicity and Reductionism
[edit]Critics argue that the 4p oversimplify complex human experiences and the multifaceted nature of mental health disorders. by categorizing factors there is a risk of neglecting the intricate interplay between biological , psychological and social components.[9]
Limited Focus on Cultural Context
[edit]The 4 P Factors may not adequately account for cultural influences on mental health. Factors such as societal norms, cultural beliefs and community support systems can profoundly impact individual's mental health, yet are not always emphasized on in the 4 P framework. [10]
Overemphasize on Etiology
[edit]Focusing on predisposing and perpetuating factors can lead to an overemphasis on etiology or the cause of disorders, which may divert attention from effective treatment and coping strategies that do not require identifying the origins of a problem.[11]
Neglect of Dynamic Interaction
[edit]Critics highlight that the 4 P factors often fail to capture the dynamic interactions between these factors in real life situations. Mental health conditions are influenced by fluctuating circumstances and individual responses, suggesting a need for fluid models. [12]
Potential for stigmatization
[edit]There is a concern that focusing on Predisposing and Perpetuating Factors may inadvertently lead to stigmatization. For instance labeling individuals based on their vulnerabilities and prevalent patterns can affect how they view themselves, impacting their willingness to seek help. [13]
References
[edit]- ^ Frank, Jerome D. (July 1971). "Therapeutic Factors in Psychotherapy". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 25 (3): 350–361. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1971.25.3.350. ISSN 0002-9564. PMID 4936109.
- ^ Holmes, Stacey E.; Kivlighan, Dennis M. (October 2000). "Comparison of therapeutic factors in group and individual treatment processes". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 47 (4): 478–484. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.4.478. ISSN 1939-2168.
- ^ Nyström, S.; Lindegård, B. (February 1975). "Depression: Predisposing Factors". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 51 (2): 77–87. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1975.tb00215.x. ISSN 0001-690X. PMID 1119321.
- ^ Zubin, Joseph; Spring, Bonnie (April 1977). "Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 86 (2): 103–126. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.86.2.103. ISSN 1939-1846.
- ^ Liff, Zanvel A. (April 1969). "Depression: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects by Aaron T. Beck". International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. 19 (2): 246. doi:10.1080/00207284.1969.11507791. ISSN 0020-7284.
- ^ White, Frances (2022-05-06), "How Iris Murdoch Can Change Your Life", The Murdochian Mind, London: Routledge, pp. 94–107, doi:10.4324/9781003031222-8, ISBN 978-1-003-03122-2, retrieved 2025-02-18
- ^ Freud, Sigmund (1971). "The Interpretation of Dreams (1900). Chapter IV: Distortion in dreams". PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e417472005-120. Retrieved 2025-02-18.
- ^ Zubin, Joseph; Spring, Bonnie (April 1977). "Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 86 (2): 103–126. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.86.2.103. ISSN 1939-1846.
- ^ Hays, R. B., & Gother, A. (2002). The psychological impact of chronic illness. Psychosomatics, 43(3), 212-219. DOI:10.1176/appi.psy.43.3.212.
- ^ Sue, S., Cheng, J. K. Y., Saad, C. S., & Cheng, J. (2012). Asian American mental health: A cultural strengths model. American Psychologist, 67(7), 532-540. DOI:10.1037/a0028511
- ^ Teyber, E., & McClure, F. (2017). Interpersonal Process in Therapy: An Integrative Model. Cengage Learning.
- ^ McNally, Richard J. (July 2007). "Mechanisms of exposure therapy: How neuroscience can improve psychological treatments for anxiety disorders". Clinical Psychology Review. 27 (6): 750–759. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.003. PMID 17292521.
- ^ Corrigan, Patrick W. (February 2016). "Lessons learned from unintended consequences about erasing the stigma of mental illness". World Psychiatry. 15 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1002/wps.20295. ISSN 1723-8617. PMC 4780288. PMID 26833611.