Draft:Pakistani invasion of Jammu and Kashmir (1947)
| Pakistani tribal invasion of Jammu and Kashmir | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Pashtun tribesmen during the invasion of Kashmir | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Pakistan Azad Kashmir |
 Jammu and Kashmir India(26 Oct.-7 Nov.) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Liaquat Ali Khan Akbar Khan Khurshid Anwar Zaman Kiani Tufail Mohammad Sardar Ibrahim Khan |
Hari Singh Rajinder Singh † N.S. Sambyal † K. M. Cariappa Roy Bucher | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
 Muslim League National Guard Kashmir Liberation Forces |
Jammu and Kashmir State Forces Indian Armed Forces
| ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 20,000 | 500 | ||||||
The Pakistani invasion of Jammu and Kashmir began on 22 October 1947, sparking the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948. The invasion began after Pashtun tribesmen intervened against the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir amidst internal violence in the state, including the Poonch rebellion.[1] This invasion resulted in the capture of several Western districts of Jammu and Kashmir, which were subsequently incorporated into the new state of Azad Kashmir.
The invasion, codenamed Operation Gulmarg, failed to take the Kashmiri capital of Srinagar due to the plodding invasion by the Pakistani-backed tribesmen, who slowed down their advance to loot and plunder occupied territory rather than continue their advance on Srinagar.[2] Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir was unable to repulse the tribal invasion with his state forces, which led him to seek aid from India. However, India set the condition that it would only aid Jammu and Kashmir against the Pakistani invasion if it acceded to India. Due to coercion by Indian Governor-General Lord Mountbatten, Hari Singh agreed to this condition and acceded to the Indian Union on 26 October 1947.[3][4]
After Jammu and Kashmir's accession to India, the Indian government deployed troops to the state to repulse the Pakistani invasion, with command placed under Lieutenant Colonel Dewan Ranjit Rai to defend Srinagar. Indian forces successfully defended Srinagar's only airfield, thus preserving India's logistics to supply its forces in Jammu and Kashmir, and Indian troops also repulsed the Pakistani tribesmen to Uri.[5] By May 1948, Pakistan deployed its regular army into Jammu and Kashmir, and the war eventually resulted in a stalemate and the Karachi Agreement, which partitioned the princely state; one-third of the state was given to Pakistan, with Indian control over the remainder.[6]
Background
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ S, n (1987). Operations In Jammu Amp Kashmir 1947-48.
- ^ Iqbal, Khuram; Khan, Umair Pervez (2017). "Why the First Kashmir Insurrection Failed". Pakistan Horizon. 70 (3): 103–116. ISSN 0030-980X.
- ^ Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in conflict : India, Pakistan and the unending war. Internet Archive. London ; New York : I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-898-4.
- ^ Jamwal, Shailendra Singh (1998). "J&k State's Accession to India-a Debate Over Delay". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 59: 844–849. ISSN 2249-1937.
- ^ Sen, L. P. (1994). Slender was the Thread: Kashmir Confrontation 1947-1948. Sangam Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-86131-692-2.
- ^ Koops, Joachim Alexander; MacQueen, Norrie; Tardy, Thierry; Williams, Paul D. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968604-9.