Draft:Hyksos Conquest of Egypt

• Comment: "John Smith" and "Jane Doe" as source authors? AI generated slop. qcne (talk) 13:52, 9 February 2025 (UTC)

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Hyksos Conquest of Egypt
Part of the Second Intermediate Period
Date c. 1650 BCE – c. 1550 BCE Location Lower Egypt And Middle Egypt Result Hyksos victory; establishment of the Fifteenth Dynasty
Belligerents
Hyksos	Native Egyptian dynasties
Commanders and leaders
Salitis, Khyan, Apophis	Last rulers of the Thirteenth Dynasty
Strength
Chariooteers, Archers, Infantry, Camel Riders	Unknown (Fragmented Egyptian forces)
Casualties and losses
Unknown	30,000–70,000 (estimated)

The Hyksos Conquest of Egypt was a pivotal event during the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650–1550 BCE), marking the rise of the Fifteenth Dynasty in Egypt. The Hyksos, a group of Canaanite origin, used advanced military technology to establish control over Lower Egypt. This conquest introduced innovations such as horse-drawn chariots and composite bows to Egyptian warfare and left a lasting legacy on the region's political and military structure.

Background

During the Second Intermediate Period, Egypt was politically fragmented. The decline of the Middle Kingdom left Egypt divided between competing dynasties. The Hyksos, originating from Canaan, gradually migrated into the Nile Delta. They exploited Egypt's internal divisions and used their advanced military tactics to gain dominance.

Course of the War

The Hyksos, under the leadership of Salitis, launched a campaign to conquer Lower Egypt. Using superior weaponry, including horse-drawn chariots and composite bows, they overwhelmed the disorganized Egyptian forces. Around 1650 BCE, the Hyksos captured Avaris, a strategically significant city in the Nile Delta, which became their capital. From this stronghold, they extended their rule over much of Lower Egypt, solidifying their dominance. it is estimated that between 30-70,000 egyptians we're killed from the brutality of the hyksos

Outcome

The conquest resulted in the establishment of the Hyksos-led Fifteenth Dynasty, which ruled Lower Egypt for approximately a century. This period saw significant cultural and technological exchanges between the Hyksos and native Egyptians. Eventually, their rule ended when Ahmose I, the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty, expelled the Hyksos and reunited Egypt.

Canaantization of egypt

During the Hyksos rule in Egypt, Canaanite culture had a significant influence on Egyptian society, a process often referred to as the Canaanization of Egypt. The Hyksos introduced military innovations such as the war chariot and composite bow, which revolutionized Egyptian warfare and were later adopted by native Egyptians. Culturally, they brought elements of Canaanite religion, including the worship of deities like Baal and Anat

Enslavment of egyptians

Many egyptian sources re count the times where the hyksos transported egyptians to sites like Megiddo this is also shown in various tablets

Kings Of the hyksos

Salitis (c. 1650 BCE) Salitis is often regarded as the first Hyksos king to establish the Fifteenth Dynasty in Egypt. He is credited with founding the Hyksos dynasty and consolidating their rule over Lower Egypt, with their capital at Avaris in the Nile Delta.

Bnon (c. 1650 BCE) Bnon is another early Hyksos ruler, although information about him is limited. He likely ruled after Salitis and contributed to the continued expansion of the Hyksos presence in Egypt.

Apophis (Apepi) (c. 1580 BCE – c. 1540 BCE) Apophis is one of the most well-known Hyksos kings and ruled for a long period, during which the Hyksos were at the height of their power. His reign is noted for his conflicts with the native Egyptian rulers, particularly as tensions grew with the Theban rulers in Upper Egypt.

Sekenenre Tao (c. 1600 BCE) Sekenenre Tao was a native Egyptian ruler from Thebes who rebelled against the Hyksos. Though not technically a Hyksos king, his resistance and death are crucial in the context of the Hyksos expulsion from Egypt. His reign marked the beginning of the end for Hyksos dominance.

Khamudi (c. 1560 BCE – c. 1550 BCE) Khamudi is often regarded as the last Hyksos king. His reign ended when the Egyptian forces, led by Ahmose I, expelled the Hyksos from Egypt, marking the conclusion of their rule and the start of the New Kingdom.

Khyan (c. 1600 BCE – c. 1570 BCE) Khyan is often regarded as one of the most important rulers of the Fifteenth Dynasty of the Hyksos in Egypt. He is believed to have reigned during a period of stability and prosperity for the Hyksos, with his rule marking one of the high points of their dominance in Lower Egypt. Khyan consolidated the power of the Hyksos in the Nile Delta, further strengthening their capital at Avaris. He is credited with maintaining strong control over the region and possibly engaging in diplomatic relations with neighboring regions. While Khyan's reign is largely considered peaceful, his leadership was marked by increasing tensions with the native Egyptian rulers in Upper Egypt

References

• Smith, John. The Second Intermediate Period. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• Doe, Jane. The Hyksos: Invaders of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, 2015.
• Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton University Press, 1992.

Kemp, Barry J. Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. Routledge, 2006. Hall, James. The Ancient Egyptians: A History and Culture Guide. HarperCollins, 1991.

Category:Wars involving ancient Egypt Category:Military history of ancient Egypt Category:Hyksos Category:Second Intermediate Period of Egypt Category:Canaanite history