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Turnover (food)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Chicken patty)
"Apple turnover" redirects here. For the basketball player nicknamed "The Big Apple Turnover", see Ray Williams (basketball).
"Chicken patty" redirects here. For the sandwich, see Chicken burger.
Turnover
A picture of an apple-filled turnover, bought from a diner
An apple-filled turnover
Alternative namesVarious (see list)
TypePastry
VariationsSavoury or Sweet

A turnover is a small pie, made by placing a filling on a piece of pastry dough. The dough is then folded over and sealed, and is then cooked by either baking or frying.[1][2] Turnovers can be sweet or savoury and are often eaten as a sort of portable meal or dessert.[3] Throughout the world, turnovers are known by different names, for example in Spanish speaking countries they are known as empanada,[4] while pasty, originally a Cornish term, has spread across the globe.[5][6]

It is common for sweet turnovers to have a fruit filling and be made with a puff pastry or shortcrust pastry dough and covered with icing. Savoury turnovers generally contain meat, vegetables or a mixture of both, and can be made with any sort of pastry dough.[7][8] Savoury turnovers are often sold as convenience foods in supermarkets.[9]

Fillings

[edit]
Apple filling in a turnover

Common turnover fillings include fruits such as apples, peaches and cherries, meats like chicken, beef and pork, vegetables such as potatoes, broccoli and onions, and savoury ingredients like cheese.[10] Specialty versions are also found, such as wild rabbit and leek.[11] In the United Kingdom, turnovers are usually filled with cooked apples, but any fruit can be used, as described in Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.[12]

In the United States, savoury products that are identified as a turnover (for example, "Beef Turnover" or "Cheesy Chicken Turnover") have to contain a certain amount of meat or poultry under the Food Standards and Labeling Policy.[13] A similar law, the Meat Pie and Sausage Roll Regulation 1967 exists in the United Kingdom, which states that Pasties must contain meat that is a minimum 12.75% of the weight of the pastry.[14]

List of Turnover names

[edit]

Around the world, Turnovers are known by different names. For example, in the United Kingdom, turnover is generally used as the name for sweet versions, however savoury turnovers can be called Pasty, Bridie (a Scottish term), Clanger or Oggie. There are different used names around the world:

Name Image Sweet or Savoury Countries/Area used References
Apfeltasche Sweet •Germany [15]
Appelflappen Sweet •Netherlands [16]
Bierock Savoury •Eastern European •United Ststes [17][18][19]
Birnbrot Sweet •Switzerland [20]
Börek Sweet and Savoury •Middle East •Balkans [21]
Bourekas Sweet and Savoury •Israel [22]
Bridie Savoury •Scotland [23]
Briouat Sweet and Savoury •Morocco [24][25][26]
Chausson aux pommes Sweet •France [27]
Clanger Savoury •England [28]
Curry puff Savoury •Brunei •India •Indonesia •Malaysia •Myanmar •Singapore •Thailand [29][30]
Curry beef turnover Savoury •Hong Kong [31][32][33]
Empanada Sweet or Savoury •Spain •Argentine •Peru •Nicaragua •Chile •Colombia •Cuba •Equador •Mexico •Venezuela •Uruguay •Sardinia •Philippines •Sicily •Tunisia •North Sulawesi [34][35]
Fried pie Sweet •United States [36]
Haitian patty Savoury •Haiti [37]
Jamaican patty Savoury •Caribbean [38]
Pasty Sweet / Savoury •United Kingdom •United States •Australia •New Zealand •South Africa [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]
Paste Sweet or Savoury •Mexico [47]
Pastel Sweet and Savoury •Brazil [48]
Patties Savoury •Sri Lanka [49][50]
Pirozhki Sweet and Savoury •Russia [51]
Salteña Savoury •Bolivia [52]
Samosa Savoury •West Asia •East Africa •Central Asia •Southeast Asia [53]
Sambousek Savoury •Middle Eastern [54]
Strudel Sweet and Savoury •Austria •Italy •Israel •Hungary •Germany •France •Croatia •Bosnia and Herzegovina •Poland •Ukraine •Romania •Czech Republic •Slovakia •Slovenia •Serbia •Bulgaria [55]
Welsh Oggie Savoury •Wales [52]

Similar food types

[edit]

There are food products that look similar to Turnovers, but are not made from Pastry dough. In Italy, the Calzone, which originated in Naples in the 18th century, is essentially a folded pizza. Traditionally made from salted bread dough, baked in an oven and is stuffed with salami, ham or vegetables, mozzarella, ricotta and Parmesan or pecorino cheese, as well as an egg.[56] The Panzerotti, which originated in the Apulia region, are a smaller hand-held version of a Calzone, and are classically filled with tomato and mozzarella, though other typical Italian fillings are common such as cured meats, varied cheeses and greens such as the Pugliese favourite: cime di rapa. Panzerotti are deep-fried instead of being baked.[57][58][59][60][61] Another folded and stuffed bread product is Scaccia, a Sicilian stuffed flatbread.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple turnover.
  1. ^ David A. Bender (2009). A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191579752.
  2. ^ "turnover". Brittanica. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  3. ^ "Everything You Should Know About Apple Turnover". Daily Baguette. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  4. ^ "Empanada". Spanish Dictionary. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
  5. ^ "History of the Cornish Pasty". Historic UK. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
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  7. ^ Anna Shepherd (2024). Love Vegetables. Delicious Recipes for Vibrant Meals. White Lion Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 9780711297746.
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  9. ^ "Pasties and Slices". Tesco. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
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  11. ^ "Wild rabbit and leek turnover with piccalilli". BBC. Archived from the original on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
  12. ^ "mrs beeton's - appleturnover". Archived from the original on 2019-02-03.
  13. ^ "Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety Inspection Service. Archived from Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book the original on 2011-02-05. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  14. ^ Rowland Foote, Philip Coulthard, Tony Groves, Bob Kenyon, David Klaasen, Pam Rambone, Danny Stevenson, Harry Tallon, Malcolm Ware (1996). Food Preparation and Cooking Cookery units. Student guide. Stanley Thornes. p. 217. ISBN 9780748725663.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  16. ^ "Appelflappen: Dutch Apple Turnovers". The Sunday Baker. 27 September 2020.
  17. ^ Timothy J. Kloberdanz (1988). "Symbols of German-Russian Ethnic Identity on the Northern Plains". Great Plains Quarterly. 8 (1). Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln: 13. JSTOR 23530738.
  18. ^ Bordsen, John (December 27, 2016). "Sandwich That Stems from Eastern Europe Powers Great Plains Chain". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 15, 2021.
  19. ^ Motz, George; Zimmern, Andrew; Brearton, Kristoffer; Young, Douglas (2016). The great American burger book: how to make authentic regional hamburgers at home. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang. ISBN 978-1-61769-182-9. OCLC 921863985.
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  22. ^ Marks, Gil. The Encyclopedia of Jewish Food.
  23. ^ Gow, Rosalie. Modern Ways with Traditional Scottish Recipes. Pelican Publishing, 1981. p. 30. ISBN 0-88289-304-1.
  24. ^ "5 Moroccan Foods You've Probably Never Heard of Before - GoBeyond.SG". GoBeyond.SG. 2015-05-20. Archived from the original on 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
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  26. ^ "Briouats de almendra". próxima salida, MARRAKECH (in European Spanish). 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
  27. ^ "Chausson au Pommes – Apple Turnover recipe". The Good Life France. 8 June 2025.
  28. ^ Jones-Baker, Doris (1977). The Folklore of Hertfordshire. Batsford. pp. 190–191. ISBN 9780713432664.
  29. ^ "Curry puff | Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg.
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  31. ^ Phillips, Carolyn (2016). The Dim Sum Field Guide: A Taxonomy of Dumplings, Buns, Meats, Sweets, and Other Specialties of the Chinese Teahouse. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9781607749578. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
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  34. ^ "empanar". SpanishDict. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
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  36. ^ DeBois, LaVonne. "The making of a fry pie". Ohio's Amish Country. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  37. ^ Yurnet-Thomas, Mirta; Moskowitz, Jay H. (August 2003). A Taste of Haiti. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 9780781809986. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  38. ^ B., Cassidy, F. G. La Page, R. (2009). Dictionary of Jamaican English. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11840-8. OCLC 759092116.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ Pearlman, Jonathan (4 March 2011). "Australian Cornish pasty region concerned about protected ruling". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  40. ^ Abbey-Lambertz, Kate (27 March 2014). "You've Probably Never Heard of a Yooper, But Here's Why You'll Wish You Were One". HuffPost. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  41. ^ Silver, Kate (7 March 2014). "Prowling for pasties in the U.P." Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  42. ^ "PASTY FEST". Main Street Calumet. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
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  44. ^ "The new Teddywedgers revives the Cornish pasty". 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
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  48. ^ Orenstein, José. "Receita de massa de pastel de feira". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese).
  49. ^ "Sri Lankan Fish Patties (Fish Empanadas)". The Flavour Bender. 17 July 2023.
  50. ^ Charles A. Gunawardena (2005). Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka. New Dawn Press. p. 275-276. ISBN 9781932705485.
  51. ^ Goldstein, Darra (1999). A Taste of Russia: A Cookbook of Russian Hospitality. Russian Information Service. p. 54. ISBN 9781880100424.
  52. ^ a b "Empanadas vs Cornish pasties: The battle for snack supremacy". The Telegraph. 23 September 2024.
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  54. ^ "Cheese sambousek". BBC Food. 6 Feb 2025.
  55. ^ "Apple strudel". BBC Good Food. October 2008.
  56. ^ Gosetti (1967), p.785
  57. ^ "Classic Panzerotto". La Cucina Italiana. 19 September 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  58. ^ Minchilli, Elizabeth (December 11, 2014). "Making Panzerotti in Barivecchia", Elizabeth Minchilli in Rome. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  59. ^ Sarkar, Suhashini (June 29, 2015). "Panzerotti: The Empanada's Italian Cousin", Saveur. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
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  61. ^ Lorenza, Barletta (2009-03-03). "La vera ricetta dei panzerotti pugliesi" [The real recipe for Apulian panzerotti]. Gustoblog.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
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